Classifications

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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
  • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
  • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
  • F01N3/0232—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles removing incombustible material from a particle filter, e.g. ash
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
  • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
  • F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
  • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
  • F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
  • F02D19/0649—Liquid fuels having different boiling temperatures, volatilities, densities, viscosities, cetane or octane numbers
  • F02D19/0652—Biofuels, e.g. plant oils
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
  • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
  • F02D19/08—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed simultaneously using pluralities of fuels
  • F02D19/082—Premixed fuels, i.e. emulsions or blends
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
  • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
  • F02M25/14—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding anti-knock agents, not provided for in subgroups F02M25/022 - F02M25/10
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
  • C10L1/1241—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof metal carbonyls
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1814—Chelates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1886—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof naphthenic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1888—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof tall oil
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/189—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
  • C10L1/301—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) derived from metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
  • C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
  • F01N2430/04—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics by adding non-fuel substances to combustion air or fuel, e.g. additives
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
  • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
  • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
  • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
  • Y02T50/678—Aviation using fuels of non-fossil origin

Definitions

• the invention provides an improved diesel fuel based on a blend of biodiesel and a low aromatic content ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, particularly with a fuel additive containing a concentrate containing fuel borne catalyst (FBC).
• FBC fuel borne catalyst
• the invention provides an improved diesel fuel based on a blend of biodiesel and low aromatic content ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, particularly with a fuel additive containing a concentrate containing fuel borne catalyst.
• the invention provides an improved diesel fuel based on a blend of biodiesel and low aromatic content ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, particularly with a fuel additive containing a concentrate containing fuel borne catalyst (FBC).
• FBC fuel borne catalyst
• a low aromatic (LA) content, ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel As a principal component of the fuel blends of the invention, there is provided a low aromatic (LA) content, ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel.
• low aromatic content as used herein means that this component of the fuel will have an aromatic content in volume percent of less than 10%, and preferably of from 1 to 8%, particularly in the range of from 2 to 5%.
• the table below shows typical analyses of a No. 2 diesel and low aromatic ultralow sulfur diesel fuels LA ULSD, in addition to a preferred formulation according to the invention (LA ULSD with FBC and 20% Bio-Diesel). Equivalents which have the same essential function and those varying compositionally by up to 50%, preferably by less than 20%, e.g., no more than 10%, can also be employed.
• Biodiesel will comprise a minor proportion of the fuel blend, typically from about 1 to 35%, e.g., on the order of 15 to 25%. Blends will typically contain about 20% biodiesel, wherein this biologically-derived fuel component will be comprised of a “mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel”, i.e., fatty acid esters, preferably from fatty acids derived from triglycerides such as soybean oil, Canola oil and/or tallow.
• a “mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel” i.e., fatty acid esters, preferably from fatty acids derived from triglycerides such as soybean oil, Canola oil and/or tallow.
• fatty acid ester(s) is intended to include any compound wherein the alcohol portion is easily removed, including polyols and substituted alcohols, etc., but are preferably esters of volatile alcohols, e.g., the C 1 -C 4 alcohols (preferably methyl), 2-methoxy ethyl and benzyl esters of fatty acids containing about eight or more (e.g., 8 to 22) carbon atoms, and mixtures of such esters. Volatile alcohols are highly desirable. Methyl esters are the most highly preferred ester reactants. Suitable ester reactants can be prepared by the reaction of diazoalkanes and fatty acids, or derived by alcoholysis from the fatty acids naturally occurring in fats and oils.
• Suitable fatty acid esters can be derived from synthetic or natural, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and include positional and geometrical isomers.
• Suitable preferred saturated fatty acids include caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, isomyristic, isomargaric, myristic, caprylic, and anteisoarachadic.
• Suitable preferred unsaturated fatty acids include myristoleic, palmitoleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, oleic, elaidic, linolenic, eleasteric, arachidonic, erucic, and erythrogenic acids.
• fatty acids derived from soybean oil, palm oil, safflower oil, rapeseed oil, Canola (low ericic acid), and corn oil are especially preferred for use herein.
• the fatty acids can be used “as is,” and/or after hydrogenation, and/for isomerization, and/for purification.
• rapeseed provides a good source for C 22 fatty acids
• C 16 -C 18 fatty acids can be provided by tallow, soybean oil, or cottonseed oil
• shorter chain fatty acids can be provided by coconut, palm kernel, or babassu oils.
• Lard, olive oil, peanut oil, sesame seed oil, and sunflower seed oil, are other natural sources of fatty acids.
• Preferred esters comprised in the biodiesel are lower alkyl esters, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl, particularly methyl esters of soybean and or tallow fatty acids.
• biodiesel B100
• biodiesel is defined as the mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression-ignition (diesel) engines. This specification is for pure (100%) biodiesel prior to use or blending with diesel fuel.
• One product of this type is available under the trademark BioDiesel by Members of the National BioDiesel Board and is identified as “Methyl Soyate, Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME), Methyl Tallowate”.
• the manufacturer also refers to the fuel as “a mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel, a fuel made from vegetable oil or animal fats.” It is said to contain 11% oxygen by weight. They describe the product as Methyl esters from lipid sources, CAS Number 67784-80-9.
• the fuel borne catalyst will comprise fuel-soluble platinum and/or cerium and/or iron.
• the cerium and/or iron are typically employed at concentrations of from 2 to 25 ppm and the platinum from 0.05 to 2 ppm, with preferred levels of cerium or iron being from 2 to 10 ppm, e.g., 3-8 ppm, and the platinum being employed at a level of from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, e.g., 0.15 ppm.
• a preferred ratio of cerium and/or iron to platinum is from 75:1 to 10:1.
• the LA ULSD component will typically be employed at a volume ratio to the fatty acid esters of from about 2:1 to about 5:1, e.g., about 4:1.
• the full range of blends extends from 50:1 to 1:50 with some benefit.
• the LA ULSD fuel component of the blend preferably contains 50-1500 ppm detergent, up to about 500 ppm lubricity additive and 0.1-1 ppm platinum COD and 5-20 ppm cerium oleate or octoate. It is an advantage of the invention that the fatty acid esters add lubricity to the LA ULSD and decrease the need for independent lubricity additives.
• the catalyzed blend of the invention is effective in lowering regulated emission pollutants, among which are NO x , particulates, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
• the fuel will lower NO x and particulates at the same time, an unusual combination.
• Preferred blends will be effective to achieve at least a 4% or more reduction in NO x and a particulate reduction of at least 25% as compared to a baseline of No. 2 Diesel fuel. More preferred levels will be from 5 to 25% NO x reduction and from 20 to 60% particulate reduction.
• Higher reductions of particulates can be achieved by using the fuel in an engine equipped with a diesel particulate filter or diesel oxidation catalyst. These reductions are preferably obtained while reducing or not increasing NO 2 emissions.
• a preferred detergent which can be employed, comprises polyolefin amide alkyleneamine (about 65-80%) and the remainder petroleum distillate. Equivalents which have the same essential function can also be employed.
• One preferred form is available from Texaco as TFA-4690-C, at concentrations of from about 50 to 300 ppm, more narrowly 75-150, e.g., about 100 ppm, for which they provide the following analysis: Properties Method Typical Density @ 15° C. D4052 0.91-0.94 Nitrogen Content, wt. % D5291 2.3-2.4 Flash, ° C., minimum D93 62 TBN, mgKOH/g D2896 50-60 Kinematic Viscosity, D445 600-850 cSt at 40° C.
• a preferred lubricity additive which can be employed, comprises tall oil fatty acids, available commercially as a mixture of fatty acids including oleic, linoleic and the like. Equivalents which have the same essential function can also be employed.
• One preferred form is available from Texaco as TFA-4769, at concentrations of from about 25 to 500 ppm, e.g., about 150-250 ppm, for which they provide the following analysis: Properties Method Typical Specific Gravity, D1298 0.91 60/60° F. Pounds/Gallon, 60° F. Calculated 7.54 Flash, ° F., minimum D93 142 Kinematic Viscosity, D445 17.85 cSt at 40° C.
• cerium III acetylacetonate cerium III napthenate
• cerium octoate cerium oleate and other soaps such as stearate, neodecanoate, and octoate (2-ethylhexoate).
• the cerium is preferred at concentrations of 2 to 15 ppm cerium w/v of fuel.
• the cerium is supplied as cerium hydroxy oleate propionate complex (40% cerium by weight). Preferred levels are toward the lower end of this range.
• iron compounds include ferrocene, ferric and ferrous acetyl-acetonates, iron soaps like octoate and stearate (commercially available as Fe(III) compounds, usually), iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO).sub.5, iron napthenate, and iron tallate.
• platinum group metal compositions e.g., 1,5-cyclooctadiene platinum diphenyl (platinum COD), described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,050 to Bowers, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,020 to Epperly, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,093 to Peter-Hoblyn, et al., can be employed as the platinum source.
• platinum COD 1,5-cyclooctadiene platinum diphenyl
• platinum group metal catalyst compositions include commercially-available or easily-synthesized platinum group metal acetylacetonates, platinum group metal dibenzylidene acetonates, and fatty acid soaps of tetramine platinum metal complexes, e.g., tetramine platinum oleate.
• the platinum is preferred at concentrations of 0.1-2.0 ppm platinum w/v (mg per liter) of fuel, e.g., up to about 1.0 ppm. Preferred levels are toward the lower end of this range, e.g., 0.15-0.5 ppm.
• Platinum COD is the preferred form of platinum for addition to the fuel.
• the cerium or iron are typically employed at concentrations to provide from 2 to 25 ppm of the metal and the platinum from 0.05 to 2 ppm, with preferred levels of cerium or iron being from 5 to 10 ppm, e.g., 7.5 ppm, and the platinum being employed at a level of from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, e.g., 0.15 ppm.
• a preferred ratio of cerium and/or iron to platinum is from 75:1 to 10:1.
• retarding engine timing e.g., from 2 to 6°
• retarding engine timing can further reduce NO x and the use of a diesel particulate filter and/or diesel oxidation catalyst can provide further reductions in carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and particulates.
• the low-emissions fuel according to the invention can be employed as an emulsion with water, wherein an oil phase is emulsified with water, the water comprising from 1 to 30% water based on the weight of the aviation kerosene.
• the emulsion will be predominantly of the water-in-oil type and will preferably contain surfactants, lubricity additives and/or corrosion inhibitors in addition to the other components mentioned above.
• surfactants lubricity additives and/or corrosion inhibitors in addition to the other components mentioned above.
• suitable emulsion forms and additives is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,743,922.
• An emulsion of the water-in-oil type typically provides about 1% NO x reduction for each 1% water added. The combination of technologies will provide emissions reductions greater than either alone.
• the platinum/cerium fuel borne catalyst or other catalyst is preferred but optional. If desired, the combination of a blend of fatty acid esters and aviation kerosene can be employed to good effect without the fuel borne catalyst.
• the fuel thus formed in any of the embodiments above, can be used with timing changes, EGR, oxidation catalysts or particulate filters for enhanced emissions control.
• diesel particulate filter is meant to refer to those devices known in the art as exhaust gas filters that reduce particulate emissions by trapping a portion of the particulates within a complex internal structure. They must be regenerated or replaced as deposits will accumulate.
• diesel oxidation catalyst is meant to refer to those devices known in the art as exhaust gas treatment catalysts that reduce particulate, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by causing contact with catalyzed surfaces in lieu of trapping particulates as done in the diesel particulate filters.
• Retarding engine timing e.g., by from about 2 to about 6°
• Retarding engine timing is a known procedure for reducing NO x , unfortunately it will by itself cause pollutant generation due to poor combustion. This tradeoff has been troubling the art since emissions control became important. It is an advantage of the invention, that both reduced NO x and other pollutants can be achieved by employing the fuel of the invention in combination with one or more of the above techniques and/or exhaust gas recirculation wherein a portion of the exhaust gas is intermixed with combustion air.
• an FBC is provided, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,003,303 and the references cited therein.
• the invention has particular utility in the operation of fleet vehicles, which are brought to a central location for refueling at regular intervals, e.g., daily.
• the concentration of FBC catalyst metal in fuel is desirably maintained between 4 and 10 ppm in this exemplary setting.
• Cleaner burning biodiesel fuel blends used with the Platinum Plus® fuel borne catalyst (FBC) (added at 0.15 ppm Pt as Pt COD) and a lightly catalyzed (3-5 grams Pt) diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) produced emission reductions of 51 percent particulates (PM) and 9 percent NOx versus baseline emissions from standard No. 2D fuel.
• FBC Platinum Plus® fuel borne catalyst
• DOC diesel oxidation catalyst

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