US20020164729A1 - Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from polyols - Google Patents

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from polyols Download PDF

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US20020164729A1
US20020164729A1 US09/909,574 US90957401A US2002164729A1 US 20020164729 A1 US20020164729 A1 US 20020164729A1 US 90957401 A US90957401 A US 90957401A US 2002164729 A1 US2002164729 A1 US 2002164729A1
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diol
hydroxybutyrate
pha
hydroxyalkanoate
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Frank Skraly
Martha Sholl
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Yield10 Bioscience Inc
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    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters
    • C12P7/625—Polyesters of hydroxy carboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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    • C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes

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  • This invention is generally in the field of production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by genetic engineering of bacteria.
  • PHA polymers containing the monomer 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB4HB) (Doi, 1995, Macromol Symp. 98:585-99) or 4-hydroxyvalerate and 4-hydroxyhexanoate containing PHA polyesters have been described, for example, in Valentin et al., 1992, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36:507-14 and Valentin et al., 1994, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40:710-16.
  • Production of PHB4HB has been accomplished by feeding glucose and 4HB or a substrate that is converted to 4-hydroxybutyrate to Ralstonia eutropha (Kunioka, et al., 1988, Polym. Commun. 29:174; Doi, et al., 1990, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 12:106; Nakamura, et al., 1992, Macromolecules 25:423), to Alcaligenes latus (Hiramitsu, et al., 1993, Biotechnol. Lett. 15:461), to Pseudomonas acidovorans (Kimura, et al., 1992, Biotechnol. Lett.
  • Substrates that are converted to 4HB include 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol and gamma-butyrolactone.
  • the PHB4HB copolymers can be produced with a range of monomer compositions which provide a range of polymer properties. In particular, as the amount of 4HB increases above 15 wt. %, the melting temperature (T m ) decreases below 130° C. and the elongation to break increases above 400% (Saito, et al., 1996, Polym. Int. 39:169).
  • PHAs containing 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) monomers are produced directly from 1,4-butanediol; PHAs containing 5-hydroxyvalerate (5HV) are produced from 1,5-pentanediol; PHAs containing 6-hydroxyhexanoate (6HH) are produced from 1,6-hexanediol; PHAs containing 3-hydroxypropionate (3HP) are produced from 1,3-propanediol (also called propylene glycol); PHAs containing 2-hydroxypropionate (2HP, lactate) are produced from 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol); PHAs containing 2-hydroxyethanoate (2HE, glycolate) are produced from 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol).
  • PHA polymers are readily recovered and industrially useful as polymers or as starting materials for a range of chemical intermediates.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the pathway from 1,4-butanediol to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA that is employed in one embodiment.
  • Processes are provided whereby additional genes are introduced into microorganisms which have been genetically engineered to produce PHA so that the improved strains produce PHA homopolymers and copolymers directly from simple alcohol and sugar substrates.
  • These processes are based on recombinant bacteria e.g., Escherichia coli as a production organism and PHA biosynthetic genes from PHA-producing microbes such as Ralstonia eutropha or Alcaligenes latus although many other sources of PHA genes are now known (Madison & Huisman, 1999, Microbiol . & Molecular Biology Reviews, 63:21-53).
  • Recombinant E. coli has many advantages over the wild type PHA producing organisms including ease of genetic manipulation, complete availability of the genome sequence, fast growth rate, flexibility of growth substrates and ready lysis.
  • genes for the entire pathway illustrated in FIG. 1 are introduced into the production organism.
  • An organism that does not naturally produce PHAs such as Escherichia coli, may be used.
  • a number of recombinant E. coli PHB production systems have been described (Madison & Huisman, 1999, Microbiology & Molecular Biology Reviews, 63:21-53).
  • the genes encoding a diol oxidoreductase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are introduced into this host.
  • the diol oxidoreductase converts the substrate to 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde, which is then converted to 4-hydroxybutyrate by the aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  • the diol oxidoreductase converts the substrate to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, which is then converted to 3-hydroxypropionate by the aldehyde dehydrogenase.
  • Other diols may be treated in an analogous way. In some instances incorporation into PHA of a hydroxyacid that is two carbons shorter than the diol feedstock may occur.
  • 4HB units may be produced in the polymer as a result of feeding 1,6-hexanediol.
  • an exogenous acyl-CoA transferase or acyl-CoA synthetase may be included to facilitate activation of the hydroxyacid with coenzyme A.
  • the activated monomer may then be incorporated into PHA by the action of an appropriate PHA synthase present in the production host.
  • the enzyme activities provide a system for the synthesis in the production host of a polymer containing one or more monomer types, depending upon the diol feedstocks.
  • the production host will also contain the ⁇ -ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase genes, the products of which convert acetyl-CoA to 3HB-CoA.
  • Acetyl-CoA may be derived from the diol or from another carbon source such as a sugar.
  • Both 3HB-CoA and hydroxyacyl-CoAs such as those mentioned above can be accepted by various PHA synthases such as the one expressed in the recombinant host, and therefore copolymers of PHB are synthesized by the recombinant host.
  • the diol can be fed to the cells either during growth or after a separate growth phase, either alone or in combination with at least one other feedstock, such as a sugar, and PHA is accumulated within the cells.
  • a recombinant organism that naturally contains at least part of the pathway shown in FIG. 1 can be used.
  • one or more of the activities discussed above can be derived from the endogenous machinery of the host. For example, only diol oxidoreductase and aldehyde dehydrogenase might be expressed in R.
  • eutropha a natural PHA-producing organism, to augment its ability to convert 1,4-butanediol to 4HB, and the natural ability of the host may be relied upon to accomplish the rest of the necessary metabolic steps.
  • Many natural PHA-producing organisms are well-known to those skilled in the art (Braunegg et al. 1998, J. Biotechnology 65:127-61). If the host is not capable of PHA production, a PHA synthase or an entire PHB biosynthetic pathway and optionally an exogenous acyl-CoA transferase or acyl-CoA synthetase may be introduced into this organism to enable PHA production.
  • the diol can be fed to the cells either during growth or after a separate growth phase, either alone or in combination with at least one other feedstock, such as a sugar, and PHA is accumulated within the cells.
  • the implementation of the production of PHAs with diol feedstocks is not limited to bacteria as described in the examples.
  • the same genes may be introduced into eukaryotic cells, including but not restricted to, yeast cells and cultured plant cells.
  • 1,3-Propanediol oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.202) is found in several species of bacteria. Often it is induced under anaerobic conditions in the presence of glycerol (Forage & Foster, 1982, J. Bacteriol. 149:413-419). This enzyme catalyzes the reversible formation of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and other hydroxyaldehydes from the corresponding diol. Physiologically the enzyme is thought to be primarily used in diol formation, when the aldehyde is needed as an electron acceptor at the expense of NADH (Johnson & Lin, J. Bacteriol. 169:2050-54).
  • Organisms that contain 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase typically are able to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol, though similar activities are found in other organisms.
  • Bacterial species noted for the ability to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol include Klebsiella pneumoniae (Streekstra et al., 1987, Arch. Microbiol. 147:268-75), Klebsiella oxytoca (Homann et al., 1990, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
  • Aldehyde dehydrogenases are extremely common in biological systems. Probing the E. coli genome database for homology shows that this organism alone contains at least seven putative enzymes of this type. They are so numerous and varied that even attempts to classify them all are complicated (e.g. Vasiliou et al., 1999, Pharmacogenetics 9:421-34). A discussion of all of the types and physiological roles of these enzymes is beyond the scope of this discussion. The choice of an appropriate aldehyde dehydrogenase for use in metabolic engineering should be done after evaluation of the substrate specificity of several candidates. Enzyme assays such as that described in Baldomá & Aguilar (1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:13991-6) are useful for such diagnoses.
  • Acyl-CoA transferases (EC 2.8.3.x) and acyl-CoA synthetases (EC 6.2.1.x) both catalyze the formation of thioesters of organic acids with coenzyme A.
  • Acyl-CoA transferases such as OrfZ (also called HbcT) (Söhling and Gottschalk, 1996, J. Bacteriol 178:871-80) transfer the CoA moiety from a donor such as acetyl-CoA to a free organic acid, such as a fatty acid.
  • Acyl-CoA synthetases such as AlkK (van Beilen et al., 1992, Mol. Microbiol. 6:3121-36) ligate free organic acid and free coenzyme A, deriving the energy for the reaction from ATP and leaving AMP and pyrophosphate as byproducts.
  • a specific diol may not be converted to PHA at an acceptable rate in a specific organism. Improvements of this nature will generally involve mutagenesis and screening; the DNA sequence(s) to be improved are subjected to one or more rounds of mutagenesis followed by an assessment of improvements made.
  • Mutagenesis can be implemented using any of a variety of ways known to those skilled in the art (e.g., error-prone PCR or cassette mutagenesis, passage through bacterial mutator strains, treatment with chemical mutagens), such as those described by Cadwell et al., 1992, PCR Methods and Applications 2:28-33; Erickson et al., 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3858-62; Hermes et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Screening for an improved diol-to-PHA pathway involves culturing a population of mutants generated as described above in such a way that cells improved in some property relating to the pathway can be selected readily.
  • One embodiment is the selection for improved growth on the diol of interest. An organism deficient in uptake or utilization of a particular diol will not grow well with that diol as the sole carbon source. A pool of mutants can be inoculated into liquid medium or onto agar plates containing the diol as sole carbon source, along with all other nutrients necessary for growth of the organism in question, and cells able to grow may be readily isolated. Another embodiment is the selection of cells able to produce polymer when cultured in the presence of the diol.
  • Plates can also serve to eliminate strains that cannot grow in the conditions it presents; for example, a cell that has gained via mutagenesis the ability to produce PHA from diol, but has lost an industrially important characteristic such as the ability to grow on minimal glucose medium, will not grow on plates containing diol and glucose, especially if it cannot grow on the diol as sole carbon source. Only the cells that can produce PHA from diol and can grow on minimal glucose in this case will appear as opaque colonies. PHA can be visualized within cells, especially on plates, by methods more sensitive than visual screening of untreated colonies, such as by staining with Nile red (as in, e.g., Spiekermann et al, 1999, Arch Microbiol. 171:73-80.). Methods such as those above may be repeated for several rounds to further optimize the diol-to-PHA pathway. Methods of screening are illustrated by, but not restricted to, the aspects of the discussion above, and other useful screening procedures will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • any of the aforementioned embodiments it is possible to control the composition of the polymer produced by controlling the expression of the diol oxidoreductase and aldehyde dehydrogenase or by controlling the availability of the diol.
  • Methods for modulation of gene expression (and thus enzyme activity) in various organisms are well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • the rate of diol feed to the cultured cells can be controlled by various techniques well-known to those skilled in fermentation and cell culture.
  • some or all of the genes can be integrated into the host chromosome and some or all provided on a plasmid.
  • compatible plasmid systems can be used, for example, with several steps of the pathway encoded on one plasmid and the other steps encoded by a second plasmid. A combination of the two approaches may also be used.
  • substrates that can be used to make PHAs in the context of the systems described herein include alcohols, preferably diols.
  • suitable diols include 1,6-hexanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-ethanediol, and 1,2-propanediol.
  • diols are nontoxic to many microorganisms, in many cases even at high concentrations. They can be superior feedstocks for fermentation as compared to organic acids, which often become toxic at low concentrations to many microorganisms. Many diols are readily available and relatively inexpensive. For example, 1,4-butanediol had a global demand of about 1 billion pounds in 1995 and is very widely used for synthetic polymer production (Morgan, Chemistry & Industry , Mar. 3, 1997, pp. 166-8).
  • Plasmid pMS33 contains aldH under the control of the trc promoter.
  • E. coli DH5 ⁇ was transformed with pMS33 or pFS14, as a negative control.
  • Plasmid pFS14 contains the Clostridium kluyveri 4hbD (4HB dehydrogenase) gene, as described in Söhling and Gottschalk (1996, J. Bacteriol. 178:871-80).
  • DH5 ⁇ /pMS33 and DH5 ⁇ /pFS14 were grown at 37° C. with shaking in Luria-Bertani (LB; Difco; Detroit, Mich.) broth to an optical density (600 mn) of 0.5 and subsequently induced with 1 mM isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The incubation continued for 3 hours, after which the cells were removed from the medium by centrifugation (2000 g, 10 min.), washed in 0.1 M Tris (pH 8.0), centrifuged again, and resuspended in a volume of 0.1 M Tris (pH 8.0) roughly equal to the size of the cell pellet.
  • LB Luria-Bertani
  • IPTG isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside
  • Each sample was sonicated (XL sonicator, Heat Systems-Ultrasonics, Inc., Farmingdale, N.Y.) with a microtip in 3-mL aliquots on ice for 2 min. each at a 70% cycle with a one-second interval.
  • the lysate was spun in a microcentrifuge at 14,000 g for 10 min. and the supernatant was collected and designated crude cell extract.
  • the enzyme assays were conducted in a total volume of 1 mL containing 100 mM sodium glycine (pH 9.5), 1 mM 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3HPA), 1 mM NAD + or NADP + , 6 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and a volume of crude cell extract containing 20-100 ⁇ g total protein.
  • a baseline was established prior to adding 3HPA, which started the reaction.
  • the activity given by the DH5 ⁇ /pFS14 extract was 0.00 U/mg when NAD + was used and 0.03 U/mg when NADP + was used.
  • the activity given by the DH5 ⁇ /pMS33 extract was 1.89 U/mg when NAD + was used and 0.32 U/mg when NADP + was used.
  • cells expressing the E. coli AldH protein gain the ability to convert 3HPA to 3-hydroxypropionic acid with either NAD + or NADP + as cofactor.
  • the 4hbD gene was cloned by PCR using the plasmid pCK3 (Söhling & Gottschalk, 1996, J. Bacteriol. 178:871-80) as a template.
  • the following oligonucleotide primers were used: 5′-CTCTGAATTCAAGGAGGAAAAAATATGAAGTTATTAAAATTGGC-3′ (4hbD 5′ EcoRI) 5′-TTTCTCTGAGCTCGGGATATTTAATGATTGTAGG-3′ (4hbD 3′ SacI)
  • pTrcN is a derivative of pTrc99a (Pharmacia; Uppsala, Sweden); the modification that distinguishes pTrcN is the removal of the NcoI restriction site by digestion with NcoI, treatment with T4 DNA polymerase, and self-ligation.
  • the aldH gene was cloned by PCR from the E. coli genome using the following oligonucleotide primers: 5′-GGTGGTACCTTAAGAGGAGGTTTTTATGAATTTTCATCACCTGGCTT-3′ (aldH 5′ Acc65I) 5′-GGTGCGGCCGCTCAGGCCTCCAGGCTTATCCA-3′ (aldH 3′ NotI)
  • E. coli strain LS5218 obtained from the Yale E. coli Genetic Stock Center, New Haven, Conn., as strain CGSC 6966 was transformed with either of two plasmids, pFS76 or pFS77.
  • pFS76 contains the 4HB dehydrogenase (gbd) gene from Ralstonia eutropha, as described in Valentin et al. (1995, Eur. J. Biochem. 227:43-60).
  • Plasmid pFS77 contains the gbd gene as well as the E.
  • aldH aldehyde dehydrogenase
  • dhaT Klebsiella pneumoniae 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase
  • LS5218/pFS76 and LS5218/pFS77 were streaked onto minimal-medium plates containing 5 g/L of either 4HB (4-hydroxybutyrate, as the sodium salt) or 1,4-butanediol.
  • the plate medium also contained, per liter: 15 g agar; 1 mmol MgSO 4 ; 10 mg thiamine; 25.5 mmol Na 2 HPO 4 ; 33.3 mmol K 2 HPO 4 ; 27.2 mmol KH 2 PO 4 ; 2.78 mg FeSO 4 .7H 2 O; 1.98 mg MnCl 2 .4H 2 O; 2.81 mg CoSO 4 .7H 2 O;0.17 mg CuCl 2 .2H 2 O; 1.67 mg CaCl 2 .2H 2 O; 0.29 mg ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O; 100 ⁇ g ampicillin; and 0.1 mmol IPTG.
  • the plates were incubated overnight at 37° C.
  • the gbd gene was amplified by PCR from the genome of R. eutropha H16 (obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., as strain ATCC 17699) using the following oligonucleotide primers: 5′-CCTGAATTCAGGAGGTTTTTATGGCGTTTA TCTACTATCTGACCCAC-3′ (gbd 5′ EcoRI) 5′-CCTGAGCTCCTACCTGCAAGTGCTCGCCGCTC-3′ (gbd 3′ SacI)
  • the aldH-dhaT region was removed from pMS59 by digestion with NheI and HindIII. Plasmid pFS76 was digested with SpeI and HindIII. NheI and SpeI form compatible sticky ends. The aldH-dhaT fragment from pMS59 and the large fragment of pFS76 were ligated together to give pFS77, containing the gbd, aldH, and dhaT genes, all under control of the trc promoter.
  • Escherichia coli strain LS5218 (CGSC 6966) was transformed with either of two plasmids, pFS30 or pMS60.
  • pFS30 contains the Ralstonia eutropha PHA synthase (phaC) gene and the Clostridium kluyveri 4HB-CoA transferase (hbcT) gene, both under control of the trc promoter.
  • pMS60 contains the aldH and dhaT genes along with the two genes in pFS30, all under control of the trc promoter. The objective of the experiment was to determine whether the addition of the aldH and dhaT genes would be beneficial to the conversion of 1,4-butanediol to 4HB in the PHA polymer.
  • Each strain was grown in LB broth supplemented with 100 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin overnight at 37° C. with shaking at 250 rpm. The cells were then removed from the medium by centrifugation (2000 g, 10 min.) and resuspended in 100 mL of a medium containing, per liter: 2.5 g LB powder; 50 mmol potassium phosphate, pH 7.0; 2 g glucose; 5 g 1,4-butanediol; 100 ⁇ g ampicillin; and 0.1 mmol IPTG. These incubations were at 30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm for 25 hours.
  • the cells from one-quarter of the volume of the flask were centrifuged as above, washed with water, centrifuged again, and lyophilized. About 20 mg of lyophilized cell mass from each flask was subjected to simultaneous extraction and butanolysis at 110° C. for 3 hours in 2 mL of a mixture containing (by volume) 90% 1-butanol and 10% concentrated hydrochloric acid, with 2 mg/mL benzoic acid added as an internal standard. The water-soluble components of the resulting mixture were removed by extraction with 3 mL water.
  • the organic phase (1 ⁇ L at a split ratio of 1:50 at an overall flow rate of 2 mL/min) was analyzed on an SPB-1 fused silica capillary GC column (30 m; 0.32 mm ID; 0.25 ⁇ m film; Supelco; Bellefonte, Pa.) with the following temperature profile: 80° C., 2 min; 10° C. per min. to 250° C.; 250° C., 2 min.
  • the standard used to test for the presence of 4-hydroxybutyrate units in the polymer was gamma-butyrolactone (Aldrich Chemical Co.; Milwaukee, Wis.).
  • Strain LS5218/pFS30 reached an optical density (600 nm) of 3.9 and had accumulated poly-4HB to 3.3% of the dry cell weight, while strain LS5218/pMS60 reached an optical density (600 nm) of 6.5 and had accumulated poly-4HB to 12.3% of the dry cell weight.
  • expression of the aldH and dhaT genes is sufficient to increase the ability of E. coli LS5218 to synthesize poly-4HB from 1,4-butanediol.
  • the plasmid pFS16 was constructed by ligating the Clostridium kluyveri orfZ (also called hbcT) PCR product to pTrcN.
  • the orfZ gene was amplified by PCR from plasmid pCK3 (Söhling and Gottschalk, 1996, J. Bacteriol 178:871-80) using the following oligonucleotide primers: 5′-TCCCCTAGGATTCAGGAGGTTTTTATGGAGTGGGAA GAGATATATAAAG-3′ (orfZ 5′ AvrII) 5′-CCTTAAGTCGACAAATTCTAAAATCTCTTTTTAAATTC-3′ (orfZ 3′ SalI)
  • the resulting PCR product was digested with AvrII and SalI and ligated to pTrcN that had been digested with XbaI (which is compatible with AvrII) and SalI to form pFS16.
  • the plasmid pFS30 was derived from pFS16 by adding the Ralstonia eutropha PHA synthase (phaC) gene.
  • the plasmid pAeT414 was digested with XmaI and StuI so that the R. eutropha promoter and the structural phaC gene were present on one fragment.
  • pFS16 was cut with BamHI, treated with T4 DNA polymerase to create blunt ends, then digested with XmaI. The two DNA fragments thus obtained were ligated together to form pFS30.
  • the aldH gene was removed from pMS33 by digestion with SpeI and BglII.
  • Plasmid pTC42 (Skraly et al., 1998, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:98-105), which contains the Klebsiella pneumoniae dhaT gene under the control of the trc promoter, was digested with NheI and BglII. SpeI and NheI form compatible sticky ends.
  • the aldH-containing fragment of pMS33 and the large fragment of pTC42 were ligated together to form pMS59.
  • the aldH-dhaT region was isolated from pMS59 by digestion with SpeI, followed by treatment with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I and subsequent digestion with MfeI. This fragment had one blunt end and one sticky end compatible with EcoRI-generated sticky ends.
  • pFS30 was digested with XmaI, followed by treatment with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I and subsequent digestion with EcoRI. The large fragment of pFS30 and the aldH-dhaT-containing fragment of pMS59 were ligated together to form pMS60.
  • E. coli strain MBX1493 is a poly(3HB-co-4HB) producing strain with the C. kluyveri orjZ (also called hbcT) gene (Söhling & Gottschalk, 1996, J. Bacteriol. 178:871-80) integrated into its chromosome. It was derived from strain MBX1335, a PHB-producing strain with the phaA, phaB, and phaC genes integrated into its chromosome. MBX1335 was itself derived from MBX820 (see PCT WO 00/011188 by Metabolix) by bacteriophage P1 transduction of the phaA, phaB, and phaC genes into strain LS5218.
  • Strain MBX1493 was transformed with four plasmids in separate procedures: pTrcN, pTC42, pMS33, and pMS59. These plasmids contain, under control of the trc promoter, the following genes, respectively: none, dhaT only, aldH only, both aldH and dhaT. Each of these strains was grown in 3 mL LB supplemented with 100 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin at 37° C. with shaking overnight.
  • a volume of 1 mL of each of these cultures was used as an inoculum into 50 mL of a medium containing, per liter: 1 mmol MgSO 4 ; 10 mg thiamine; 25.5 mmol Na 2 HPO 4 ; 33.3 mmol K 2 HPO 4 ; 27.2 mmol KH 2 PO 4 ; 2.78 mg FeSO 4 .7H 2 O; 1.98 mg MnCl 2 .4H 2 O; 2.81 mg CoSO 4 .7H 2 O; 0.17 mg CuCl 2 .2H 2 O; 1.67 mg CaCl 2 .2H 2 O; 0.29 mg ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O; 10 g glucose; 5 g 4-hydroxybutyrate or 10 g 1,4-butanediol; 100 ⁇ g ampicillin; 25 ⁇ g chloramphenicol; and 0.01 mmol IPTG.
  • Escherichia coli strain LS5218 (CGSC 6966) was transformed with either of two plasmids, pFS30 or pMS60.
  • the objective of the experiment was to determine whether the addition of the aldH and dhaT genes would be beneficial to the conversion of 1,3-propanediol to 3HP.
  • Each strain was grown in LB broth supplemented with 100 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin overnight at 37° C. with shaking at 250 rpm. The cells were then removed from the medium by centrifugation (2000 g, 10 min.) and resuspended in 50 mL of a medium containing, per liter: 2.5 g LB powder; 50 mmol potassium phosphate, pH 7.0; 5 g glucose; 0 or 10 g 1,3-propanediol; 100 ⁇ g ampicillin; and 0.1 mmol IPTG. These incubations were at 30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm for 25 hours.
  • the cells were removed from the medium by centrifugation as described above, washed with water, centrifuged again, lyophilized, and analyzed for PHA content and composition by GC.
  • the standard used to test for the presence of 3-hydroxypropionate units in the polymer was beta-propiolactone (Aldrich Chemical Co.; Milwaukee, Wis.).
  • strains LS5218/pFS30 and LS5218/pMS60 reached optical densities (600 nm) of 4.6 and 8.2, respectively.
  • strain LS5218/pFS30 reached an optical density (600 nm) of 5.2 and did not accumulate poly-3HP to a detectable level
  • strain LS5218/pMS60 reached an optical density (600 nm) of 6.6 and had accumulated poly-3HP to 5.0% of the dry cell weight.
  • expression of the aldH and dhaT genes is sufficient to increase the ability of E. coli LS5218 to synthesize poly-3HP from 1,3-propanediol.
  • Strain MBX1493 was transformed with four plasmids in separate procedures: pTrcN, pTC42, pMS33, and pMS59. Each of these strains was grown in 100 mL LB supplemented with 100 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin at 37° C. with shaking overnight. The cells were decanted from each flask, and the residual liquid was retained.
  • the cells were then removed from this medium by centrifugation (2000 g, 10 min.), and they were lyophilized and analyzed for PHA content and composition by GC.
  • Table 2 shows the composition of the polymers made by these strains and the final optical densities (600 nm) of the cultures.
  • each strain synthesized only PHB In the absence of 1,3-propanediol, each strain synthesized only PHB. When fed 1,3-propanediol, only the pMS59-containing cells, that is, the cells expressing both aldH and dhaT, achieved a significant level of 3HP incorporation into the polymer. The cells containing pMS33, or aldH alone, do accomplish 3HP incorporation, but to only a small extent. Thus the aldH-dhaT pathway was shown to enable the conversion of 1,3-propanediol to 3HP.
  • the cells containing the dhaT gene made less total polymer when 1,3-propanediol was present, and this is most likely due to the toxicity of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. Increasing the ratio of aldH to dhaT expression and/or reducing 1,3-propanediol concentration should subdue this phenomenon.
  • Strain MBX1668 which has the aldH and dhaT genes integrated into its chromosome as an operon along with the tetracycline resistance marker from Tn10, was transformed with either of two plasmids: pFS73 or pMS92.
  • the plasmid pFS73 is the same as pFS30 described in previous examples except that the ampicillin resistance marker has been replaced with the kanamycin resistance marker from pACYC177 (GenBank Accession No. X06402).
  • the plasmid pMS92 is derived from pFS73, the orfZ gene having been replaced with the alkK gene from Pseudomonas oleovorans (van Beilen et al., 1992, Mol. Microbiol. 6:3121-36).
  • Each of these strains was grown in 3 mL LB supplemented with 50 ⁇ g/mL kanamycin and 10 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline at 37° C. with shaking overnight.
  • One milliliter of each culture was added as an inoculum to a 200-mL square bottle.
  • Each bottle held 50 mL of a medium containing, per liter: 0.1 g casamino acids; 5 mmol MgSO 4 ; 10 mg thiamine; 25.5 mmol Na 2 HPO 4 ; 33.3 mmol K 2 HPO 4 ; 27.2 mmol KH 2 PO 4 ; 2.78 mg FeSO 4 .7H 2 O; 1.98 mg MnCl 2 .4H 2 O; 2.81 mg CoSO 4 .7H 2 O; 0.17 mg CuCl 2 .2H 2 O; 1.67 mg CaCl 2 .2H 2 O; 0.29 mg ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O; 10 g glucose; 10 g 1,4-butanediol; 50 ⁇ g kanamycin; and 10 ⁇ g tetracycline.
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