US20040091558A1 - Antimicrobial compositions - Google Patents

Antimicrobial compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040091558A1
US20040091558A1 US10/639,247 US63924703A US2004091558A1 US 20040091558 A1 US20040091558 A1 US 20040091558A1 US 63924703 A US63924703 A US 63924703A US 2004091558 A1 US2004091558 A1 US 2004091558A1
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Prior art keywords
product
salt
cinnamaldehyde
mixture
acid
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US10/639,247
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English (en)
Inventor
Patrick Lutz
Olga Borokhov
Shibu Abraham
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Lonza LLC
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Lonza LLC
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Application filed by Lonza LLC filed Critical Lonza LLC
Priority to US10/639,247 priority Critical patent/US20040091558A1/en
Assigned to LONZA INC. reassignment LONZA INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOROKHOV, OLGA, LUTZ, PATRICK J., ABRAHAM, SHIBU
Publication of US20040091558A1 publication Critical patent/US20040091558A1/en
Priority to US12/402,451 priority patent/US20090191289A1/en
Priority to US12/402,458 priority patent/US8784910B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
    • A61Q17/005—Antimicrobial preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing aliphatically bound aldehyde or keto groups, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. acetals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
    • A01N37/06—Unsaturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
    • A01N43/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/53—Lamiaceae or Labiatae (Mint family), e.g. thyme, rosemary or lavender
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/54—Lauraceae (Laurel family), e.g. cinnamon or sassafras
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/92—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof
    • A61K8/922—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof of vegetable origin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/18—Liquid substances or solutions comprising solids or dissolved gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
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    • A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
    • A61Q5/02—Preparations for cleaning the hair
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
    • C11D3/2086—Hydroxy carboxylic acids-salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
    • C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
    • C11D3/382—Vegetable products, e.g. soya meal, wood flour, sawdust
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
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    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/52—Stabilizers
    • A61K2800/524—Preservatives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to (1) antimicrobial compositions, (2) methods of killing and/or inhibiting the growth or microorganisms, (3) preserving products with the same, and (4) methods of potentiating antimicrobial compositions.
  • Natural products while often safe, are generally expensive and do not have biocidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of organisms such as gram negative and positive bacteria and fungi. Most natural products are only effective against gram positive bacteria at relatively high concentrations and are not effective against gram negative bacteria or fungi.
  • Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product which has been used (1) as a flavoring agent, (2) in preservative systems, and (3) to control insect and arachnid populations. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,525,480, 5,306,707, 5,536,501, 5,676,958, and 5,839,224.
  • the present invention provides an antimicrobial composition
  • an antimicrobial effective amount such as a preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal effective amount
  • a mixture comprising at least two of:
  • the mixtures of the present invention include an antimicrobial (e.g., preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal) synergistic effective amount of the aforementioned ingredients.
  • an antimicrobial e.g., preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal
  • Preferred mixtures of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those shown in the table below.
  • the erythorbic acid (or salt thereof) or glucono delta lactone potentiates the antimicrobial efficacy of the preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or benzoic acid) in the mixture.
  • the preservative e.g., sorbic acid or benzoic acid
  • Another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on a substrate or in or on a product by applying an effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of the present invention to the substrate or the product.
  • Another embodiment is a method for potentiating the antimicrobial efficacy of an antimicrobial composition containing sorbic acid, benzoic acid, or salts thereof, by adding or including erythorbic acid or a salt thereof, or glucono delta lactone in the antimicrobial composition.
  • Yet another embodiment is a product comprising an antimicrobial, preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of the present invention.
  • the product may be a solid or liquid.
  • the antimicrobial compositions of the present invention are particularly effective as preservatives for personal care products.
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of preserving a product (e.g., a personal care product) by incorporating a preservative effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of the present invention into the product.
  • a product e.g., a personal care product
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of tree or other plant fungus on a plant (such as a tree) by applying an effective amount of the antimicrobial composition of the present invention to the plant and/or the soil surrounding the plant.
  • Yet another embodiment is a product (preferably a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising a preservative effective amount of cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium erythorbate).
  • the product is generally substantially free or completely free of parabens (such as methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben).
  • the product may be, for example, a household (e.g., personal care), industrial, or institutional product.
  • Preferred personal care products include, but are not limited to, shampoos, lotions (e.g., body lotions), conditioners, and soaps.
  • Suitable household products include, but are not limited to, fabric softeners, laundry detergents, and hard surface cleaners.
  • the product contains less than about 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, or 0.01% by weight of parabens, based upon 100% total weight of product.
  • the product contains less than a smelling effective amount of cinnamaldehyde.
  • the product preferably contains more than 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, or 0.1% by weight of cinnamaldehyde.
  • the product is preferably substantially free or completely free of cinnamon oil.
  • the product does not contain a preservative effective amount of a preservative other than cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof.
  • the only preservative in the product is cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof.
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in or on a product (such as a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising applying an effective amount of cinnamaldehyde to the product.
  • a product such as a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
  • the product is preferably substantially free or completely free of parabens.
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of preserving a product (preferably a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising applying an effective amount of cinnamaldehyde to the product.
  • the product may be substantially free or completely free of parabens.
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in or on a product (such as (i) a product other than a foodstuff or (ii) a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising applying an effective amount of erythorbic acid or a salt thereof to the product.
  • a product such as (i) a product other than a foodstuff or (ii) a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of preserving a product (preferably (i) a product other than a foodstuff or (ii) a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising applying an effective amount of erythorbic acid or a salt thereof to the product.
  • the product may be substantially free or completely free of parabens.
  • Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method of killing and/or for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on a substrate by applying an antimicrobial or preservative effective amount of cinnamaldehyde or erythorbic acid or a salt thereof (preferably without applying any parabens).
  • Yet another embodiment is a preservative formulation comprising an antimicrobial synergistic mixture comprising cinnamaldehyde and at least one conventional personal care preservative, such as isothiazolinones, benzisothiazolinones, and/or formaldehyde donors, such as alkanol substituted dialkylhydantoins.
  • an antimicrobial synergistic mixture comprising cinnamaldehyde and at least one conventional personal care preservative, such as isothiazolinones, benzisothiazolinones, and/or formaldehyde donors, such as alkanol substituted dialkylhydantoins.
  • the alkanol substituted dialkyl hydantoin is a compound of formula:
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen or (CH 2 )OH, with the proviso that both R 1 and R 2 cannot be hydrogen, and R 3 and R 4 are each independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, or aryl.
  • Preferred alkanol substituted dialkylhydantoins include, but are not limited to, 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMDMH) and monomethylol dimethylhydantoin (MMDMH).
  • the preservative formulation comprises a preservative effective amount of the synergistic mixture.
  • the preservative formulation comprises a batericidally and/or fungicidally effective amount of the synergistic mixture.
  • the preservative formulation may contain less than a smelling effective amount of cinnamaldehyde.
  • the preservative formulation is substantially free or completely free of parabens.
  • the preservative formulation may be incorporated into a product, such as those discussed in this application.
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in or on a product (such as a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic) comprising applying an effective amount of the aforementioned preservative formulation to the product.
  • a product such as a product other than a foodstuff, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic
  • the product is substantially free or completely free of parabens.
  • Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a method of killing and/or for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on a substrate by applying an antimicrobial or preserving effective amount of the preservative formulation of the present invention.
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of fungi on a substrate comprising applying an effective amount of the aforementioned preservative formulation to the product.
  • the product is substantially free or completely free of parabens.
  • the formulations and products of the present invention preferably have a pH less than 10, 9, 8.5, or 8.
  • FIG. 1 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.5% (w/w) lemon grass oil, (c) a shampoo containing 1.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate, and (d) a shampoo containing 0.5% (w/w) lemon grass oil and 0.3% (w/w) potassium sorbate after 21 days (based on bacterial count).
  • FIG. 2 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.05% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, (c) a shampoo containing 1.2% (w/w) potassium sorbate, (d) a shampoo containing 0.05% cinnamaldehyde and 0.5% potassium sorbate, and (e) a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde and 0.5% (w/w) potassium sorbate after 21 days (based on bacterial count).
  • FIG. 3 shows a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.05% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, (c) a shampoo containing 1.0% (w/w) achillea oil, and (d) a shampoo containing 0.05% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde and 0.75% (w/w) achillea oil after 21 days (based on bacterial count).
  • FIG. 4 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, (c) a shampoo containing 1.0% (w/w) Hexahop GoldTM, and (d) a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde and 0.4% (w/w) Hexahop GoldTM after 7 days (based on fungal count).
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 1.0% (w/w) LarexTM (arabinogalactan), (c) a shampoo containing 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate, and (d) a shampoo containing 0.5% (w/w) LarexTM and 0.5% (w/w) potassium sorbate after 14 days (based on fungal count).
  • FIG. 6 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing 0.25% (w/w) lemon grass oil, (c) a shampoo containing 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate, and (d) a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) lemon grass oil and 0.5% (w/w) potassium sorbate after 7 days (based on fungal count).
  • FIG. 7 is a bar graph of the stability of (a) an unpreserved shampoo, (b) a shampoo containing (w/w) Hexahop GoldTM, (c) a shampoo containing 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate shampoo, (d) a shampoo containing 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, and (e) a shampoo containing 0.3% (w/w) Hexahop GoldTM, 0.1% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, and 0.6% (w/w) potassium sorbate after 7 days.
  • microorganisms includes, but is not limited to, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, insects, and pests.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviations, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.
  • personal care products refers to products intended for application to the human body, such as to skin, hair, and nails, including, but not limited to, shampoos, conditioners, creams, lotions (such as body lotions), cosmetics, and soaps.
  • smelling effective amount refers to a sufficent amount of an agent incorporated into a product to give the product an odor.
  • potentiating refers to the ability of a compound or composition to enhance or increase the effect of an antimicrobial compound or composition.
  • the efficacy of the combined mixture is greater than the additive effect of the ingredients.
  • Suitable salts of sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, and benzoic acid include, but are not limited to, alkali metal or alkali earth metal salts, such as potassium and sodium.
  • Cinnamaldehyde from any source may be used in the present invention.
  • the cinnamaldehyde may be derived from cinnamon bark extracts (such as from bark and leaf), cassia leaf oil, cinnamomum cassia, cinnamon oils, cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred salt of sorbic acid is potassium sorbate.
  • a preferred salt of erythorbic acid is sodium erythorbate.
  • a preferred salt of benzoic acid is sodium benzoate.
  • Arabinogalactan and galactoarabinan may be derived from Larex trees.
  • Arabinogalactan is available as Larex UFTM from Larex Inc. of White Bear Lake, Minn.
  • Preferred hexahydro-iso-alpha-acids and tetrahydro-iso-alpha-acids are those obtained from hops extracts, such as Hexahop GoldTM (also referred to as Hexahop herein) available from John I. Haas, Inc. of Washington, D.C.
  • hops extracts such as Hexahop GoldTM (also referred to as Hexahop herein) available from John I. Haas, Inc. of Washington, D.C.
  • Achillea fragrantissima oils is Achillea oil.
  • the antimicroial composition contains at least 0.1% of sorbic acid, or a salt thereof, such as potassium sorbate.
  • a preferred mixture is cinnamaldehyde and sorbic acid or a salt thereof, such as potassium sorbate.
  • Another preferred mixture is cinnamaldehyde and erythorbic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium erythorbate.
  • the weight ratio of cinnamaldehyde to (i) sorbic acid or a salt thereof or (ii) erythorbic acid or a salt thereof is preferably from about 10:1 to about 0.1:1 and more preferably from about 5:1 to about 0.2:1.
  • Concentrates of the mixture preferably include from about 2 to about 40% by weight of cinnamaldehyde and from about 10 to about 60% by weight of sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, or a salt thereof, in water, with or without a hydroxyl co-solvent (such as glycerin or ethanol, which increase the solubility and stability of the cinnamaldehyde in the blends).
  • a hydroxyl co-solvent such as glycerin or ethanol, which increase the solubility and stability of the cinnamaldehyde in the blends.
  • the pH of formulations including a mixture of (i) cinnamaldehyde and (ii) sorbic acid, erythorbic, or a salt thereof is less than 10, 9, 8.5, or 8. At a pH of less than 9, such formulations exhibit improved color stability.
  • the pH of a formulation containing a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, or a salt thereof is lowered with hydrochloric acid.
  • a sufficient amount of hydrochloric acid is included in the formulation to lower its pH to less than 9, 8.5, or 8.
  • a preferred preservative formulation includes from about 5 to about 20% (w/w) cinnamaldehyde, from about 20 to 50% potassium sorbate, ethanol, and water.
  • a more preferred preservative formulation includes about 15% cinnamaldehyde, about 40% potassium sorbate, 10% ethanol, and 35% water.
  • Another preferred mixture is (a) erythorbic acid or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium erythorbate) and (b) one or more of (i) citric acid or a salt thereof, (ii) glucono delta lactone, (iii) benzoic acid or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium benzoate), (iv) sorbic acid or a salt thereof, or (v) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a salt thereof.
  • erythorbic acid or a salt thereof e.g., sodium erythorbate
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • Another preferred mixture is (a) benzoic acid or a salt thereof (e.g., sodium benzoate) and (b) one or more of (i) citric acid or a salt thereof, (ii) glucono delta lactone, (iii) sorbic acid or a salt thereof, or (iv) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a salt thereof.
  • benzoic acid or a salt thereof e.g., sodium benzoate
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • Erythorbic acid and salts thereof typically are not color stable in formulations, such as shampoos. Surprisingly, it has been found that these mixtures are color stable. It has also been surprisingly found that erythorbic acid and salts thereof and glucono delta lactone potentiate the biocidal efficacy of citric acid, benzoic acid, EDTA, and salts thereof.
  • Preferred mixtures include, but are not limited to, those in the table below. Preferred and more preferred weight ratios are also provided in the table. More Mixture Preferred Preferred No. Component (a) Component (b) Weight Ratio Weight Ratio 1 Benzoic Acid Erythorbic Acid about 0.1:1 about 0.2:1 or a Salt or a Salt Thereof to about 20:1 to about 5:1 Thereof Thereof 2 Sorbic Acid or Erythorbic Acid about 0.1:1 about 0.2:1 or a Salt or a Salt to about 20:1 to about 5:1 Thereof Thereof 3 Benzoic Acid Glucono Delta about 0.1:1 about 0.2:1 or a Salt Lactone to about 20:1 to about 5:1 Thereof 4 Glucono Delta Erythorbic Acid about 0.1:1 about 0.2:1 Lactone or a Salt to about 20:1 to about 5:1 Thereof 5 Glucono Delta Benzoic Acid about 0.1:1 about 0.2:1 Lactone or
  • More preferred mixtures include, but are not limited to, those shown in the table below. More Mixture Preferred Preferred No. Component (a) Component (b) Weight Ratio Weight Ratio 1 Sodium Sodium about 1:1 to about 3:1 Benzoate Erythorbate about 5:1 2 Potassium Sodium about 1:1 to about 3:1 Sorbate Erythorbate about 5:1 3 Sodium Glucono Delta about 1:1 to about 3:1 Benzoate Lactone about 5:1 4 Glucono Delta Sodium about 1:1 to about 3:1 Lactone Erythorbate about 5:1 5 Glucono Delta Sodium Benzoate about 1:1 to about 3:1 Lactone about 5:1
  • the antimicrobial compositions of the present invention are useful as antimicrobial, fungicidal, and bactericidal agents (such as against allergens, tree and plant fungi, and plant and tree bacteria) and as preservatives in the papermaking, textile, agricultural, and coating industries and in personal care, household, industrial, and institutional products.
  • the antimicrobial composition may be incorporated into substrates susceptible to microbial growth to preserve them.
  • the preservative system may be incorporated into or be a personal care product, such as a shampoo, conditioner, cream, lotion (such as body lotion), cosmetic, or a household product, such as a fabric softener, laundry detergent, or hard surface cleaner; or an industrial product, such as paint, coatings, wood, textile, adhesive, sealant, leather, rope, paper, pulp, paper board, sheet rock, ceiling tiles, plastic, fuel, petroleum, oil, rubber working fluid, metal working fluid, starches (such as pet food starch), or mineral slurry, such as a slurry of clay, calcium carbonate, or titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
  • a personal care product such as a shampoo, conditioner, cream, lotion (such as body lotion), cosmetic, or a household product, such as a fabric softener, laundry detergent, or hard surface cleaner
  • an industrial product such as paint, coatings, wood, textile, adhesive, sealant, leather, rope, paper, pulp, paper board, sheet rock, ceiling tiles, plastic, fuel, petroleum, oil, rubber working fluid, metal working
  • the product contains an antimicrobial, preservative, bactericidal, and/or fungicidal effective amount of the antimicrobial composition.
  • the product contains from about 0.01 to about 2.0% by weight of each component of the antimicrobial composition, based upon 100% total weight of product.
  • the product includes from about 0.1 to about 1 or 2% by weight of the antimicrobial composition, based upon 100% weight of total product.
  • Cinnamaldehyde and mixtures of (i) cinnamaldehyde and (ii) at least one of an alkanol dialkyl hydantoin, isothiazolone, and benzisothiazolinone are useful as antimicrobial, fungicidal, and bactericidal agents (such as against allergens, tree fungi, and tree bacteria) and as preservatives in the papermaking, textile, agricultural, and coating industries and in personal care, household, industrial, and institutional products.
  • the preservative system may be incorporated into substrates susceptible to microbial growth to preserve them.
  • the preservative system may be incorporated into or be a personal care product, such as a shampoo, conditioner, cream, lotion (such as body lotion), cosmetic, or soap; a household product, such as a fabric softener, laundry detergent, or hard surface cleaner; or an industrial product, such as paint, coatings, wood, textile, adhesive, sealant, leather, rope, paper, pulp, paper board, sheet rock, ceiling tiles, plastic, fuel, petroleum, oil, rubber working fluid, metal working fluid, starches (such as pet food starch), or mineral slurry, such as a slurry of clay, calcium carbonate, or titanium oxide (TiO 3 ).
  • a personal care product such as a shampoo, conditioner, cream, lotion (such as body lotion), cosmetic, or soap
  • a household product such as a fabric softener, laundry detergent, or hard surface cleaner
  • an industrial product such as paint, coatings, wood, textile, adhesive, sealant, leather, rope, paper, pulp, paper board, sheet rock, ceiling tiles, plastic, fuel, petroleum, oil, rubber working
  • the antimicrobial composition and preservative system of the present invention acts quickly (e.g., reduces the microorganism (e.g., bacteria and/or fungi) count by 95, 99, 99.9, or 99.99% typically within an hour) and maintains efficacy (e.g., maintains less than 10 cfu/g) over long periods of time (e.g., for at least 7, 10, 14, or 28 days).
  • efficacy e.g., maintains less than 10 cfu/g
  • the term “preservative effective amount” refers to an amount of the preservative system which maintains the microorganism count below 1000, 100, or 10 cfu/g for at least 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, or 28 days.
  • the antimicrobial composition and preservative system may include a solvent, such as water and water miscible solvents, including, but not limited to, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, iso-propanol, and butanol), glycols (e.g. glycerin, diglycerin, butylene glycol, butoxydiglycol, propylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol), esters, ethers, polyethers, and any combination of any of the foregoing.
  • the solvent may comprise water and one or more glycol and/or one or more alcohol, such as glycerin, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, or ethanol.
  • a specific solvent system comprises water and and a glycol, such as glycerin.
  • a second specific solvent system comprises water and an alcohol, such as ethanol.
  • adjuvants may be included in the antimicrobial composition and preservative system as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, preservatives; solubilizing agents; chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts thereof and zeolites; surfactants, such as cationic, anionic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants; antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylhydroxytoluene (BHT); amine oxides; tertiary amines; zinc compounds; hydrotropes; fluoride compounds; magnesium salts; calcium salts; carboxylic acids; phosphates; phosphonates; formaldehyde donors; glycereth-7; myristyl myristate; glutaraldehydes; biguanides; natural products, such as geranoil, usnic acid, and tea tree oils
  • Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium chlorides; quaternary ammonium carbonates; benzalkonium chloride; iodine containing compounds, such as 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC); hydantoins, such as dimethylhydantoin and halogenated hydantoins; isothiazolinones; parabens, such as methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben; dehydroacetic acid and salts thereof; isocil; chloroxylenol; chlorhexidine; phenoxyethanol; benzyl alcohol; phenethyl alcohol; benzoic acid and salts thereof such as sodium benzoate; chlorobutanol; sorbic acid and salts thereof; triclosan; triclocarban; and any combination of any of the foregoing.
  • IPBC 3-iodo-2
  • the antimicrobial composition and preservative system may be incorporated into an aqueous or oil based system or an emulsion.
  • a suitable solvent for an oil based system is phenoxyethanol and/or benzyl alcohol.
  • the antimicrobial composition can be a liquid or a solid.
  • the weight ratio of the first component to the second component typically ranges from about 0.01:100 to about 100:0.01, preferably ranges from about 0.1:20 to about 20:0.1, and more preferably ranges from about 1:10 to about 10:1.
  • the third component can be in any amount, but typically the weight ratio of the third component to either of the first two components is from about 0.01:100 to about 100:0.01.
  • a concentrate of the antimicrobial composition and preservative system is generally first prepared.
  • the concentrate may include from about 0.01 to about 100% by weight of the antimicrobial composition and preservative system and preferably contains from about 5 to about 80% by weight of the antimicrobial composition, based upon 100% total weight of concentrate.
  • the concentrate broadly contains from about 0.01 to about 99.99% by weight of the first component and from about 99.99% to about 0.01% by weight of the second component (based upon 100% total weight of concentrate).
  • the concentrate may include from about 0.01 to about 100% cinnamaldehyde by weight and preferably contains from about 5 to about 80% cinnamaldehyde by weight, based upon 100% total weight of concentrate.
  • Table A illustrates the components and the ranges of components present in a typical concentrate for the cinnamaldehyde/alkanol substituted dialkylhydantoin mixtures (based upon 100% total weight of concentrate).
  • the concentrate Before use, the concentrate is diluted, preferably with the same solvent as was used in the concentrate, and/or incorporated into a product.
  • Use dilutions of the composition typically comprise an antimicrobial, preservative, fungicidally, or bactericidally effective amount of the antimicrobial composition or preservative system.
  • use dilutions contain from about 0.0001% or 0.01% to about 2% by weight of the concentrate. According to one preferred embodiment, use dilutions contain from about 0.1 to about 1% by weight of the concentrate. In more preferred embodiments, the use dilution contains 0.2, 0.25 or 0.30% by weight of the concentrate. The use dilution generally contains from about 0.01, to about 2.0% by weight of each antimicrobial ingredient, based upon 100% total weight of use dilution.
  • the antimicrobial composition contains from about 0.001 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.01 to about 1%, and more preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5% by weight of each antimicrobial ingredient (e.g., cinnamaldehyde).
  • each antimicrobial ingredient e.g., cinnamaldehyde
  • the use dilution may contain from about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, or 0.1% to about 1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, or 0.01% by weight based upon 100% total weight of use dilution.
  • Table B illustrates the components and generally the ranges of components present in the use dilution (based upon 100% total weight of use dilution).
  • the aforementioned preservative system is incorporated into a product at a concentration of about 0.1 to about 1 or 2% by weight, based upon 100% total weight of product.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, bacteria (e.g., S. aureus (ATCC # 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC # 9027), and E. coli (ATCC # 8739)), and/or fungi (including plant and tree fungi) (e.g., Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Phytophthora ramrum ) on a substrate by applying an antimicrobial, preservative, bactericidal, or fungicidal effective amount of the antimicrobial composition or preservative system of the present invention to the substrate.
  • bacteria e.g., S. aureus (ATCC # 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC # 9027), and E. coli (ATCC # 8739)
  • fungi including plant and tree fungi
  • Candida albicans e.g., Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and
  • the antimicrobial composition or preservative system may be applied to the substrate by any method known in the art including, but not limited to, brushing, dipping, soaking, vacuum impregnation, and pressure treatment.
  • a specific embodiment is a method for inhibiting the growth of the tree fungus Phytophthora ramrum by applying a fungicidal effective amount of the antimicrobial composition or preservative system of the present invention to the tree fungas or substrate (such as a tree) on which the tree fungas grows.
  • Phytophthora ramrum causes Sudden Oak Death.
  • the antimicrobial composition of the present invention may be prepared by mixing the antimicrobial components, and optionally, solvents, and adjuvants. The mixture may be heated and/or stirred to expedite mixing.
  • Each anionic shampoo sample in FIGS. 1 - 3 were tested as follows.
  • a standardized mixed bacterial solution was prepared according to the following procedure. 3 agar stabs of S. aureus (ATCC # 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC # 9027), and E. coli (ATCC # 8739) were separately incubated at about 35° C. for about 24 hours. Each stab was then washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution. The washes of the 3 stabs were pooled together to form an organism mixture. The absorbance of the organism mixture at 530 nm was adjusted to about 1.00 by adding saline. The spectrometer was calibrated with a saline blank.
  • the anionic protein shampoo composition was comprised of 35% by weight of sodium lauryl ether sulfate; 25% by weight of triethanolamine lauryl sulfate; 3% by weight coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA); 1% by weight of hydrolyzed collagen, available as Polypro 5000TM from Hormel Foods of Austin, Minn.; and 36% by weight of deionized water.
  • the antimicrobial composition containing samples were prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of the antimicrobial ingredients and the aforementioned anionic protein shampoo composition and heating the mixture to about 50° C. for about 15 minutes.
  • Each anionic shampoo sample in FIGS. 4 - 7 were tested as follows.
  • a standard mixed bacterial solution was prepared according to the following procedure. 2 agar slants of Candida albicans and 4 agar slants of Aspergillus niger were separately incubated at about 25° C. for about 48 hours and 7 days, respectively. Each slant was washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution, collected and macerated in a tissue grinder. Sufficient amounts of 0.85% saline solution were added to each slant to obtain a visual count under a microscope with a Neubauer Hemocytometer of each innoculum of C. albicans and A. niger. Equal volumes of each standardized innoculum of C. albicans and A. niger were mixed together to form the standardized mixed fungal solution.
  • each shampoo sample was inoculated with 0.4 mL of the standardized mixed fungal solution and mixed. 1 g of the mixture was added to a sterile 20 ⁇ 150 mm screw cap test tube.
  • the anionic protein shampoo composition is described in Example 1.
  • the shampoo samples were prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of the antimicrobial ingredients and the anionic protein shampoo composition and heating the mixture to about 50° C. for about 15 minutes.
  • Example 1 The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the preservative formulations set forth in Table 1 below. The pH of the shampoo was adjusted to 6.5. The results are also shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 28 Preservative Formulation cfu/g. cfu/g. cfu/g. cfu/g.
  • Q A is the concentration of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate (in percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation of the bacteria, i.e., resulted in a plate count of ⁇ 10 cfu/g after 7 days.
  • Q a is the concentration of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate alone (in percent by weight) required to yield 100% retardation of the bacteria.
  • Q B is the concentration of sodium erythorbate (in percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation of the bacteria.
  • Q b is the concentration of sodium erythorbate alone (in percent by weight) required to yield 100% retardation of the bacteria.
  • Each anionic shampoo sample in Table 3 below was tested as follows.
  • a standardized mixed bacterial solution was prepared according to the following procedure. 3 agar stabs of S. aureus (ATCC # 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC # 9027), and E. coli (ATCC # 8739) were separately incubated at about 35° C. for about 24 hours. Each stab was then washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution. The washes of the 3 stabs were pooled together to form an organism mixture. The absorbance of the organism mixture at 530 nm was adjusted to about 1.00 by adding saline. The spectrometer was calibrated with a saline blank.
  • the anionic protein shampoo composition was comprised of 35% by weight of sodium lauryl ether sulfate; 25% by weight of triethanolamine lauryl sulfate; 3% by weight coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA); 1% by weight of hydrolyzed collagen, available as Polypro 5000TM from Hormel Foods of Austin, Minn.; and 36% by weight of deionized water.
  • the cinnamaldehyde and other preservative containing samples were prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of the preservatives and the aforementioned anionic protein shampoo composition and heating the mixture to about 50° C. for about 15 minutes.
  • TABLE 3 S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , and E.
  • Each anionic shampoo sample in Table 4 below was tested as follows.
  • a standard mixed bacterial solution was prepared according to the following procedure. 2 agar slants of Candida albicans and 4 agar slants of Aspergillus niger were separately incubated at about 25° C. for about 48 hours and 7 days, respectively. Each slant was washed with 3 mL of sterile 0.85% saline solution, collected and macerated in a tissue grinder. Sufficient amounts of 0.85% saline solution were added to each slant to obtain a visual count under a microscope with a Neubauer Hemocytometer of each innoculum of C. albicans and A. niger. Equal volumes of each standardized innoculum of C. albicans and A. niger were mixed together to form the standardized mixed fungal solution.
  • each shampoo sample was inoculated with 0.4 mL of the standardized mixed fungal solution and mixed. 1 g of the mixture was added to a sterile 20 ⁇ 150 mm screw cap test tube.
  • the anionic protein shampoo composition is described in Example 4.
  • the shampoo samples were prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of the preservatives and the anionic protein shampoo composition and heating the mixture to about 50° C. for about 15 minutes.
  • TABLE 4 Fungal Plate Count (cfu/g) Shampoo Day 0 Day 7 Day 14
  • Unpreserved Anionic Protein 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 4.5 ⁇ 10 4 8.5 ⁇ 10 4
  • Shampoo Composition 0.20 Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 0.10% Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 3.0 ⁇ 10 1 ⁇ 10 0.05% Cinnamaldehyde 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 8.0 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ 10 1.0%
  • Benzyl Alcohol 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 6.0 ⁇ 10 4 1.0% LiquaPar Optima 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 4.0 ⁇ 10 4 3.0 ⁇ 10 4
  • a glyceryl monostearate (GMS) cream as described in Table 3 below was prepared as follows.
  • the polyoxyethylene glyceryl mono stearate, glyceryl mono stearate, cetearyl alcohol, and myristyl propionate were mixed and heated to 60° C. in a first container.
  • the glycerin and sterile deionized water were mixed and heated to 60° C. in a second container.
  • the solution in the first container was poured into the second container.
  • the second container was maintained at 60° C. for 10 minutes.
  • the solution in the second container was allowed to cool.
  • Example 4 The procedure in Example 4 was repeated with the shampoo samples shown in Table 8 below. The results are shown in Table 8.
  • Table 8 S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , and E. coli (cfu/g) Cream Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Unpreserved Anionic Protein 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 3.0 ⁇ 10 7 3.0 ⁇ 10 7 shampoo Composition 0.10% Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 1.0 ⁇ 10 1 ⁇ 10 0.05% Cinnamaldehyde 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 6.5 ⁇ 10 6 1.0 ⁇ 10 7 0.05% Glydant 2000 TM* 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 2.0 ⁇ 10 2 1.0 ⁇ 10 2 0.02% Glydant 2000 TM and 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 0.025% Cinnamaldehyde
  • Q A is the concentration of cinnamaldehyde (in percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation of the bacteria, i.e., resulted in a plate count of ⁇ 10 cfu/g after 14 days.
  • Q a is the concentration of cinnamaldehyde alone (in percent by weight) required to yield 100% retardation of the bacteria.
  • Q B is the concentration of Glydant 200TM (in percent by weight) in the mixture, which yielded 100% retardation of the bacteria.
  • Q b is the concentration of Glydant 2000TM alone (in percent by weight) required to yield 100% retardation of the bacteria.
  • the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the preservative mixtures was tested.
  • the MIC is the lowest concentration of an ingredient that will inhibit the growth of an organism.
  • This study was conducted using the Hamilton Micro Lab AT Plus Autodilutor Liquid handling System. The programs for the auto-dilutor were based on Lonza's Standard Application Method SAPM# 412-01-1.
  • the Hamilton Autodilutor was used to dilute the starting concentrations of the preservative combination by 50% using nutrient broth in 96 well micro titer plates and also to inoculate the microorganism in the test samples.
  • This preservatives tested were IsocilTM (a blend of methyl isothiazolinone and methyl-chloro-isothiazolinone), BenzocilTM (benzisothiazolinone) and LonzagardTM (benzethonium chloride), all of which are available from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, N.J., in various concentrations and combinations with cinnamaldehyde. Controls were also included in each test plate. Each preservative combination was tested in duplicate against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC # 6538) and Escherichia coli (ATCC # 8739).
  • Test plates were diluted by the Hamilton Autodilutor and then inoculated with the test organism to achieve approximately 10 6 colony forming units/gram in the test sample (cfu/g). The plates were then incubated in a 32 degree Celsius oven for 72 hours. Results were determined by checking for growth in the test samples versus the control wells on each plate (visual determination of turbidity in the wells). The MIC shown below in Table 11 was reported as the lowest test levels of preservative or preservative blend that did not show any growth.

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