Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
  • A61P25/34—Tobacco-abuse
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
  • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D215/38—Nitrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D215/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems
  • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D215/48—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to tetrahydroquinoline containing compounds and compositions, to processes for preparing such compounds and compositions, and to the use of such compounds and compositions in the treatment of eating disorders, metabolic disorders, obesity, cognitive disorders, neurological disorders, pain disorders, inflammation disorders, in the promotion of smoking cessation and for the treatment of other psychiatric disorders.
• Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or Delta-9 THC the principle active component of Cannabis sativa (marijuana) is a member of a large family of lipophilic compounds (i.e., cannabinoids) that mediate physiological and psychotropic effects including regulation of appetite, immunosuppression, analgesia, inflammation, emesis, anti-nocioception, sedation, and intraocular pressure.
• cannabinoids lipophilic compounds
• Other members of the cannabinoid family include the endogenous (arachidonic acid-derived) ligands, anandamide, 2-arachidonyl glycerol, and 2-arachidonyl glycerol ether.
• Cannabinoids work through selective binding to and activation of G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors.
• Two types of cannabinoid receptors have been cloned including CB-1 (L. A. Matsuda, et al., Nature, 346, 561-564 (1990)), and CB-2 (S. Munro, et al., Nature, 365, 61-65 (1993)).
• the CB-1 receptor is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems (M. Glass, et al., Neuroscience, 77, 299-318 (1997)), while the CB-2 receptor is highly expressed in immune tissue, particularly in spleen and tonsils.
• the CB-2 receptor is also expressed on other immune system cells, such as lymphoid cells (S.
• Phase IIb data reveal that SR-141716 dose-dependently reduced body weight in human subjects over a 16 week trial period. CB-1 antagonists have also been shown to promote cessation of smoking behavior. Phase II clinical data on smoking cessation were presented in September of 2002 at Sanofi-Synthelabo's Information meeting. This data showed that 30.2% of patients treated with the highest dose of SR-141716 stayed abstinent from cigarette smoke relative to 14.8% for placebo.
• compounds which are capable of modulating the function of cannabinoid receptors.
• the compounds are cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB-1) modulators, and have the general formula I including all pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , X and Y are described herein.
• the present invention provides for a compound of formula I including all pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers, wherein:
• the present invention provides the compound of claim 1 , including all pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers, wherein:
• the present invention provides the compound of claim 1 , including all pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers, wherein:
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical combination comprising a compound of formula I and a therapeutic agent selected from anti-obesity agents; appetite suppressants; anti-diabetic agents; anti-hyperlipidemia agents; hypolipidemic agents; hypocholesterolemic agents; lipid-modulating agents; cholesterol-lowering agents; HDL-raising agents; lipid-lowering agents; anti-hypertensive agents; agents used to treat sleep disorders; agents used to treat substance abuse and addictive disorders; anti-anxiety agents; anti-depressants; anti-psychotic agents; cognition enhancing agents; agents used to treat cognitive disorders; agents used to treat attention deficit-disorders; agents used to treat Alzheimer's disease; agents used to treat Parkinson's disease; anti-inflammatory agents; agents used to treat neurodegeneration; agents used to treat arteriosclerosis; agents used to treat respiratory conditions; agents used to treat gastrointestinal disorders including bowel and motility disorders; cardiac glycosides; and anti-tumor agents.
• a therapeutic agent selected from anti-obesity agents; appetite suppressants
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical combination of a compound of formula I and another therapeutic agent wherein the other therapeutic agent may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical combination of a compound of formula I and an anti-obesity agent wherein the anti-obesity agent is selected from melanocortin receptor (MC4R) agonists; melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR) antagonists; growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) antagonists; orexin antagonists; galanin receptor modulators, CCK agonists; GLP-1 agonists and other Pre-proglucagon-derived peptides; NPY1 or NPY5 antagonists; NPY2 and NPY4 modulators; corticotropin releasing factor agonists; histamine receptor-3 (H3) modulators; aP2 inhibitors; PPAR gamma modulators; PPAR delta modulators; acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors, adiponectin receptor modulators, 11 ⁇ -HSD inhibitors, beta 3 adrenergic agonists, including AJ9677, L750355 and
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of diseases and disorders associated with G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor activity, which comprises administering to a mammalian species in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of the CB-1 receptor, which comprises administering to a mammalian species in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment of bulimia, obesity or any disease resulting in the patient becoming overweight, which comprises administering to a mammalian species in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment of metabolic disorders, eating disorders and appetitive disorders, including treatment of the conditions associated with those disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, reduced HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, cholelithiasis and sleep disorders, hyperlipidemic conditions, bulimia nervosa and compulsive eating disorders, which comprises administering to a mammalian species in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• those disorders such as obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, reduced HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, cholelithiasis and sleep disorders, hyperlipidemic conditions, bulimia nervosa and compulsive
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment of obesity due to genetic or environmental causes, including overeating and bulemia, polycycstic ovary disease, craniopharyngeoma, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's Syndrome, Type II diabetes, growth hormone deficiency, Turner's Syndrome and other pathological states characterized by reduced metabolic activity or reduced energy expenditure, which comprises administering to a mammalian species in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
• alkyl denotes branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chains containing 1 to 20 carbons, preferably 1 to 12 carbons, and more preferably 1 to 8 carbons, in the normal chain, such as, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl and the like.
• alkyl groups may optionally be substituted on any available carbon atom with one or more functional groups commonly attached to such chains, such as, but not limited to hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, mercapto, alkylthio, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, carbalkoyl, carboxamido, carbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, nitro, amino, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, heteroaryloxyl, amido, and the like to form alkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl, 3-hydroxyhexyl, 2-carboxypropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, carboxymethyl, cyanobutyl and the like.
• alkenyl refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons, and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons with one or more double bonds in the normal chain, such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-dodecenyl, 4,8,12-tetradecatrienyl, and the like.
• alkenyl groups may optionally be substituted on any available carbon atom with one or more functional groups commonly attached to such chains, such as, but not limited to halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, alkanoylamino, alkylamido, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, mercapto, and alkylthio.
• alkynyl refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons with one or more triple bonds in the normal chain, such as 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl, 3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl, 3-nonynyl, 4-decynyl,3-undecynyl, 4-dodecynyl and the like.
• alkynyl groups may optionally be substituted on any available carbon atom with one or more functional groups commonly attached to such chains, such as, but not limited to halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, alkanoylamino, alkylamido, arylcarbonylamino, nitro, cyano, mercapto, and alkylthio.
• halo haloalkyl
• alkyl alkoxy
• alkenyl aryl, arylalkyl
• cycloalkyl amino, hydroxyl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl
• alkanoylamino alkylamido
• arylcarbonylamino nitro, cyano, mercapto, and alkylthio.
• cycloalkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes saturated or partially unsaturated (containing one or more double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, appended or fused, including monocyclicalkyl, bicyclicalkyl and tricyclicalkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 3 to 10 carbons, forming the rings and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic rings as described for aryl, which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,
• any cycloalkyl may be optionally substituted through any available carbon atoms with one or more groups selected from hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyloxy, hydroxyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, mercapto, and alkylthio.
• cycloalkylalkyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl groups as defined above having a cycloalkyl substituent, wherein said “cycloalkyl” and/or “alkyl” groups may optionally be substituted as defined above.
• aryl as employed herein alone or as part of another group refers to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic groups containing 6 to 10 carbons in the ring portion (such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) and may optionally include one to three additional carbocyclic or heterocyclic fused rings, for example
• aryl may optionally be substituted with one or more functional groups, such as halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, haloalkyl, CF 3 , hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, OCF 3 , OCF 2 H, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aryloxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylaryl, heteroarylheteroaryl, nitro, cyano,
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring which includes 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• Such rings may be fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group and include possible N-oxides as described in Katritzky, A. R. and Rees, C. W., eds. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry: The Structure, Reactions, Synthesis and Uses of Heterocyclic Compounds 1984, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y.; and Katritzky, A. R., Rees, C. W., Scriven, E.
• heteroaryl as defined herein, may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as the substituents included above in the definition of “substituted alkyl” and “substituted aryl”.
• substituents include the following: and the like.
• heteroarylalkyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl groups as defined above having a heteroaryl substituent, wherein said heteroaryl and/or alkyl groups may optionally be substituted as defined above.
• heterocyclo represents an unsubstituted or substituted stable, 4 to 7-membered monocyclic ring system which may be saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms, with one to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
• the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
• heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, oxopiperidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl,
• heterocycloalkyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl groups as defined above having a heterocyclyl substituent, wherein said heterocyclyl and/or alkyl groups may optionally be substituted as defined above.
• arylalkyl refers to alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, as defined above having an aryl substituent as defined above.
• Representative examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, benzhydryl and naphthylmethyl and the like.
• alkoxy as employed herein alone or as part of another group include, respectively, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups as defined above linked through an oxygen atom.
• halogen or “halo” as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine, with bromine, chlorine or fluorine being preferred.
• cyano refers to a —CN group.
• methylene refers to a —CH 2 — group.
• nitro refers to a —NO 2 group.
• acyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups as defined above linked through a carbonyl group.
• the compounds of formula I can be present as salts, which are also within the scope of this invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred. If the compounds of formula I have, for example, at least one basic center, they can form acid addition salts.
• organic carboxylic acids such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example acetic acid, which are unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by a halogen as chloroacetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or terephthalic acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such as amino acids, for example aspartic or glutamic acid or lysine or arginine, or such as benzoic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl or arylsulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substitute
• Corresponding acid addition salts can also be formed having, if desired, an additionally present basic center.
• the compounds of formula I having at least one acid group can form salts with bases.
• Suitable salts with bases are, for example, metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium, potassium or magnesium salts, or salts with ammonia or an organic amine, such as morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono, di or tri-lower alkylamine, for example ethyl, tert-butyl, diethyl, diisopropyl, triethyl, tributyl or dimethylpropylamine, or a mono, di or tri-hydroxy(lower)alkylamine, for example mono, di or triethanolamine.
• Corresponding internal salts may furthermore be formed. Salts which are unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses but which can be employed, for example, for the isolation or purification of free compounds
• Preferred salts of the compounds of formula I which contain a basic group include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate, phosphate, nitrate and acetate salts.
• Preferred salts of the compounds of formula I which contain an acid group include sodium, potassium and magnesium salts and pharmaceutically acceptable organic amine salts.
• modulator refers to a chemical compound with capacity to either enhance (e.g., “agonist” activity) or partially enhance (e.g., “partial agonist” activity) or inhibit (e.g., “antagonist” activity or inverse agonist activity) a functional property or biological activity or process (e.g., enzyme activity or receptor binding); such enhancement or inhibition may be contingent on the occurrence of a specific event, such as activation of a signal transduction pathway, and/or may be manifest only in particular cell types.
• enhance e.g., “agonist” activity
• partial agonist e.g., “partial agonist” activity
• inhibit e.g., “antagonist” activity or inverse agonist activity
• a functional property or biological activity or process e.g., enzyme activity or receptor binding
• prodrug esters as employed herein includes esters and carbonates formed by reacting one or more hydroxyl group of compounds of formula I with alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl substituted acylating agents employing procedures known to those skilled in the art to generate acetates, pivalates, methylcarbonates, benzoates and the like.
• any compound that can be converted in vivo to provide the bioactive agent i.e., the compound of formula I
• prodrugs Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. A comprehensive description of prodrugs and prodrug derivatives appears in:
• An administration of a therapeutic agent of the invention includes administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of the invention.
• therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent a condition treatable by administration of a composition of the invention. That amount is the amount sufficient to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventative or ameliorative effect. The effect may include, for example, treatment or prevention of the conditions listed herein.
• the precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's size and health, the nature and extent of the condition being treated, recommendations of the treating physician, and the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration.
• All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention are contemplated, either in mixture or in pure or substantially pure form.
• the compounds of the present invention can have asymmetric centers at any of the carbon atoms including those within any of the R substituents. Consequently, compounds of formula I can exist in enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms or in mixtures thereof.
• the processes for preparation can utilize racemates, enantiomers or diastereomers as starting materials. In order to prepare diastereomeric or enantiomeric products, conventional methods for isomer separation may be employed. These include, for example, chromatographic techniques, chiral HPLC, fractional crystallization, and sequences of derivatization, separation and de-derivatization.
• the amino group of compound II can be suitably protected by, for example, a tert-butyloxycarbonyl, or derivatized as in compound I with, for example, a arylsulfonyl group as shown in III.
• Compound II can be obtained commercially, or can be prepared by methods known in the literature, or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art. Reduction of III via hydrogenation in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, such as platinum oxide, or palladium hydroxide on carbon affords intermediate IV.
• compound V can be reduced via hydrogenation in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, such as platinum oxide, or palladium hydroxide on carbon to afford intermediate VI, which can be hydrolyzed to provide acid VII. Conversion of the carboxylic acid group of VII via Curtius rearrangement affords IV as free or protected amines.
• a transition metal catalyst such as platinum oxide, or palladium hydroxide on carbon
• Conversion of the carboxylic acid group of VII via Curtius rearrangement affords IV as free or protected amines.
• Compound V can be obtained commercially, or can be prepared by methods known in the literature, or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art.
• halogenated XVI and XVI′ can be prepared by treatment of intermediate IV (prepared as outlined in Scheme 1 and 2) with an appropriate bromination or clorination reagent XII. It is understood that each of the non-aromatic carbons of the THQ ring system can optionally be substituted with R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 as specified in the general formula I.
• compounds of formula Ia can be prepared from intermediate IV (prepared as outlined in Scheme 1 and 2). It is understood that each of the non-aromatic carbons of the THQ ring system can optionally be substituted with R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 as specified in the general formula I.
• Treatment of IV with aldehyde XVII in the presence of triethylsilane and trifluoroacetic acid, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride affords intermediate XIX (where X ⁇ CH 2 ).
• treatment of IV with reagent XVIII in the presence of a base provides intermediate XIX (for example, where X ⁇ SO 2 , or CO, or COO).
• Removal of the N-protection group can be achieved by treatment of XIX with an acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid in dioxane, or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride) to provide intermediate XX.
• an acid e.g. hydrochloric acid in dioxane, or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride
• Treatment of XX with reagent XXI in the presence of a base provides compounds of formula Ia.
• Reagents XVII, XVIII and XXI can be obtained commercially, or can be prepared by methods known in the literature, or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art.
• compounds of formula Ia can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 6. Removal of the N-protection group (e.g. Boc) of compound IV can be achieved by treatment with an acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid in dioxane, or trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride) to provide intermediate XXII. Treatment of XXII with a reagent XXI in the presence of a base provides intermediate XXIII. Treatment of XXIII with an aldehyde XVII in the presence of triethylsilane and trifluoroacetic acid, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride affords compound Ia (where X ⁇ CH 2 ). Alternatively, treatment of XXIII with a reagent XVIII in the presence of a base affords compound Ia (for example, where X ⁇ SO 2 , or CO, or COO).
• an acid e.g. hydrochloric acid in dioxane, or trifluoroacetic acid in
• compounds of formula Ib can be prepared from intermediate XX, which are prepared as outlined in Scheme 5. It is understood that each of the non-aromatic carbons of the THQ ring system can optionally be substituted with R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 as specified in the general formula I. Treatment of XX with a reagent XXIV in the presence of a base provides compound Ib. Alternatively, Ib can also be prepared by reaction of intermediate XXV with a primary or a secondary amine in acetonitrile in the presence of a tertiary amine (e.g. diisopropylethyiamine).
• a tertiary amine e.g. diisopropylethyiamine
• Intermediate XXV can be prepared by treatment of intermediate XX with the reaction adduct of 2-chloroethanol and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate according to the procedures reported by L. Ducry, et. al. ( Helv. Chim. Acta. 82, pp2432-2447, (1999)).
• compounds of formula Ic can be prepared from intermediate XXIII (prepared as outlined in Scheme 6). It is understood that each of the non-aromatic carbons of the THQ ring system can optionally be substituted with R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 as specified in the general formula I.
• a reagent XXVI in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc) 2 and a ligand (e.g. BINAP) provides compounds of formula Ic.
• a palladium catalyst e.g. Pd(OAc) 2
• a ligand e.g. BINAP
• Intermediate XXVI can be obtained commercially, or can be prepared by methods known in the literature, or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art.
• compounds of formula Ie can be prepared via C—C bond coupling by treatment of intermediate Id with an appropriate aryl or heteroaryl boronic acid, or an aryl or heteroaryl tin reagent of formula XXVII in the presence of a palladium catalyst.
• Compounds of formula If can be prepared via C—N or C—O bond coupling by treatment of intermediate Id with a heterocyclic (e.g. a lactam, pyridone, imidazole or pyrizole) or a hydroxyarene (e.g. phenol), or a hydroxyheteroarene of formula XXVIII in the presence of a copper catalyst.
• Compounds of formula Ig can be prepared by treatment of intermediate Id with zinc cyanide in the presence of a palladium catalyst, e.g. Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 . It is understood that each of the non-aromatic carbons of the THQ ring system can optionally be substituted with R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 as specified in the general formula I.
• Reagents XXVII and XXVIII can be obtained commercially, or can be prepared by methods known in the literature, or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art.
• compounds of formula Ih can be prepared by treatment of Ia with an alkylating reagent XXIX in the presence of a base. It is understood that each of the non-aromatic carbons of the THQ ring system can optionally be substituted with R 6 , R 6a , R 7 , R 7a , R 8 as specified in the general formula I.
• Reagent XXIX can be obtained commercially, or can be prepared by methods known in the literature, or can be readily prepared by one skilled in the art.
• reagents mentioned throughout are example reagents, not meant to be limiting. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many acids (trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, polyphosphoric acid, etc.), many bases (triethylamine, sodium hydride, potassium methoxide, etc.), many oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, etc.), many hydrogenation catalysts (palladium, platinum oxide, Raney® Nickel, etc.), and so on that may be employed to synthesize the compounds of the invention. In some cases alternative reagents known to those skilled in the art will be superior to those specifically mentioned. Alternative reagents may be found in Reagents For Organic Synthesis (Fieser and Fieser, John Wiley & Sons) and Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods (John Wiley & Sons).
• Standard protecting groups may be used at any stage of synthesis, for example in manipulating a functional group to convert one compound of formula I to another compound of formula I, or in manipulating a functional group to convert one protected amine, for example, amine II to another protected amine II, or to avoid undesired reaction during the conversion of amines, for example amine XX to compounds of formula I, or during the sequence of steps leading to the formation of protected amine, for example amine II.
• Compound 2A was prepared from the (S,R) diastereomer isolated in Example 1E by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1F.
• Compound 2B was prepared from 2A by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1G.
• Compound 21B was prepared from 21A by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1D and 1G.
• Compound 22B was prepared from 22A by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1D.
• the title compound was synthesized as part of library using the following procedure in a parallel synthesis fashion using 48 well red and blue minireactors.
• the title compound was synthesized as part of library using the following procedure in a parallel synthesis fashion using 48 well red and blue minireactors. Typical procedure: To a solution of 22B (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DCE (0.5 mL) at RT was added NMM (0.109 mL, 0.1 mmol), followed by addition of benzene sulfonylchloride (17.6 mg, 0.1 mmol) in DCE (0.5 uL). The reaction mixture was shaken at RT for 24 h, and treated with 100 mg of PS-Trisamine (4 mmol/g loading) for 2 h to remove excess sulfonyl chloride.
• homochiral 87C can also be prepared from (S)-2-(tert-butyloxy carbonylamino)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid as described below starting from 87D.
• the title compound may be prepared either as described in US 2004/002495 or as follows: To a solution of (S)-2-(tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid (987 mg, 3.18 mmol) in MeOH(100 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (300 mg), and the mixture was stirred at RT under hydrogen at 80 psi for 24 h. Filtration and solvent evaporation under vacuum provided the title compound (800 mg) as a foam.
• the title compound was obtained via chiral chromatographic separation of racemic 87B using a Chiralpak AD column (5 ⁇ 50 cm, 20 ⁇ m chiral stationary phase) eluting with 30% isopropanol in heptane.
• the title compound can be prepared from commercially available (R)-2-(tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid according to the procedures described in Example 87.
• Compound 89D was prepared from 89C by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1G.
• the title compound was obtained via chiral chromatographic separation of racemic 89D using a Chiralpak AD column (5 ⁇ 50 cm, 20 ⁇ m chiral stationary phase) eluting with 20% isopropanol in heptane.
• the title compound was also prepared using the following procedures: To a solution of 87C (510 mg, 1.11 mmol) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 15 mL) was added phenylboronic acid (272 mg, 2.22 mmol), followed by K 2 CO 3 (613 mg, 4.44 mmol) and PXPd (30 mg, 0.056 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h, then additional amount of phenylboronic acid (54 mg, 0.44 mmol) and PXPd (16 mg, 0.028 mmol) were added. After 2 h at 60° C., same amount of phenylboronic acid and PXPd were added again to the reaction mixture to push completion of the reaction.
• the title compound was obtained via chiral chromatographic separation of racemic 89D using a Chiralpad AD column (5 ⁇ 50 cm, 20 ⁇ m chiral stationary phase) eluting with 20% isopropanol in heptane.
• the title compound can also be prepared from homochiral 88 using the procedures described in Example 89E.
• the title compound can be prepared from homochiral 87C using the procedures described in Example 89E.
• MS (ES): m/z 472 [M+1] + .
• Compound 111A was prepared from 89A and 4-fluorophenylboronic acid, then N-boc deprotection by procedures analogous to those described in 89B and 89C.
• Compound 111B was prepared from 111A and 3-methoxyphenylsulfonyl chloride by procedures analogous to those described in 1G.
• Compound 113A was prepared from 87A and 4-fluorophenylboronic acid by procedures analogous to those described in 89E.
• Compound 113B was prepared from 113A and 3-cyanobenzaldehyde by procedures analogous to those described in 22A.
• the title compound was prepared from 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzyl chloride and diethylacetamidomalonate according to the procedures described by Davis, A. L.; et al, in Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 102, 48 (1963).
• Compound 153A was prepared from 1D by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1G.
• compound 155A was prepared from 1F and piperidine-1-sulfonyl chloride (prepared according to the procedures described by Padma, D. K.; Bhat, V. Subrahmanya; Murthy, A. R. Vasudeva, in J. Fluorine Chem., EN. 20, 425-438 (1982)).
• Morpholine-4-sulfonic acid [1-(3-chloro-benzyl)-6-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroqiuinolin-3-yl]-amide
• compound 156A was prepared from 1D and morpholine-4-sulfonyl chloride (prepared following the procedures described by Antonio Vandi et al, in J. Org. Chem. 26, 3478-3480, (1961)).
• 157A was prepared from 1C and benzaldehyde by procedures analogous to those described in Example 22A, followed by removal of N-Boc protecting group according to the procedures described in Example 22B.
• Compound 165A was prepared from racemate 1G and benzaldehyde by procedures analogous to those described in Example 22A.
• Compound 170A was prepared from 87A and phenylboronic acid by procedures analogous to those described in Example 91A.
• Compound 170B was prepared from 170A by procedures analogous to those described in Example 1B.
• Radioligand binding studies were conducted in membranes prepared from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells that over-express recombinant human CB-1 (CHO-CB-1 cells). Total assay volume for the binding studies was 100 ⁇ l. 5 ug of membranes were brought up to a final volume of 95 ⁇ l with Binding Buffer (25 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.25% BSA). The diluted membranes were preincubated with a compound or DMSO vehicle. The binding reaction was initiated by the addition of 2 nM final 3 H-CP-55,940 (120 Ci/mmol) and proceeded for 2.5 hours at room temperature.
• Binding Buffer 25 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.25% BSA.
• the diluted membranes were preincubated with a
• the binding reaction was terminated by transferring the reaction to GF/B 96 well plates (presoaked with 0.3% polyethylenimine) using a Packard Cell Harvester. The filter was washed with 0.25 ⁇ PBS, 30 ⁇ l MicroScint was added per well, and the bound radiolabel was quantitated by scintillation counting on a Packard TopCount Scintillation Counter.
• the CB-2 radioligand binding assay was conducted identically except that the membranes from CHO-CB-2 cells were used.
• the compound For a compound to be considered a CB-1 antagonist, the compound must possess a CB-1 receptor binding affinity Ki less than 4000 nM. As determined by the assay described above, the CB-1 receptor binding K i values of the preferred working examples fall within the range of 0.01 nM to 4000 nM.
• Functional CB-1 inverse agonist activity of test compounds was determined in CHO-CB-1 cells using a cAMP accumulation assay.
• CHO-CB-1 cells were grown in 96 well plates to near confluence.
• growth medium was aspirated and 100 of Assay Buffer (PBS plus 25 mM HEPES/0.1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine/0.1% BSA) was added.
• Assay Buffer PBS plus 25 mM HEPES/0.1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine/0.1% BSA
• Compounds were added to the Assay buffer diluted 1:100 from 100% DMSO and allowed to preincubate for 10 minutes prior to addition of 5 uM forskolin.
• the mixture was allowed to proceed for 15 minutes at room temperature and was terminated by the addition of 0.1 N HCl.
• the total intracellular cAMP concentration was quantitated using the Amersham cAMP SPA kit.
• the compounds of the present invention are cannabinoid receptor modulators, and include compounds which are, for example, selective agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists, antagonists or partial antagonists of the cannabinoid receptor. Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention may be useful for the treatment or prevention of diseases and disorders associated with G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor activity. Preferably, compounds of the present invention possess activity as antagonists or inverse agonists of the CB-1 receptor, and may be used in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of the CB-1 receptor.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to metabolic and eating disorders as well as conditions associated with metabolic disorders, (e.g., obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, cholelithiasis and sleep disorders, hyperlipidemic conditions, bulimia nervosa and compulsive eating disorders) or psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse, depression, anxiety, mania and schizophrenia.
• metabolic disorders e.g., obesity, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, cholelithiasis and sleep disorders, hyperlipidemic conditions, bulimia nervos
• These compounds could also be used for the improvement of cognitive function (e.g., the treatment of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, short term memory loss and attention deficit disorders); neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Parkinson's Disease, cerebral apoplexy and craniocerebral trauma) and hypotension (e.g., hemorrhagic and endotoxin-inducd hypotension).
• cognitive function e.g., the treatment of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, short term memory loss and attention deficit disorders
• neurodegenerative disorders e.g., Parkinson's Disease, cerebral apoplexy and craniocerebral trauma
• hypotension e.g., hemorrhagic and endotoxin-inducd hypotension.
• These compounds could also be used for treatment of catabolism in connection with pulmonary dysfunction and ventilator dependency; treatment of cardiac dysfunction (e.g., associated with valvular disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy or congestive heart failure); and improvement of the overall pulmonary function; transplant rejection; rheumatoid arthritis; multiple sclerosis; inflammatory bowel disease; lupus; graft vs. host disease; T-cell mediated hypersensitivity disease; psoriasis; asthma; Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Guillain-Barre syndrome; cancer; contact dermatitis; allergic rhinitis; and ischemic or reperfusion injury.
• cardiac dysfunction e.g., associated with valvular disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy or congestive heart failure
• improvement of the overall pulmonary function e.g., transplant rejection; rheumatoid arthritis; multiple sclerosis; inflammatory bowel disease; lupus; graft
• appetitive disorders are understood as meaning: disorders associated with a substance and especially abuse of a substance and/or dependency on a substance, disorders of eating behaviors, especially those liable to cause excess weight, irrespective of its origin, for example: bulimia nervosa, craving for sugars.
• the present invention therefore further relates to the use of a CB-1 receptor antagonist or inverse agonist for the treatment of bulimia and obesity, including obesity associated with type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes), or more generally any disease resulting in the patient becoming overweight.
• Obesity is defined by a body mass index (kg/m 2 ) of at least 26. It may be due to any cause, whether genetic or environmental, including overeating and bulemia, polycycstic ovary disease, craniopharyngeoma, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's Syndrome, Type II diabetes, growth hormone deficiency, Turner's Syndrome and other pathological states characterized by reduced metabolic activity or reduced energy expenditure.
• the term “treating” or “treatment” encompasses prevention, partial alleviation, or cure of the disease or disorder.
• treatment of obesity is expected to prevent progression of medical covariants of obesity, such as arteriosclerosis, Type II diabetes, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, cholelithiasis and sleep disorders.
• medical covariants of obesity such as arteriosclerosis, Type II diabetes, polycystic ovary disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, cholelithiasis and sleep disorders.
• Compounds in the present invention may also be useful in treating substance abuse disorders, including substance dependence or abuse without physiological dependence.
• Substances of abuse include alcohol, amphetamines (or amphetamine-like substances), caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalents, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like compounds), sedative-hypnotics or benzodiazepines, and other (or unknown) substances and combinations of the above.
• the terms “substance abuse disorders” also includes drug or alcohol withdrawal syndromes and substance-induced anxiety or mood disorder with onset during withdrawal.
• Compounds in the present invention may be useful in treating memory impairment and cognitive disorders.
• the condition of memory impairment is manifested by impairment of the ability to learn new information and/or the inability to recall previously learned information.
• Memory impairment is a primary symptom of dementia and can also be a symptom associated with such diseases as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, HIV, cardiovascular disease, and head trauma as well as age-related cognitive decline.
• Dementias are diseases that include memory loss and additional intellectual impairment separate from memory.
• Cannabinoid receptor modulators may also be useful in treating cognitive impairments related to attentional deficits, such as attention deficit disorder.
• Parkinsons's Disease is a neurodenerative movement disorder characterized by bradykinesia and tremor.
• the compounds of the present invention are further useful for the treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases and disorders.
• Respiratory diseases for which cannabinoid receptor modulators are useful include, but are not limited to, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder, emphysema, asthma, and bronchitis.
• cannabinoid receptor modulators block the activation of lung epithelial cells by moeties such as allergic agents, inflammatory cytokines or smoke, thereby limiting release of mucin, cytokines, and chemokines, or selectively inhibiting lung epithelial cell activation.
• the compounds employed in the present invention may stimulate inhibitory pathways in cells, particularly in leukocytes, lung epithelial cells, or both, and are thus useful in treating such diseases.
• Leukocyte activation is defined herein as any or all of cell proliferation, cytokine production, adhesion protein expression, and production of inflammatory mediators.
• Epithelial cell activation is defined herein as the production of any or all of mucins, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion protein expression.
• transplant such as organ transplant, acute transplant, xenotransplant or heterograft or homograft (such as is employed in burn treatment)
• protection from ischemic or reperfusion injury such as ischemic or reperfusion injury incurred during organ transplantation, myocardial infarction, stroke or other causes
• transplantation tolerance induction arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or osteoarthritis); multiple sclerosis
• respiratory and pulmonary diseases including but not limited to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; lupus (systemic lupus erythematosis); graft vs.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
• T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases including contact hypersensitivity, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease); psoriasis; contact dermatitis (including that due to poison ivy); Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Sjogren's syndrome; Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' Disease; Addison's disease (autoimmune disease of the adrenal glands); Autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome); autoimmune alopecia; pernicious anemia; vitiligo; autoimmune hypopituatarism; Guillain-Barre syndrome; other autoimmune diseases; glomerulonephritis; serum sickness; uticaria; allergic diseases such as respiratory allergies (asthma, hayfever, allergic rhinitis) or skin allergies; scleracierma; mycosis fungoides; acute inflammatory and respiratory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ishchemia/reperfusion
• leukocyte activation-associated or “leukocyte-activation mediated” disease as used herein includes each of the above referenced diseases or disorders.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful for treating the aforementioned exemplary disorders irrespective of their etiology.
• the combined activity of the present compounds towards monocytes, macrophages, T-cells, etc. may be useful in treating any of the above-mentioned disorders.
• Cannabinoid receptors are important in the regulation of Fc gamma receptor responses of monocytes and macrophages.
• Compounds of the present invention inhibit the Fc gamma dependent production of TNF alpha in human monocytes/macrophages.
• the ability to inhibit Fc gamma receptor dependent monocyte and macrophage responses results in additional anti-inflammatory activity for the present compounds. This activity is especially of value, for example, in treating inflammatory diseases such as arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.
• the present compounds are useful for treating autoimmune glomerulonephritis and other instances of glomerulonephritis induced by deposition of immune complexes in the kidney that trigger Fc gamma receptor responses leading to kidney damage.
• Cannabinoid receptors are expressed on lung epithelial cells. These cells are responsible for the secretion of mucins and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the lung and are thus intricately involved in the generation and progression of respiratory diseases. Cannabinoid receptor modulators regulate both the spontaneous and the stimulated production of both mucins and cytokines. Thus, such compounds are useful in treating respiratory and pulmonary diseases including, COPD, ARDS, and bronchitis.
• cannabinoid receptors may be expressed on gut epithelial cells and hence regulate cytokine and mucin production and may be of clinical use in treating inflammatory diseases related to the gut. Cannabinoid receptors are also expressed on lymphocytes, a subset of leukocytes. Thus, cannabinoid receptor modulators will inhibit B and T-cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. Thus, such compounds will be useful in treating autoimmune diseases that involve either antibody or cell mediated responses such as multiple sclerosis and lupus.
• cannabinoid receptors regulate the Fc epsilon receptor and chemokine induced degranulation of mast cells and basophils. These play important roles in asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other allergic disease. Fc epsilon receptors are stimulated by IgE-antigen complexes. Compounds of the present invention inhibit the Fc epsilon induced degranulation responses, including the basophil cell line, RBL. The ability to inhibit Fc epsilon receptor dependent mast cell and basophil responses results in additional anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity for the present compounds. In particular, the present compounds are useful for treating asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other instances of allergic disease.
• the present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of formula I, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.
• compounds of the present invention can be used alone, in combination with other suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: anti-obesity agents; anti-diabetic agents, appetite suppressants; cholesterol/lipid-lowering agents, HDL-raising agents, cognition enhancing agents, agents used to treat neurodegeneration, agents used to treat respiratory conditions, agents used to treat bowel disorders, anti-inflammatory agents; anti-anxiety agents; anti-depressants; anti-hypertensive agents; cardiac glycosides; and anti-tumor agents.
• Such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the cannabinoid receptor modulators in accordance with the invention.
• Suitable anti-obesity agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include melanocortin receptor (MC4R) agonists, melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR) antagonists, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) antagonists, galanin receptor modulators, orexin antagonists, CCK agonists, GLP-1 agonists, and other Pre-proglucagon-derived peptides; NPY1 or NPY5 antagonsist, NPY2 and NPY4 modulators, corticotropin releasing factor agonists, histamine receptor-3 (H3) modulators, aP2 inhibitors, PPAR gamma modulators, PPAR delta modulators, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inihibitors, 11- ⁇ -HSD-1 inhibitors, adinopectin receptor modulators; beta 3 adrenergic agonists, such as AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (
• a thyroid receptor beta modulator such as a thyroid receptor ligand as disclosed in WO 97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO 99/00353 (KaroBio) and GB98/284425 (KaroBio), a lipase inhibitor, such as orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme), serotonin receptor agonists, (e.g., BVT-933 (Biovitrum)), monoamine reuptake inhibitors or releasing agents, such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, chlorphentermine, cloforex, clortermine, picilorex, sibutramine, dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol, anorectic agents such as topiramate (John
• Suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include: insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers, which may include biguanides, sulfonyl ureas, glucosidase inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, PPAR ⁇ agonists such as thiazolidinediones, PPAR ⁇ agonists (such as fibric acid derivatives), PPAR ⁇ antagonists or agonists, PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonists, 11- ⁇ -HSD-1 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP4) inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, and/or meglitinides, as well as insulin, and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-1 agonist, and/or a PTP-1B inhibitor (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibitor).
• biguanides such as thiazol
• the antidiabetic agent may be an oral antihyperglycemic agent preferably a biguanide such as metformin or phenformin or salts thereof, preferably metformin HCl.
• a biguanide such as metformin or phenformin or salts thereof, preferably metformin HCl.
• the compounds of the present invention will be employed in a weight ratio to biguanide within the range from about 0.001:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 0.01:1 to about 5:1.
• the antidiabetic agent may also preferably be a sulfonyl urea such as glyburide (also known as glibenclamide), glimepiride (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,785), glipizide, gliclazide or chlorpropamide, other known sulfonylureas or other antihyperglycemic agents which act on the ATP-dependent channel of the beta-cells, with glyburide and glipizide being preferred, which may be administered in the same or in separate oral dosage forms.
• the oral antidiabetic agent may also be a glucosidase inhibitor such as acarbose (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,769) or miglitol (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,436), which may be administered in the same or in a separate oral dosage forms.
• the compounds of the present invention may be employed in combination with a PPAR ⁇ agonist such as a thiazolidinedione oral anti-diabetic agent or other insulin sensitizers (which has an insulin sensitivity effect in NIDDM patients) such as rosiglitazone (SKB), pioglitazone (Takeda), Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• a PPAR ⁇ agonist such as a thiazolidinedione oral anti-diabetic agent or other insulin sensitizers (which has an insulin sensitivity effect in NIDDM patients) such as rosiglitazone (SKB), pioglitazone (Takeda), Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• Glaxo-Welcome's GL-262570 englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), JTT-501 (JPNT/P&U), L-895645 (Merck), R-119702 (Sankyo/WL), NN-2344 (Dr. Reddy/NN), or YM-440 (Yamanouchi), preferably rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.
• the compounds of the present invention may be employed with a PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonist such as MK-767/KRP-297 (Merck/Kyorin; as described in, K. Yajima, et. al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 284: E966-E971 (2003)), AZ-242 (tesaglitazar; Astra-Zeneca; as described in B. Ljung, et. al., J. Lipid Res., 43, 1855-1863 (2002)); muraglitazar; or the compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,002.
• MK-767/KRP-297 Merck/Kyorin; as described in, K. Yajima, et. al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 284: E966-E971 (2003)
• AZ-242 tesaglitazar; Astra-Zen
• the compounds of the present invention may be employed in combination with anti-hyperlipidemia agents, or agents used to treat arteriosclerosis.
• An example of an hypolipidemic agent would be an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor which includes, but is not limited to, mevastatin and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,140, lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938, pravastatin and related compounds such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227, simvastatin and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,448,784 and 4,450,171.
• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed herein include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,772, cerivastatin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,006,530 and 5,177,080, atorvastatin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,681,893, 5,273,995, 5,385,929 and 5,686,104, pitavastatin (Nissan/Sankyo's nisvastatin (NK-104) or itavastatin), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase suitable for use herein are disclosed in GB 2205837.
• the squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,396, those disclosed by Biller, et al, J. Med. Chem., 31, 1869-1871 (1998) including isoprenoid (phosphinyl-methyl)phosphonates as well as other known squalene synthetase inhibitors, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,721 and 4,924,024 and in Biller, S. A., Neuenschwander, K., Ponpipom, M. M., and Poulter, C. D., Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2, 1-40 (1996).
• squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by P. Ortiz de Montellano, et al, J. Med. Chem., 20, 243-249 (1977), the farnesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ-PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey and Volante, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 1291-1293 (1976), phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R. W. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5544 (1987) and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T. L., PhD dissertation, June, 1987, Dept. Med. Chem. U of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51, Summary.
• hypolipidemic agents suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, fibric acid derivatives, such as fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (SECHOLEX, POLICEXIDE) and cholestagel (Sankyo/Geltex), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphos-phorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid (niacin), acipimox, aci
• the other hypolipidemic agent may be an ACAT inhibitor (which also has anti-atherosclerosis activity) such as disclosed in, Drugs of the Future, 24, 9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); “The ACAT inhibitor, Cl-1011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters”, Nicolosi et al, Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel), 137 (1), 77-85 (1998); “The pharmacological profile of FCE 27677: a novel ACAT inhibitor with potent hypolipidemic activity mediated by selective suppression of the hepatic secretion of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein”, Ghiselli, Giancarlo, Cardiovasc.
• ACAT inhibitor which also has anti-atherosclerosis activity
• the hypolipidemic agent may be an upregulator of LDL receptor activity such as MD-700 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and LY295427 (Eli Lilly).
• the hypolipidemic agent may be a cholesterol absorption inhibitor preferably Schering-Plough's SCH48461 (ezetimibe) as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis 115, 45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem. 41, 973 (1998).
• the other lipid agent or lipid-modulating agent may be a cholesteryl transfer protein inhibitor (CETP) such as Pfizer's CP-529,414 as well as those disclosed in WO/0038722 and in EP 818448 (Bayer) and EP 992496, and Pharmacia's SC-744 and SC-795, as well as CETi-1 and JTT-705.
• CETP cholesteryl transfer protein inhibitor
• the hypolipidemic agent may be an ileal Na + /bile acid cotransporter inhibitor such as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24, 425-430 (1999).
• the ATP citrate lyase inhibitor which may be employed in the combination of the invention may include, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,954.
• the other lipid agent also includes a phytoestrogen compound such as disclosed in WO 00/30665 including isolated soy bean protein, soy protein concentrate or soy flour as well as an isoflavone such as genistein, daidzein, glycitein or equol, or phytosterols, phytostanol or tocotrienol as disclosed in WO 2000/015201; a beta-lactam cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as disclosed in EP 675714; an HDL upregulator such as an LXR agonist, a PPAR ⁇ -agonist and/or an FXR agonist; an LDL catabolism promoter such as disclosed in EP 1022272; a sodium-proton exchange inhibitor such as disclosed in DE 19622222; an LDL-receptor inducer or a steroidal glycoside such as disclosed in U.S.
• a phytoestrogen compound such as disclosed in WO 00/30665 including isolated soy bean protein, soy protein concentrate or soy flour as well as
• Preferred hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin and rosuvastatin, as well as niacin and/or cholestagel.
• the compounds of the present invention may be employed in combination with anti-hypertensive agents.
• suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and/or T-type; e.g.
• diltiazem verapamil, nifedipine, amiodipine and mybefradil
• diuretics e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride, spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril, pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisino
• Dual ET/AII antagonist e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389
• neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors
• vasopepsidase inhibitors dual NEP-ACE inhibitors
• omapatrilat and gemopatrilat e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat
• Cannbinoid receptor modulators could be useful in treating other diseases associated with obesity, including sleep disorders. Therefore, the compounds described in the present invention could be used in combination with therapeutics for treating sleep disorders. Examples of suitable therapies for treatment of sleeping disorders for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include melatonin analogs, melatonin receptor antagonists, ML 1 B agonists, GABA receptor modulators; NMDA receptor modulators, histamine-3 (H3) receptor modulators, dopamine agonists and orexin receptor modulators.
• Cannabinoid receptor modulators may reduce or ameliorate substance abuse or addictive disorders. Therefore, combination of cannabinoid receptor modulators with agents used to treat addictive disorders may reduce the dose requirement or improve the efficacy of current addictive disorder therapeutics. Examples of agents used to treat substance abuse or addictive disorders are: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), methadone, buprenorphine, nicotine and bupropion.
• SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• methadone methadone
• buprenorphine nicotine and bupropion.
• Cannabinoid receptor modulators may reduce anxiety or depression; therefore, the compounds described in this application may be used in combination with anti-anxiety agents or antidepressants.
• suitable anti-anxiety agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, halazepam and prazepam), 5HT1A receptor agonists (e.g., buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone), and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists.
• benzodiazepines e.g., diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, halazepam and
• SSRIs selective
• the combination of a conventional antipsychotic drug with a CB-1 receptor antagonist could also enhance symptom reduction in the treatment of psychosis or mania. Further, such a combination could enable rapid symptom reduction, reducing the need for chronic treatment with antipsychotic agents. Such a combination could also reduce the effective antipsychotic dose requirement, resulting in reduced probability of developing the motor dysfunction typical of chronic antipsychotic treatment.
• Suitable antipsychotic agents for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include the phenothiazine (chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine and trifluoperazine), thioxanthine (chlorprothixene, thiothixene), heterocyclic dibenzazepine (clozapine, olanzepine and aripiprazole), butyrophenone (haloperidol), dipheyylbutylpiperidine (pimozide) and indolone (molindolone) classes of antipsychotic agents.
• Other antipsychotic agents with potential therapeutic value in combination with the compounds in the present invention include loxapine, sulpiride and risperidone.
• schizophrenic disorders include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, shcizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder and psychotic disorder not specified.
• Suitable antipsychotic drugs for combination with the compounds in the present invention include the antipsychotics mentioned above, as well as dopamine receptor antagonists, muscarinic receptor agonists, 5HT2A receptor antagonists and 5HT2A/dopamine receptor antagonists or partial agonists (e.g., olanzepine, aripiprazole, risperidone, ziprasidone).
• the compounds described in the present invention could be used to enhance the effects of cognition-enhancing agents, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., tacrine), muscarinic receptor-1 agonists (e.g., milameline), nicotinic agonists, glutamic acid receptor (AMPA and NMDA) modulators, and nootropic agents (e.g., piracetam, levetiracetam).
• cognition-enhancing agents such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., tacrine), muscarinic receptor-1 agonists (e.g., milameline), nicotinic agonists, glutamic acid receptor (AMPA and NMDA) modulators, and nootropic agents (e.g., piracetam, levetiracetam).
• Suitable therapies for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive disorders for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention include donepezil, tacrine, revastigraine, 5HT6, gamma secretase inhibitors, beta secretase inhibitors, SK channel blockers, Maxi-K blockers, and KCNQs blockers.
• agents used to treat Parkinson's Disease include: levadopa with or without a COMT inhibitor, antiglutamatergic drugs (amantadine, riluzole), alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists such as idazoxan, opiate antagonists, such as naltrexone, other dopamine agonists or transportor modulators, such as ropinirole, or pramipexole or neurotrophic factors such as glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
• antiglutamatergic drugs amantadine, riluzole
• alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists such as idazoxan
• opiate antagonists such as naltrexone
• other dopamine agonists or transportor modulators such as ropinirole, or pramipexole
• neurotrophic factors such as glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
• GDNF glial derived neurotrophic factor
• suitable anti-inflammatory agents include prednisone, dexamethasone, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (i.e., COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitors such as NSAIDs, aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, piroxicam, Naproxen®, Celebrex®, Vioxx®), CTLA4-Ig agonists/antagonists, CD40 ligand antagonists, IMPDH inhibitors, such as mycophenolate (CellCept®), integrin antagonists, alpha-4 beta-7 integrin antagonists, cell adhesion inhibitors, interferon gamma antagonists, ICAM-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (e.g., infliximab, OR1384, including TNF-alpha inhibitors, such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF-alpha inhibitors, such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF-alpha inhibitors
• cyclosporins e.g., cyclosporin A
• Anti-Tac anti-IL-2 receptor
• Anti-CD45RB anti-CD2, anti-CD3 (OKT-3)
• anti-CD4, anti-CD80 anti-CD86
• monoclonal antibody OKT3 agents blocking the interaction between CD40 and gp39, such as antibodies specific for CD40 and/or gp39 (i.e., CD154), fusion proteins constructed from CD40 and gp39 (CD40Ig and CD8gp39), inhibitors, such as nuclear translocation inhibitors, of NF-kappa B function, such as deoxyspergualin (DSG), gold compounds, antiproliferative agents such as methotrexate, FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf), mycophenolate mofetil, cytotoxic drugs such as azathiprine and cyclophosphamide, anticytokines
• the compounds of formula I of the invention can be administered orally or parenterally, such as subcutaneously or intravenously, as well as by nasal application, rectally or sublingually to various mammalian species known to be subject to such maladies, e.g., humans, in an effective amount up to 1 gram, preferably up to 200 mg, more preferably to 50 mg in a regimen of single, two or four divided daily doses.
• the compounds of the formula I can be administered for any of the uses described herein by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally, including administration to the nasal membranes, such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents.
• suitable means for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.
• the present compounds can, for example, be administered in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release. Immediate release or extended release can be achieved by the use of suitable pharmaceutical compositions comprising the present compounds, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps.
• the present compounds can also be administered liposomally.
• compositions for oral administration include suspensions which can contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and immediate release tablets which can contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known in the art.
• the compounds of formula I can also be delivered through the oral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration.
• Molded tablets, compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are exemplary forms which may be used.
• Exemplary compositions include those formulating the present compound(s) with fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such formulations may be high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (avicel) or polyethylene glycols (PEG).
• Such formulations can also include an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g. Carbopol 934).
• HPC hydroxy propyl cellulose
• HPMC hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
• SCMC sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
• maleic anhydride copolymer e.g., Gantrez
• agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g. Carbopol 934).
• Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use.
• compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administration include solutions in saline which can contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such as those known in the art.
• compositions for parenteral administration include injectable solutions or suspensions which can contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid, or Cremaphor.
• suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid, or Cremaphor.
• compositions for rectal administration include suppositories which can contain, for example, a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
• a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
• compositions for topical administration include a topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).
• a topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Addiction (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Psychiatry (AREA)
• Neurosurgery (AREA)
• Neurology (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
• Diabetes (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Obesity (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Priority Applications (3)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Related Child Applications (1)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=34079298

Family Applications (4)

Family Applications After (3)

Country Status (3)

Cited By (25)

Families Citing this family (79)

Citations (7)

Family Cites Families (38)

• 2004
  • 2004-07-12 WO PCT/US2004/022407 patent/WO2005007111A2/fr active Application Filing
  • 2004-07-12 US US10/889,274 patent/US20050014786A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2004-07-12 WO PCT/US2004/022408 patent/WO2005007628A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2004-07-12 EP EP04778086A patent/EP1644335A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2004-07-12 EP EP04778085A patent/EP1644370A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2004-07-12 US US10/889,268 patent/US7276608B2/en active Active
• 2008
  • 2008-04-24 US US12/108,616 patent/US7884113B2/en active Active
• 2011
  • 2011-01-05 US US12/984,628 patent/US8119808B2/en active Active

Patent Citations (8)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events