US20040120544A1 - Digital-watermark embedding method and device and storage medium for storing the method - Google Patents

Digital-watermark embedding method and device and storage medium for storing the method Download PDF

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US20040120544A1
US20040120544A1 US10/659,037 US65903703A US2004120544A1 US 20040120544 A1 US20040120544 A1 US 20040120544A1 US 65903703 A US65903703 A US 65903703A US 2004120544 A1 US2004120544 A1 US 2004120544A1
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digital
watermark information
embedding
image
embedded
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Takami Eguchi
Keiichi Iwamura
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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Publication of US20040120544A1 publication Critical patent/US20040120544A1/en
Priority to US11/740,770 priority Critical patent/US7386149B2/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
    • G06T1/0028—Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
    • G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
    • G06T1/0078—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant using multiple thresholds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
    • H04N1/32219—Spatial or amplitude domain methods involving changing the position of selected pixels, e.g. word shifting, or involving modulating the size of image components, e.g. of characters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/3232—Robust embedding or watermarking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
    • G06T2201/0051—Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
    • G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
    • G06T2201/0202—Image watermarking whereby the quality of watermarked images is measured; Measuring quality or performance of watermarking methods; Balancing between quality and robustness

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a technique for embedding digital-watermark information in an image.
  • Digital-watermark embedding has been known as a technique for preventing unauthorized duplication.
  • original digital image data is modulated so that the data is imperceptible or difficult to perceive, and another piece of information is embedded in the data.
  • FIG. 24 shows an example of the above-described known art. For example, when a letter is rotated clockwise, “1” is embedded therein as shown in ( 1 ) in FIG. 24. When a letter is rotated counterclockwise, “0” is embedded therein as shown in ( 2 ) in FIG. 24. Watermark may be embedded in sequential letters, or every few letters, or in a letter at a predetermined position. In FIG. 24, the letter “C” is rotated clockwise and the letter “E” is rotated counterclockwise. Accordingly, information “10” is embedded in this case.
  • image data represents a monochrome multivalued image for clarity.
  • a binary data sequence is regarded as additional information Inf.
  • the additional information Inf is information including some bits, each bit representing “0” or “1”.
  • digital-watermark information w is generated based on the additional information Inf.
  • an image is scanned by raster scanning and the additional information Inf is associated with the position of image data I. When a bit represents “0”, ⁇ 1 is allocated, and when a bit represents “1”, +1 is allocated.
  • the image data I and the digital-watermark information w are input, the digital-watermark information w is embedded in the image data I, and then image data I′ in which the digital-watermark information w is embedded is output.
  • I′ i,j is image data in which digital-watermark information is embedded
  • I i,j is image data before the digital-watermark information is embedded therein
  • w i,j is the digital-watermark information
  • i and j are parameters representing x and y coordinates of I and I′ and w, respectively
  • a is a parameter specifying the embedding strength of the digital-watermark.
  • the strength a will be described.
  • the strength a is “0.01”
  • digital-watermark information which is robust to attack can be embedded. In that case, however, quality of the image is significantly degraded.
  • the robustness to attack will be reduced. In that case, however, degradation of the image quality can be suppressed.
  • the amount of information which can be embedded is generally proportional to the number of letters.
  • the documents may include newspapers, presentation material, and postcards, and the number of letters included in these documents is different from each other. Therefore, when digital-watermark information is embedded in a document image, it is difficult and is not preferable to estimate the amount of information which can be embedded therein in advance.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and it is a major object of the present invention to efficiently embedding digital-watermark information in an image by considering the above-described three elements. In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide an effective technique of embedding digital-watermark information in a document image.
  • a digital-watermark embedding method of the present invention comprises: a generating step of generating digital-watermark information; an input step of inputting an image; a setting step of setting a first parameter determining robustness to attack on the digital-watermark information embedded in the image and a second parameter determining quality of the image in which the digital-watermark information is embedded; an embedding step of embedding the digital-watermark information in the input image by using the first and second parameters; a determination step of determining whether or not the entire digital-watermark information can be embedded in the image; an update step of updating one of the parameters so as to embed a larger amount of digital-watermark information in the image when it is determined that the entire digital-watermark information cannot be embedded in the determination step, the update step being performed as a first stage; and an embedding step of embedding the digital-watermark information in the input image again by using the updated parameter.
  • the determination step is performed for each of the embedding steps.
  • FIG. 1 shows a basic configuration of a digital-watermark embedding device.
  • FIG. 2 shows the configuration of a digital-watermark embedding device of a first embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an operation of the digital-watermark embedding device shown in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a method of embedding digital-watermark by changing the inclination angle of a letter.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a process in a robustness-priority forced embedding mode.
  • FIG. 6 shows a state of change in f(n) and g( ⁇ ).
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a process in an image-quality-priority forced embedding mode.
  • FIG. 8 shows change in parameters in the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode.
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a process in the robustness-priority forced embedding mode.
  • FIG. 10 shows a state of change in f and g.
  • FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing a process in the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode.
  • FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing an operation of a digital-watermark embedding device having a function of changing pages of document image in which digital-watermark information is to be embedded.
  • FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing an operation of the digital-watermark embedding device having a function of changing pages of document image in which digital-watermark information is embedded.
  • FIG. 14 shows part of document image before digital-watermark information is embedded therein.
  • FIG. 15 shows part of document image after digital-watermark information is embedded therein.
  • FIG. 16 shows the configuration of a digital-watermark embedding device according to a fifth embodiment.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an operation of the digital-watermark embedding device shown in FIG. 16.
  • FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing a method of embedding digital-watermark by changing the inclination angle of a letter.
  • FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an embedding process performed by using an embedding capacity checking unit and an image-quality/robustness parameters control unit.
  • FIG. 20 shows combinations of values for obtaining each embedding capacity.
  • FIG. 21 shows combinations of values corresponding to each embedding strength.
  • FIG. 22 is a flowchart showing an operation of a digital-watermark embedding device according to a sixth embodiment.
  • FIG. 23 shows the internal configuration of the digital-watermark embedding device.
  • FIG. 24 shows an example of a known technique for embedding digital-watermark.
  • FIG. 1 shows a basic configuration of the digital-watermark embedding device which can be applied to the embodiments of the present invention.
  • the digital-watermark embedding device basically includes an image input unit 101 ; a watermark information embedding unit 102 ; an image-quality/robustness parameters control unit 106 ; and an image output unit 107 .
  • an image (original image 100 ) to which digital-watermark information 103 is to be embedded is input to the image input unit 101 (for example, a scanner 1417 in FIG. 23, described later).
  • the digital-watermark information 103 , embedding strength 104 , and an embedding mode 105 are input to the watermark information embedding unit 102 .
  • the watermark information embedding unit 102 embeds the digital-watermark information in the original image 100 by using the input digital-watermark information 103 , the embedding strength 104 , and the embedding mode 105 . Accordingly, a water-marked image 108 is generated.
  • the water-marked image 108 is output from the image output unit 107 (for example, a printer 1416 in FIG. 23, described later).
  • a normal mode and two types of forced embedding modes are provided as the embedding mode 105 .
  • an initial value of a parameter group for deciding robustness/image-quality degradation is set based on specified embedding strength 104 .
  • the outline of each mode will be described.
  • the forced embedding mode includes two types of modes: a robustness-priority forced embedding mode and an image-quality-priority forced embedding mode.
  • the robustness-priority forced embedding mode is used for generating the water-marked image 108 which is robust to future possible attacks, such as image editing. Therefore, in this mode, the parameter group is changed so that the robustness to attack can be maintained while the image quality is degraded.
  • a larger amount of digital-watermark information can be embedded, and thus the desired amount of digital-watermark information may be embedded.
  • the parameter group is changed so as to degrade the image quality
  • degradation of the image quality may reach its limit.
  • the parameter is changed so as to reduce the robustness to attack within the tolerance.
  • the threshold value may have a plurality of levels.
  • the image quality may be degraded first, and then the parameter group may be changed in the following order: degrade image quality, reduce robustness, degrade image quality, reduce robustness, degrade image quality, . . . .
  • the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode is used for minimizing degradation of the quality of the water-marked image 108 . Therefore, when the desired amount of digital-watermark information cannot be embedded, the parameter is first changed so as to reduce the robustness to attack, not to degrade the image quality.
  • a larger amount of digital-watermark information can be embedded, and thus the desired amount of digital-watermark information may be embedded.
  • the parameter group is changed so as to reduce the robustness to attack, degradation of the robustness may reach its limit.
  • the degradation of robustness to attack reaches its limit, the parameter is changed so as to degrade the image quality within the tolerance.
  • the threshold value may have a plurality of levels.
  • the robustness to attack may be reduced first, and then the parameter group may be changed in the following order: reduce robustness, degrade image quality, reduce robustness, degrade image quality, reduce robustness, . . . .
  • FIG. 2 shows the configuration of a digital-watermark embedding device of the first embodiment.
  • the digital-watermark embedding device includes an image input unit 201 ; a watermark information embedding unit 207 ; an image-quality/robustness parameters control unit 208 ; and an image output unit 209 .
  • a region-segmentation unit 202 for dividing a region of an input original image 200 and a circumscribed rectangle extracting unit 203 for extracting a region of a letter are provided.
  • Digital-watermark information 204 , embedding strength 205 , and an embedding mode 206 are the same as the above-described digital-watermark information 103 , the embedding strength 104 , and the embedding mode 105 , respectively.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining the operation of the digital-watermark embedding device shown in FIG. 2.
  • the operation of the digital-watermark embedding device shown in FIG. 2 will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. 3.
  • a document image (original image 200 ) to which digital-watermark information is to be embedded is read through the image input unit 201 and is input to the region-segmentation unit 202 (step S 301 ).
  • the region-segmentation unit 202 segments the input document image into a plurality of attribute regions: a text region, a figure region, a graphic region, a table region, and so on (step S 302 ).
  • the circumscribed rectangle extracting unit 203 extracts circumscribed rectangles of letters included in the text region (step S 303 ).
  • a circumscribed rectangle of a letter is a rectangle circumscribing a letter, and is generally known as a region for recognizing a letter. In this embodiment, however, the circumscribed rectangle is used as a minimum unit to be operated for embedding digital-watermark information.
  • each pixel value of the document image is projected onto a vertical coordinate axis. Then, a blank part (part without a black letter) is searched for so as to determine lines, and the document image is divided into lines. Then, the document image is projected onto a horizontal coordinate axis in units of lines, blank part is searched for, and each line is divided into a letter unit. Accordingly, each letter can be recognized in a circumscribed rectangle.
  • the watermark information embedding unit 207 embeds the digital-watermark information in the document image (step S 304 ). Accordingly, a water-marked image 210 is generated (step S 305 ).
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining the process.
  • the digital-watermark information 204 to be embedded in the document image is input (step S 401 ).
  • a first letter to which the digital-watermark information 204 is to be embedded is selected in the document image (step S 402 ).
  • step S 403 it is determined whether or not the bit of the digital-watermark information to be embedded is 1 (step S 403 ). If the bit is 1 (YES in the flowchart), the letter is inclined in a clockwise direction (step S 404 ). On the other hand, if the bit is 0 (NO in the flowchart), the letter is inclined in a counterclockwise direction (step S 405 ).
  • 1-bit information is embedded in a letter by determining a clockwise turn or a counterclockwise turn.
  • an absolute value of the inclination angle may be divided into a plurality of levels and different pieces of embedding information may be allocated to these levels. Specifically, it is regarded that 0 (counterclockwise) or 1 (clockwise) is embedded. Further, a threshold value is set in increments of 2 degrees from 2 to 20 degrees of the inclination angle, and it is regarded that the bit of embedded watermark information is increased by 1 bit as the inclination angle increases by 2 degrees. In this case, 1 to 10 bits may be embedded in a letter.
  • step S 406 it is determined whether or not the letter which is being processed is the last letter of the document. If the letter is the last letter (YES in the flowchart), the process of embedding digital-watermark information is completed. On the other hand, if the letter is not the last letter (NO in the flowchart), the process returns to step S 402 so as to select a next letter.
  • the water-marked image 210 is output from the image output unit 209 (step S 306 ).
  • output means printing of the image or storing the image data in a storage device or the like.
  • the image data may be transmitted to another terminal through a network or the like.
  • two other parameters which determine robustness to attack correspond to the rotation range of a letter and the repetition number of embedding desired digital-watermark information in a document image.
  • the repetition number is the number of times a piece of digital-watermark information is embedded in a document image.
  • embedding strength is defined to be proportional to f(n), which is obtained by normalizing the repetition number n of embedding.
  • image quality is defined to be inversely proportional to g( ⁇ ), which is obtained by normalizing the rotation range ⁇ of a letter.
  • the repetition number n is at least 3. That is, when a piece of digital-watermark information is embedded in a document image less than three times, it is determined that the entire digital-watermark information has not been embedded. This is the minimum number for reliably extracting digital-watermark information.
  • a maximum value of the rotation range of a letter is set so as to prevent unnatural appearance thereof, for example, is set to 20 degrees.
  • a physical minimum value of the repetition number is 1, and a physical maximum value of the rotation range of a letter is 180 degrees. These values may be naturally applied.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a process performed when the robustness-priority forced embedding mode is selected.
  • the process shown in FIG. 5 corresponds to a step of embedding digital-watermark information, that is, S 304 in FIG. 3.
  • step S 304 - 1 a desired embedding strength is specified and is input to the device. Then, in step S 304 - 1 b , the repetition number and the rotation range are set to the initial values based on the embedding strength. Then, in step S 304 - 1 c , all letters to be processed in the document image 200 are rotated in order so as to embed the digital-watermark information therein. After the digital-watermark information has been embedded in all the letters, the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 d.
  • step S 304 - 1 d it is checked whether or not the entire desired digital-watermark information 204 has been embedded in the document image 200 . If the entire information has not been embedded (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 e in order to embed the entire information in the document image.
  • step S 304 - 1 e it is determined whether or not the rotation range of a letter has reached a threshold value. If the rotation range has not reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 f.
  • step S 304 - 1 f since a high priority is given to robustness to attack in this mode, the rotation range of a letter is increased so as to degrade the image quality. Then, digital-watermark information is embedded again based on the newly set parameters (repetition number and rotation range). The above-described steps are repeatedly performed so as to embed the entire desired digital-watermark information.
  • FIG. 6 shows the change in f(n) and g( ⁇ ). Arrows in the figure indicate a state where the parameters of the repetition number (f) and the rotation range (g) change to an unfavorable state. That is, in FIG. 6, the arrow of the repetition number (f) indicates decrease, and the robustness to attack reduces in accordance with the decrease. On the other hand, the arrow of the rotation range (g) indicates increase, and the quality of the water-marked image is degraded in accordance with the increase.
  • Steps S 304 - 1 e and S 304 - 1 f correspond to stage ( 1 ) in FIG. 6. In stage ( 1 ), further degradation of the image quality (increase in rotation range) is allowed.
  • step S 304 - 1 e if the rotation range has reached Threshold 1 or Threshold 2 (YES in step S 304 - 1 e ), a step of increasing the rotation range is stopped so as to try to decrease the repetition number.
  • step S 304 - 1 g it is determined whether or not the repetition number has reached the threshold value. If the repetition number has not reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 h , where the repetition number is decreased so as to increase the amount of information which can be embedded.
  • the change in the parameter (repetition number) at this time corresponds to stage ( 2 ) in FIG. 6.
  • step S 304 - 1 g if the repetition number has reached the threshold value (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 i , where it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the maximum. If the rotation range has not reached the maximum (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 j , where the rotation range is increased again.
  • the change in the parameter (rotation range) at this time corresponds to stage ( 3 ) in FIG. 6. In stage ( 3 ), the level of degradation of image quality is over Threshold 1, and thus the threshold value is changed so as to embed the entire digital-watermark information correctly.
  • step S 304 - 1 i if the rotation range has reached the maximum of 180 degrees (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 k , where it is determined whether or not the repetition number has reached the minimum of 1. If the repetition number has not reached the minimum (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 l , where the repetition number is reduced again. The change in the parameter (repetition number) at this time corresponds to stage ( 4 ) in FIG. 6. On the other hand, if the repetition number has reached the minimum (YES in the flowchart), the process of embedding the digital-watermark information cannot be continued any more (correct information cannot be embedded). Thus, the process proceeds to step S 304 - 1 m , where it is determined that embedding ended in failure, so as to stop the embedding process.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a process performed when the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode is selected.
  • step S 304 - 2 a desired embedding strength is specified and is input to the device. Then, in step S 304 - 2 b , the repetition number and the rotation range are set to the initial values based on the embedding strength. Then, in step S 304 - 2 c , all letters to be processed in the document image 200 are rotated in order so as to embed the digital-watermark information therein. After digital-watermark information has been embedded in all the letters, the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 d.
  • step S 304 - 2 d it is checked whether or not the entire desired digital-watermark information 204 has been embedded in the document image 200 . If the entire information has not been embedded (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 e in order to embed the entire information in the document image. Then, a process of correctly embedding the digital-watermark information is performed in accordance with the following steps.
  • FIG. 8 shows the change in f(n) and g( ⁇ ) in the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode. Arrows in the figure indicate a state where the parameters of the repetition number (f) and the rotation range (g) changes to an unfavorable state.
  • the system of FIG. 8 is the same as that of FIG. 6, and thus a detailed description is omitted.
  • step S 304 - 2 e it is determined whether or not the repetition number has reached the threshold value. If the repetition number has not reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 f , where the repetition number is reduced.
  • the change in the parameter (repetition number) at this time corresponds to stage ( 1 ) in FIG. 8.
  • step S 304 - 2 e if the repetition number has reached the threshold value (YES in the flowchart), a step of decreasing the repetition number is suspended.
  • step S 304 - 2 g it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the threshold value. If the rotation range has not reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 h , where the rotation range is increased so as to increase the amount of digital-watermark information which can be embedded.
  • the change in the parameter (rotation range) at this time corresponds to stage ( 2 ) in FIG. 8.
  • step S 304 - 2 i it is determined whether or not the repetition number has reached the minimum. If the repetition number has not reached the minimum (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 j , where the repetition number is decreased again so as to try to increase the amount of digital-watermark information which can be embedded.
  • the change in the parameter (repetition number) at this time corresponds to stage ( 3 ) in FIG. 8.
  • step S 304 - 2 i if the repetition number has reached the minimum (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 k , where it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the maximum. If the rotation range has not reached the maximum (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 l , where the rotation range is increased so as to try to increase the amount of digital-watermark information which can be embedded. The change in the parameter at this time corresponds to stage ( 4 ) in FIG. 8.
  • step S 304 - 2 k if the rotation range has reached the maximum (YES in the flowchart), the process of embedding the digital-watermark information cannot be continued any more (correct information cannot be embedded). Thus, the process proceeds to step S 304 - 2 m , where it is determined that embedding ended in failure, so as to stop the embedding process.
  • the parameter group is changed in the following order: degrade image quality to a first threshold (1), reduce robustness to a first threshold (2), degrade image quality to a second threshold (3), reduce robustness to a second threshold (4), degrade image quality to a third threshold (5), reduce robustness to a third threshold (6),
  • the parameter group is changed in the following order: reduce robustness to a first threshold (1), degrade image quality to a first threshold (2), reduce robustness to a second threshold (3), degrade image quality to a second threshold (4), reduce robustness to a third threshold (5), degrade image quality to a third threshold (6) . . . .
  • the repetition number is regarded as a first parameter determining robustness to attack.
  • another value may be regarded as the first parameter determining robustness to attack.
  • information to be embedded is encoded with an error-correction code in a process of embedding digital-watermark information by changing the inclination angle of a letter.
  • error-correction ability in the error-correction encoding is regarded as the first parameter determining the robustness to attack.
  • the second parameter determining image quality is the rotation range, as in the first embodiment.
  • the repetition number is regarded as the first parameter for clarity.
  • robustness to attack does not always depend only on a single parameter.
  • robustness to attack may also depend on error-correction ability and rotation range of a letter. Therefore, various factors may be regarded as a parameter which determines degradation of each of robustness to attack and image quality.
  • embedding strength (robustness to attack) is represented by multiplying f(t) obtained by normalizing error-correction ability t by g( ⁇ ) obtained by normalizing the rotation range ⁇ . That is, the following equation is obtained:
  • t and ⁇ are set to values so that the Strength can be obtained.
  • a threshold value defining the tolerance of error-correction ability is set to 1, and a physical limit is set to 0.
  • the rotation range of a letter is the same as in the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart for explaining an embedding process performed when the robustness-priority forced embedding mode is selected.
  • the step of changing the repetition number in FIG. 5 is replaced by a step of changing the error-correction ability of an error-correction code, and the above-described embedding strength is applied.
  • Steps S 304 - 3 a to S 304 - 3 d are the same as in FIGS. 5 and 7.
  • step S 304 - 3 e it is determined whether or not the error-correction ability t is more than 0. If the error-correction ability t is more than 0 (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 f , where the error-correction ability is reduced and the code length obtained after error-correction encoding is reduced, so as to increase the amount of digital-watermark information which can be embedded.
  • step S 304 - 3 i it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the threshold value. If the rotation range has not reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process returns to step S 304 - 3 c , where digital-watermark information is embedded again based on a newly set parameter. Then, the above-described steps are repeatedly performed so as to correctly embed the entire digital-watermark information. If the rotation range has reached the threshold value (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 l.
  • FIG. 10 shows the change in the error-correction ability (f) and the rotation range (g). Arrows in the figure indicate a state where the parameters of the error-correction ability (f) and the rotation range (g) change to an unfavorable state.
  • the system of FIG. 10 is the same as that of FIG. 6.
  • a feature in FIG. 10 is that, in a first stage ( 1 ) of adjusting the parameters, the parameters (f and g) are changed so that the robustness (strength) to attack is kept constant.
  • the parameter g is continuously increased in the transition from stage ( 2 ) to stage ( 3 ).
  • step S 304 - 3 d it is checked whether or not the entire desired digital-watermark information 204 has been embedded in the document image 200 . If the entire information has not been embedded (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 e so as to embed the entire digital-watermark information in the document image in accordance with the following steps.
  • step S 304 - 3 e if the error-correction ability has reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process of reducing the error-correction ability of the error-correction code is stopped and the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 j .
  • step S 304 - 3 j it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the threshold value.
  • step S 304 - 3 j if the rotation range has not reached the threshold value (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 k , where the tolerance of rotation range is increased so as to increase the amount of digital-watermark information which can be embedded.
  • the change in the parameter (rotation range) at this time corresponds to stage ( 2 ) in FIG. 10.
  • step S 304 - 3 j if the tolerance of rotation range has reached the threshold value, the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 l .
  • step S 304 - 3 l it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the maximum. If the rotation range has reached the maximum, the process proceeds to step S 304 - 3 m , where the tolerance of rotation range is increased so as to increase the amount of digital-watermark information which can be embedded.
  • the change in the parameter (rotation range) at his time corresponds to stage ( 3 ) in FIG. 10.
  • the letters included in the document image to which digital-watermark information is embedded is included in a page.
  • the document image often includes a plurality of pages.
  • digital-watermark information is embedded in a plurality of pages, in addition to the processes of reducing the repetition number and the error-correction ability.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 show the operations of the third embodiment.
  • a step of setting a page to which digital-watermark information is embedded to a next page is performed when it is determined that the repetition number has reached the minimum (step S 304 - 1 k in FIG. 5) in the embedding process of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 shows a process of the robustness-priority forced embedding mode as in FIG. 5, and the process shown in FIG. 12 is the same as that in FIG. 5, except that a next page may exist in FIG. 12.
  • FIG. 13 shows a process of the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode as in FIG. 7, and the process shown in FIG. 13 is the same as that in FIG. 7, except that a next page may exist in FIG. 13.
  • both processes are described briefly.
  • step S 304 - 5 k in FIG. 12 it is determined whether or not the repetition number has reached the minimum. If the repetition number has reached the minimum (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 5 m , where it is determined whether or not the page which is being processed is the last page. If a next page exist (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 5 o , where the page to which digital-watermark information is to be embedded is changed to the next page. Then, the step of embedding digital-watermark information is performed again. If a next page does not exist (YES in the flowchart), the process of embedding digital-watermark information is ended in failure (step S 304 - 5 n ).
  • step S 304 - 6 k in FIG. 13 it is determined whether or not the rotation range has reached the maximum. If the rotation range has reached the maximum (YES in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 6 m , where it is determined whether or not the page which is being processed is the last page. If a next page exist (NO in the flowchart), the process proceeds to step S 304 - 6 o , where the page to which digital-watermark information is to be embedded is changed to the next page. Then, the step of embedding digital-watermark information is performed again. If a next page does not exist (YES in the flowchart) in step S 304 - 6 m , the process of embedding digital-watermark information is ended in failure (step S 304 - 6 n ).
  • a problem of a document image that is, the number of letters in which digital-watermark information is to be embedded is limited, can be solved by forming the document image with a plurality of pages.
  • the embedding strength (robustness to attack) in the first embodiment can be associated with each parameter, as in the second embodiment.
  • the error-correction ability t in the equations (1) and (2) in the second embodiment is replaced by the repetition number n.
  • the embedding strength in the second embodiment depends only on f, which is obtained by normalizing the repetition number n, as in the first embodiment.
  • digital-watermark information is embedded by rotating a letter, but another method may be used.
  • digital-watermark information may be embedded by changing a space between letters.
  • this embedding method will be described.
  • FIG. 14 shows part of a document image which has not been water-marked.
  • FIG. 15 shows part of a document image obtained by water-marking the document image shown in FIG. 14.
  • P 0 , S 0 , P 1 , and S 1 are values indicating the lengths of spaces between the letters.
  • P 0 , S 0 , P 1 , and S 1 in FIG. 14 are adjusted based on a predetermined rule in order to embed digital-watermark information, so as to be P 0 ′, S 0 ′, P 1 ′, and S 1 ′ in FIG. 15.
  • FIGS. 14 and 15 five letters and four spaces are provided.
  • two space-lengths P n and S n are used for embedding 1-bit digital-watermark information.
  • 2-bit digital-watermark information can be embedded by using four spaces P 0 , S 0 , P 1 , and S 1 .
  • P n >S n indicates 1 and P n ⁇ S n indicates 0.
  • movement amount x of a letter is used instead of the rotation amount ⁇ of a letter in the first to third embodiments.
  • the first parameter corresponds to the repetition number or the error-correction ability as in the first to third embodiments
  • the second parameter corresponds to the movement range of each letter.
  • FIG. 16 shows the configuration of a digital-watermark embedding device according to a fifth embodiment
  • FIG. 17 shows the operation of the device shown in FIG. 16.
  • the function and operation of each unit of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 16 and 17.
  • a document image (original image 1100 ) in which digital-watermark information is to be embedded is read through an image input unit 1101 and is input to a region-segmentation unit 1102 (step S 1301 ).
  • the region-segmentation unit 1102 segments the input document image into a plurality of attribute regions: a text region, a figure region, a graphic region, a table region, and so on (step S 1302 ).
  • a circumscribed rectangle extracting unit 1103 extracts circumscribed rectangles of the letters included in the text region (step S 1303 ).
  • a circumscribed rectangle of a letter is a rectangle circumscribing a letter, and is generally known as a region for recognizing a letter. In this embodiment, however, the circumscribed rectangle is used as a minimum unit to be operated for embedding digital-watermark information. A method of extracting the circumscribed rectangle has been described above.
  • FIG. 18 shows a process of embedding digital-watermark information by changing the inclination angle of a letter.
  • digital-watermark information to be embedded is input (step S 1401 ).
  • the first letter in which digital-watermark information is embedded is selected (step S 1402 ).
  • it is determined whether or not the bit of the digital-watermark information to be embedded is 1 (step S 1403 ). If the bit is 1 (YES in the flowchart), the letter is inclined in a clockwise direction (step S 1404 ).
  • the letter is inclined in a counterclockwise direction (step S 1405 ).
  • the embedding information can be increased in accordance with the absolute value of the inclination angle. For example, 0 or 1 is determined according to counterclockwise or clockwise. In this case, a threshold value is set in increments of 2 degrees from 2 to 20 degrees of the inclination angle, and 10 bits may be embedded in a letter.
  • the above description is basically the same as in the first embodiment.
  • step S 1406 it is determined whether or not the letter is the last letter of the document. If the letter is the last letter (YES in the flowchart), the process of embedding digital-watermark information is completed. On the other hand, if the letter is not the last letter (NO in the flowchart), the process returns to step S 1402 so as to select a next letter.
  • the water-marked image is output from the image output unit 1110 (step S 1306 ).
  • the output image may be printed out or may be stored in a storage device or the like in the form of image data. Alternatively, the image data may be transmitted to another terminal through a network or the like.
  • embedding strength is indicated by an integer from 1 to 10 for user's intuitive understanding. This range may be changed, and continuous values may be used instead of discrete values.
  • FIG. 19 is a flowchart for explaining an embedding process performed by using the embedding capacity checking unit 1104 and the image-quality/robustness parameters control unit 1109 .
  • embedding strength 1106 an embedding mode 1107 , and digital-watermark information 1105 are input (step S 304 - 1 a ).
  • the number of letters in the image 1100 , in which the digital-watermark information is to be embedded is counted, so as to obtain basic data for calculating the capacity for embedding (step S 304 - 1 b ).
  • the minimum of the repetition number is set to 3, for example. This is the minimum number for absorbing instability at extraction of watermark information.
  • the maximum of repetition number is set so that the amount of information which can be embedded does not become 0.
  • the repetition number which is an embedding parameter
  • the image-quality parameter is fixed.
  • embedding capacity can be obtained by dividing the number of letters by the repetition number.
  • the embedding capacity is further reduced when header information is stored.
  • the repetition number is sequentially increased so as to calculate corresponding embedding capacity.
  • FIG. 20 shows the combinations of values for obtaining each embedding capacity. In FIG. 20, when the repetition number is 3, the embedding capacity is 200.
  • the calculated values are associated with embedding strength (step S 304 - 1 d ).
  • the embedding strength is fixed to 10 levels, and thus the parameters and the embedding capacity must be thinned out.
  • the embedding capacity when the repetition number is an even number is associated with each strength.
  • FIG. 20 shows embedding capacity labeled with l 1 to l 10 , which is associated with embedding strength so as to present to the user.
  • the corresponding image-quality parameters are constant, but they are labeled with q 1 to q 10 for generality.
  • the corresponding repetition numbers are also labeled with n 1 to n 10 .
  • FIG. 21 shows groups of values which are associated with embedding strength.
  • step S 304 - 1 d it is determined whether or not the embedding capacity obtained based on the embedding strength input by the user is larger than the digital-watermark information to be embedded (step S 304 - 1 e ). If the embedding capacity is larger than the digital-watermark information (YES in the flowchart), the embedding process is continued (step S 304 - 1 k ). At this time, the repetition number of embedding is maximized within the range of capacity for storing the digital-watermark information to be embedded.
  • the user inputs digital-watermark information having embedding strength of 6 and length of 12.
  • embedding capacity corresponding to embedding strength 6 is 18.
  • the repetition number can be increased to 15, which corresponds to embedding capacity of 13. That is, robustness can be increased to embedding strength of 7.
  • step S 304 - 1 e determines whether or not the input embedding mode is the robustness-priority forced embedding mode. If the result is YES, the image-quality parameter is decreased (step S 304 - 1 g ), so as to perform the embedding step (step S 304 - 1 k ).
  • step S 304 - 1 f when the result of step S 304 - 1 f is NO, it is determined whether or not the input embedding mode is the image-quality-priority forced embedding mode (S 304 - 1 h ). If the result is YES, the robustness parameter is decreased (step S 304 - 1 i ), so as to perform the embedding step (step S 304 - 1 k ). On the other hand, if the result is NO, the mode is the normal mode. In this case, embedding failure is notified to the user (step S 304 - 1 j ), so as to end the process.
  • FIG. 22 is a flowchart for explaining the operation of the digital-watermark embedding device according to the sixth embodiment.
  • a step of obtaining basic data for calculating embedding capacity (step S 304 - 2 a ), a step of calculating embedding capacity (step S 304 - 2 b ), and a step of associating parameters with embedding strength (step S 304 - 2 c ) are the same as in the fifth embodiment. Then, a list of obtained embedding strength and corresponding embedding capacity is presented to the user (step S 304 - 2 d ).
  • the user refers to the presented information so as to know constraint of embedding strength for obtaining desired embedding strength.
  • the user inputs embedding strength, information to be embedded, and an embedding mode for specifying the extent to which embedding parameters can be changed (step S 304 - 2 e ).
  • the following steps are the same as in the fifth embodiment.
  • digital-watermark information is embedded by rotating a letter.
  • the digital-watermark information can also be embedded by changing the space (length) between letters, as in the fourth embodiment. This method has been described above, and thus is not described here.
  • step S 304 - 2 b in FIG. 22 the data is not a simple number of letters, but 1 ⁇ 2 of the number of spaces between letters.
  • the method for calculating the other values is the same as the above.
  • FIG. 23 shows an electrical configuration of the digital-watermark embedding device of the present invention. In order to realize the digital-watermark embedding device, all the functions shown in FIG. 23 are not necessarily required.
  • a computer 1401 is a generally-used personal computer.
  • An image is read by an image input device 1417 , such as a scanner, and is input to the computer 1401 , where the image may be edited and stored therein. Also, the image obtained through the image input device 1417 can be printed by a printer 1416 . Instructions from the user are input through a mouse 1413 or a keyboard 1414 .
  • an MPU 1402 controls the operations of the blocks in the computer 1401 and executes a stored program.
  • a main memory 1403 is used for temporarily storing a program or image data to be processed, for the process executed by the MPU 1402 .
  • a hard disk drive (HDD) 1404 can store a program and image data to be transferred to the main memory 1403 and so on and can store processed image data.
  • a scanner interface (I/F) 1415 is connected to the scanner 1417 , which scans a document or a film so as to generate image data, and the image data obtained by the scanner 1417 can be input through the scanner interface 1415 .
  • a printer interface 1408 is connected to the printer 1416 , which prints image data, and transmits the image data to be printed to the printer 1416 .
  • a CD drive 1409 reads data stored in a CD (CD-R/CD-RW) into the computer, the CD being an external storage medium, and writes out the data.
  • An FD drive 1411 reads data stored in an FD into the computer and writes out the data, as the CD drive 1409 .
  • a DVD drive 1410 reads data stored in a DVD into the computer and writes out the data, as the FD drive 1411 .
  • An interface (I/F) 1412 is connected to the mouse 1413 and the keyboard 1414 so as to receive input instructions therefrom.
  • a monitor 1406 is a display device for displaying a result of extracting process and processing of digital-watermark information.
  • a video controller 1405 is used for transmitting display data to the monitor 1406 .
  • the present invention may be applied to a system including a plurality of devices (for example, host computer, interface device, reader, and printer) or may be applied to a single device (for example, copying machine or fax machine).
  • a plurality of devices for example, host computer, interface device, reader, and printer
  • a single device for example, copying machine or fax machine
  • the object of the present invention can be achieved by supplying a recording medium (or storage medium) containing program code of software for realizing the function of the above-described embodiments to a system or device so that the program code stored in the recording medium is read and executed by the computer (or CPU or MPU) in the system or device.
  • the program code itself read from the recording medium realizes the function of the above-described embodiments. Therefore, the recording medium containing the program code is included in the present invention.
  • the functions of the above-described embodiments may be realized by executing the program code read by the computer.
  • an operating system (OS) working in the computer may execute part or whole of actual processing based on the instructions of the program code, so that the functions of the above-described embodiments are realized by the processing.
  • OS operating system
  • the program code read from the recording medium may be written in a memory provided in an expansions card inserted into the computer or an expansions unit connected to the computer and a CPU provided in the expansions card or the expansions unit may execute part or whole of actual processing based on the instructions of the program code, so that the functions of the above-described embodiments are realized by the processing.
  • an error state in which digital-watermark information cannot be embedded can be suppressed. That is, digital-watermark information can be embedded forcedly.
  • various parameters can be efficiently adjusted in accordance with a desired priority. Specifically, when a high priority is given to image quality, various parameters can be changed stepwise while the image quality can be maintained. On the other hand, when a high priority is given to robustness to attack (embedding strength), various parameters can be changed stepwise while the robustness can be maintained.
  • the priority can be set before operation, or when it is determined that the entire digital-watermark information cannot be embedded correctly in an image. That is, the priority should be set before deciding the most important parameter so as to change parameter group.
  • a user can recognize the relationship between the amount of information which can be embedded and embedding strength when digital-watermark information is embedded in a document image.

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