US20050229744A1 - Noble metal nanotube and method for preparation thereof - Google Patents

Noble metal nanotube and method for preparation thereof Download PDF

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US20050229744A1
US20050229744A1 US10/520,017 US52001704A US2005229744A1 US 20050229744 A1 US20050229744 A1 US 20050229744A1 US 52001704 A US52001704 A US 52001704A US 2005229744 A1 US2005229744 A1 US 2005229744A1
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noble metal
nanotube
reaction mixture
functional material
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Tsuyoshi Kijima
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
    • B22F1/0547—Nanofibres or nanotubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
    • B22F1/0549—Hollow particles, including tubes and shells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new metal having a nanotube structure which mainly consists of a noble metal element which can be used as various catalysts for chemical reactions in industrial and environmental fields of such as fuel-cell catalyst and automotive exhaust catalyst, various electrodes for electrochemical reaction such as electrolysis electrode, base materials or functional elements for photonics/electronics/information technologies such as temperature, pressure, gas sensor elements, paste for manufacturing electro electronics devices, electrical resistive elements for electronic parts, permanent magnet, components of a microreactor, and substance-storing material, utilizing their chemical, electrochemical and magnetic characteristics of the noble metal element.
  • a noble metal element which can be used as various catalysts for chemical reactions in industrial and environmental fields of such as fuel-cell catalyst and automotive exhaust catalyst, various electrodes for electrochemical reaction such as electrolysis electrode, base materials or functional elements for photonics/electronics/information technologies such as temperature, pressure, gas sensor elements, paste for manufacturing electro electronics devices, electrical resistive elements for electronic parts, permanent magnet, components of a microreactor, and substance-storing material, utilizing
  • Noble metal elements have excellent workability, heat resistance, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, electrochemical characteristics, and, resulting from its d electrons, unique magnetic property and spectrographic and chemical properties so that noble metal elements have been widely used as, for example, decorative materials, materials for laboratory equipments such as crucible, electrical industrial materials such as thermoelectric couple and electric contact, electronic industrial materials such as paste, catalysts, non-dissolvable electrodes, and high performance magnets. It is known that these functions and performance sensitively depend on the composition and structure of mother body, as seen in catalyst characteristic. Recently, the nanostructure has gotten increase of attention.
  • compositions containing metal element or metal ion into dot-like, lot-like, wire-like, or tubular microscopic tissues as small as molecular scale or nanometer level, called nanostructure, the composition specifically develops functions such as catalyst characteristics, electrochemical characteristics, and magnetic characteristics containing quantum effect [“Understanding Nanotechnology” by Tomoji Kawai as supervising editor, II-IV chapters, edited by Kogyo Chosakai Publishing, Inc. (2001); Nikkei Science December issue, 16-94 (2001)].
  • porous material having honeycomb or three-dimensional network pores as small as nanometer scale Mobil Corporation succeeded in producing mesoporous silica having honeycomb mesopores of 2-8 nm using surfactant as the template in 1992 [C. T. Kresge and four other researchers, Nature, 359 p710-712 (1992)]. After that, a variety of mesoporous materials of various skeleton components such as metal oxides other than silica and sulfide have been synthesized in the similar manner one after another [Tsuyoshi Kijima and one other researcher, J. Soc. Inorg. Mater, 8, p3-16 (2001)].
  • a researcher group including inventors of the present invention obtained a hexagonal structured mesoporous rare-earth oxide by using dodecyl sulfate ions as the template to prepare a complex synthesized in homogeneous precipitation method using urea, and exchanging the ions of the template with acetate ions [M. Yada and three other researchers, Inorg. Chem, 37, 6470-75 (1998), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 38, 3506-09 (1999)].
  • nanotube structure in which particles have hollow cylindrical configuration of which outer diameter is several nm to several hundred nm and inner diameter is a few tenths of one nm to several dozen nm. It is known there are natural nanotube-like structures. Examples are silicate minerals such as chrysotile and imogolite. It was reported that these have nanotube structure.
  • the structure of the obtained metal nanotubes is defined by pore diameter (10 nm or more) of the polymer membrane so that the outer diameter must be 10 nm or more corresponding to the pore diameter (10 nm or more) and the thickness must be several nm or more.
  • a nanotube is structured to have a skeleton made of single noble metal element or a mixture of a plurality of metal elements including a noble metal element and have a thin nanotuble configuration of 2-3 nm in inner diameter and 1.5 nm or less in thickness, thereby providing a nanotube having novel composition, organization, and structure containing a noble metal element and excellent characteristics resulting from the element.
  • the present invention aims to provide a nanotube having oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, electrochemical characteristics, and catalytic property as intrinsic functions of noble metal and, in addition, specifically exhibits chemical, magnetic, and optical excellent functions resulting from the electronic structure and skeleton configuration.
  • the present invention further aims to provide novel material contributing to technical innovation in chemical, electrical, information, environmental, and biotechnology fields.
  • porous noble metals having pore diameter about 3 nm by using micelle of nonionic surfactant as the template and reducing chloroplatinic acid with hydrazine or the like or by electrodepositing micelle liquid crystals with metallic salt and surfactant.
  • nanotube comprising particles having hollow cylindrical configuration of which outer diameter is several nm to several hundred nm and inner diameter is a few tenths of one nm to several dozen nm and that noble metal is introduced or can be introduced as basic skelton.
  • the first invention is (1) a noble metal nanotube, wherein the skeleton of noble metal nanotube is made of a single noble metal element of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), or iridium (Ir) as noble metal elements and wherein the noble metal nanotube has a tubular form of about 5-7 nm in outer diameter, 2-4 nm in inner diameter, about 1-2 nm in thickness, and 10 nm or more in length.
  • the noble metal nanotube disclosed herein is a nanotubue compound having skeleton structure forming the basis of nanotubes as defined in the following (2) and (3).
  • the noble metal nanotubes as defined in the following (2) and (3) are derived from the noble nanotube as defined in the above (1).
  • the nanotubue of (2) or (3) is a nanotube similar to the noble metal nanotube of (1) except that the skeleton is made of an organization in which two or more elements selected from a group consisting of the noble metal elements described in (1) and ruthenium (Ru), or one or more elements selected form a group consisting of the noble metal elements described in (1) and ruthenium (Ru) and one or more elements selected from a group consisting of base metal elements such as nickel (Ni) are mixed in any proportions.
  • the second invention is (2) a noble metal nanotube, wherein the skeleton of the noble metal nanotube is made of an organization in which two or more selected from a group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and ruthenium (Ru) as noble metal elements are mixed in any proportions and wherein the noble metal nanotube has a tubular form of about 5-7 nm in outer diameter, about 2-4 nm in inner diameter, about 1-2 nm in thickness, and 10 nm or more in length.
  • the third invention is (3) a noble metal nanotube, wherein the skeleton of the noble metal nanotube is made of an organization in which one or more elements selected from a group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and ruthenium (Ru) and one or more elements selected from a group of base metals such as nickel (Ni) are mixed in any proportions and wherein the noble metal nanotube has a tubular form of about 5-7 nm in outer diameter, about 2-4 nm in inner diameter, about 1-2 nm in thickness, and 10 nm or more in length.
  • the following fourth through sixth inventions disclose producing methods of the noble metal nanotubes of the aforementioned first through third inventions.
  • the fourth invention is (4) a producing method of a noble metal nanotube as described in the above (1), wherein the skeleton of the noble metal nanotube is made of a single noble metal element of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), or iridium (Ir) as noble metal elements and the noble metal nanotube has a tubular form of about 5-7 nm in outer diameter, about 2-4 nm in inner diameter, about 1-2 nm in thickness, and 10 nm or more in length, the method comprising preparing a reaction mixture of one metal salt or metal complex compound selected from a group of noble metal salts and noble metal complex compounds such as nitrate salts, chlorides, and metal oxides of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir) as noble metal elements; two kinds of nonionic surfactants or one kind of noni
  • polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as nonaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, organic sodium sulfates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonat, alkylammonium salts such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymer; and water, or preparing a reaction mixture, in addition to the above reaction mixture, containing both or either of acid such as nitric acid and alcohol such as dodecyl alcohol and, after that, adding reducing agent such as hydrazine into the reaction mixture or irradiating the reaction mixture with light to cause reaction so as to produce the noble metal nanotubue, and collecting the noble
  • the fifth invention is (5) a producing method of a noble metal nanotube as described in the above (2), wherein the skeleton of the noble metal nanotube is made of an organization in which two or more selected from a group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and ruthenium (Ru) as noble metal elements and the noble metal nanotube has a tubular form of about 5-7 nm in outer diameter, about 2-4 nm in inner diameter, about 1 -2 nm in thickness, and 10 nm or more in length, the method comprising preparing a reaction mixture of two or more metal salts or metal complex compounds selected from a group of noble metal salts and noble metal complex compounds such as nitrate salts, chlorides, and metal oxides of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and ruthen
  • surfactants selected from a group consisting of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as nonaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, organic sodium sulfates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonat, alkylammonium salts such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymer; and water, or preparing a reaction mixture, in addition to the above reaction mixture, containing both or either of acid such as nitric acid and alcohol such as dodecyl alcohol and, after that, adding reducing agent such as hydrazine into the reaction mixture or irradiating the reaction mixture with light to cause reaction so as to produce the noble metal nanotube, and collecting the noble metal nano
  • the sixth invention is (6) a producing method of a noble metal nanotube as described in the above (3), wherein the skeleton of the noble metal nanotube is made of an organization in which one or more elements selected from a group consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), and ruthenium (Ru) and one or more elements selected from a group of base metals such as nickel (Ni) are mixed in any proportions and the noble metal nanotube has a tubular form of about 5-7 nm in outer diameter, about 2-4 nm in inner diameter, about 1-2 nm in thickness, and 10 nm or more in length, the method comprising preparing a reaction mixture of one or more metal salts or metal complex compounds selected from a group of noble metal salts and noble metal complex compounds such as nitrate salts, chlorides, and metal oxides of gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (P
  • surfactants selected from a group consisting of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as nonaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, organic sodium sulfates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonat, alkylammonium salts such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymer; and water, or preparing a reaction mixture, in addition to the above reaction mixture, containing both or either of acid such as nitric acid and alcohol such as dodecyl alcohol and, after that, adding reducing agent such as hydrazine into the reaction mixture or irradiating the reaction mixture with light to cause reaction so as to produce the noble metal nanotube, and collecting the noble metal nano
  • the following seventh through fifteenth inventions disclose use inventions of the noble metal nanotubes of the first through third inventions.
  • the seventh invention is (7) a functional material containing one or more noble metal nanotube(s) as described in the above (1)-(3), wherein the functional material is used for applications based on the properties of the noble metal nanotube(s).
  • the eighth invention is (8) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as a catalyst for fuel cell, automobile exhaust, or the like.
  • the ninth invention is (9) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as an electrode for electrolysis or the like.
  • the tenth invention is (10) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as a sensor or a shape-memory sensor for detecting temperature, pressure, humidity, dew condensation, flow rate, wind velocity, light, gas, oxygen concentration or displacement.
  • the eleventh invention is (11) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as paste.
  • the twelfth invention is (12) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as an electric wiring material, an electrical resistive material, or a capacitor.
  • the thirteenth invention is (13) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as permanent magnet.
  • the fourteenth invention is (14) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as a component of a microreactor.
  • the fifteenth invention is (15) a functional material as described in the above (7), wherein the functional material is mainly used for application as a substance-storing material.
  • FIGS. 1 (A)- 1 (B) are observation views of nanotubes of the present invention taken by a transmission electron microscope, wherein FIG. 1 (A) is an observation view of a platinum nanotube obtained in Example 1, taken by the transmission electron microscope, FIG. 1 (B) is an observation view of a palladium nanotube obtained in Example 2, taken by the transmission electron microscope, and FIG. 1 (C) is an observation view of a silver nanotube obtained in Example 3, taken by the transmission electron microscope.
  • the present invention aims to provide a thin metal nanotube structured from noble metal element(s) as major ingredient as mentioned above.
  • the nanotube has specific size and is composed of a skeleton made of one or more kinds of noble metal elements or of such noble metals as major ingredient and base metal elements as accessory ingredient.
  • the ingredient include so many blends because both the major ingredient and the accessory ingredient allow many combinations in composition and, in addition, another kind of metal element can be easily introduced into the skeleton organization by mercurifying operation or the like.
  • the outline of producing method is reducing metal salt by using, as template, a structure obtained by mixing at least two kinds of surfactants and metal salt solution under proper condition so as to lead a nanotube of specific size.
  • the proper temperature and mixing condition for establishing the template vary depending on the kind of metal as the subject and the properties of the surfactants to be used. Therefore, the following examples are only for the purpose of illustrating embodiments of the present invention and the metal kind and the producing method of the present invention should not be limited by these examples.
  • FIGS. 1 (A), 1 (B), and 1 (C) are observation micrographs of noble metal nanotubes of the present invention, taken by a transmission electron microscope. From these micrographs, it can be seen that the noble metal organizations of the present invention have hollow tubular structure of which thickness is very small.
  • Nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C 12 EO 9 ) was dropped into aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) taken in a test tube and was heated to 60° C. Further, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (tween60, trade name; available from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added. After the test tube was shaken in water bath of 60° C. for three minutes, the test tube was left in air constant-temperature bath of 25° C. for two minutes. This procedure was repeated three times.
  • the powder was observed by the transmission electron microscope and it was confirmed that the major product of the powder was tubular particle of about 6 nm in outer diameter, 3 nm in inner diameter, and 1.5 nm in thickness [ FIG. 1 (A)].
  • Fine solid phase deposition was centrifuged, after that, washed with water, then washed with ethanol, and dried, thereby obtaining black powder.
  • the powder was observed by the transmission electron microscope and it was confirmed that the major product of the powder was tubular particle of about 6 nm in outer diameter, 3 nm in inner diameter, and 1.5 nm in thickness [ FIG. 1 (B)].
  • the powder was observed by the transmission electron microscope and it was confirmed that the major product of the powder was tubular particle of about 7 nm in outer diameter, 4 nm in inner diameter, and 1 nm in thickness [ FIG. 1 (C)].
  • the present invention provides a noble metal nanotube as defined in the above (1). Moreover, it becomes appear that the noble metal nanotubes as defined in the above (2) and (3) can be derived from the noble metal nanotubue as defined in the above (1).
  • the present invention provides a noble metal element compound of a single noble metal element, an alloy, or intermetallic compound which can exhibit several functions such as oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, electrochemical characteristics, and catalytic property resulting from intrinsic electronic structure of noble metal because the present invention uses noble metal element as nanotube component as apparent from the mention at the beginning of this specification and the reports in many documents and which is very novel because it is very thin and has a nanotube structure.
  • the noble metal element compound can be expected as excellent functional material to be used in various technical fields.
  • the present invention is success of providing a nanotube structure which has various effective functions such as excellent catalytic property, electrode property for electrochemical reaction, various sensor properties, resistance/magnetic properties, microreactor function, and selective adhesive property to certain molecules resulting from the unique configuration and the very thin and broad specific surface of the noble metal, and which can be used for various applications which are very important for industry and environmental protection such as fuel-cell catalyst, automotive exhaust catalyst, petrochemical catalyst, and base materials or functional elements for photonics/electronics/information technologies.
  • various effective functions such as excellent catalytic property, electrode property for electrochemical reaction, various sensor properties, resistance/magnetic properties, microreactor function, and selective adhesive property to certain molecules resulting from the unique configuration and the very thin and broad specific surface of the noble metal, and which can be used for various applications which are very important for industry and environmental protection such as fuel-cell catalyst, automotive exhaust catalyst, petrochemical catalyst, and base materials or functional elements for photonics/electronics/information technologies.
  • surfactants selected from a group consisting of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as nonaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, organic sodium sulfates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonat, alkylammonium salts such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymer; and water, or preparing a reaction mixture, in addition to the above reaction mixture, containing both or either of acid such as nitric acid and alcohol such as dodecyl alcohol (claims 1 and 4 ), or a type (2) previously adding a predetermined amount of noble metal salt or noble metal complex compound or base metal salt of a kind different from the above into the reaction mixture (claims 2
  • reaction conditions will be illustratively described as follows.
  • a stage of preparing a reaction mixture is conducted by adding nonaethylene glycol dodecyl ether as the first surfactant in an amount of 1-3 moles, preferably one mole, and water in an amount of 40-80 moles, preferably, 60 moles relative to one mole of chloroplatinic acid or palladium chloride to have a predetermined mixing molar ratio among required components; shaking and mixing them at 60-70° C.
  • reaction temperature maintenance suitable for the respective reaction system by cooling the reaction mixture directly to 25° C. or lower after shaking the reaction mixture suitably or by repeating the heating operation and cooling operation several times during the shaking of the reaction mixture suitably and, after that, cool the reaction mixture to 25° C. or lower.
  • reaction conditions mentioned above can not be applied to any noble metal element. It should be understood that the reaction conditions slightly vary depending on the kind of noble metal element. It should be easily determine proper conditions on the basis of the disclosed conditions relating to platinum, palladium, and silver.
  • tubular material of which skeleton component is noble metal element can be obtained. It was found that the tubular material has a tubular structure of about 6 nm in outer diameter, 3 nm in inner diameter, and about 1.5 nm in thickness.
  • noble metal nanotube of the present invention has the aforementioned structure, the present invention is expected to exhibit the following effects.

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JP2002194693A JP3842177B2 (ja) 2002-07-03 2002-07-03 貴金属ナノチューブ及びその製造方法
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