US10913034B2 - Separation membrane - Google Patents

Separation membrane Download PDF

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US10913034B2
US10913034B2 US16/455,328 US201916455328A US10913034B2 US 10913034 B2 US10913034 B2 US 10913034B2 US 201916455328 A US201916455328 A US 201916455328A US 10913034 B2 US10913034 B2 US 10913034B2
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separation
functional layer
separation membrane
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monomer
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US20200094194A1 (en
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Tomotsugu Miyabe
Atsuhito Komoto
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Nitto Denko Corp
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Nitto Denko Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/147—Microfiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0006—Organic membrane manufacture by chemical reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0088—Physical treatment with compounds, e.g. swelling, coating or impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • B01D67/00931—Chemical modification by introduction of specific groups after membrane formation, e.g. by grafting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • B01D67/00933—Chemical modification by addition of a layer chemically bonded to the membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1216—Three or more layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
    • B01D69/1251—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction by interfacial polymerisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/56—Polyamides, e.g. polyester-amides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
    • B01D71/60—Polyamines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
    • B01D71/62—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
    • B01D71/82—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74 characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/445—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/40—Details relating to membrane preparation in-situ membrane formation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/16—Membrane materials having positively charged functional groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/20—Specific permeability or cut-off range

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to separation membranes.
  • Separation membranes are widely used as reverse osmosis membranes (RO membranes) or nanofiltration membranes (NF membranes) in various applications such as production of ultrapure water, desalination of seawater, and treatment of waste water.
  • separation membranes include composite semipermeable membranes having a porous support and a separation functional layer provided on the porous support.
  • the separation functional layer is made of an organic compound such as polyamide, polysulfone, and cellulose acetate.
  • a polyamide membrane obtained by polymerization of an amine and an acid halide is known to be suitable as the separation functional layer.
  • the polyamide membrane is typically an aromatic polyamide membrane obtained by interfacial polymerization of an aromatic polyfunctional amine and an aromatic polyfunctional acid halide.
  • the porous support can be formed of a substrate such as a non-woven fabric and a microporous layer provided on the substrate.
  • JP 2016-190213 A describes a composite semipermeable membrane that achieves a magnesium sulfate removal ratio of 60% or more.
  • the present disclosure provides a separation membrane including:
  • N + is a nitrogen atom constituting a quaternary ammonium cation
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently a substituent containing a carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen atom.
  • the technique of the present disclosure makes it possible to provide a separation membrane having superior divalent ion selective-separation performance.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a separation membrane according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a separation membrane 10 includes a porous support membrane 20 , a separation functional layer 30 , and a coating 40 .
  • the porous support membrane 20 , the separation functional layer 30 , and the coating 40 are stacked in this order.
  • the separation functional layer 30 and the coating 40 are supported by the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the separation functional layer 30 is disposed on the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the coating 40 is disposed on the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the coating 40 is in contact with the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the separation membrane 10 can be a composite semipermeable membrane.
  • the separation functional layer 30 is composed of a polyamide containing, as a monomer unit, at least one selected from the group consisting of piperazine and a piperazine derivative. Such a polyamide exhibits superior divalent ion selective-separation performance.
  • the coating 40 contributes to improvement in the divalent ion selective-separation performance of the separation membrane 10 .
  • the divalent ion selective-separation performance is a property evaluated by the divalent ion rejection ratio in combination with the difference between the monovalent ion rejection ratio and the divalent ion rejection ratio.
  • the divalent ion rejection ratio is high and the monovalent ion rejection ratio is low, the divalent ion selective-separation performance can be considered superior.
  • the difference between the monovalent ion rejection ratio and the divalent ion rejection ratio is small, the divalent ion selective-separation performance cannot be considered superior even if the divalent ion rejection ratio is high.
  • the separation membrane 10 can be produced by the following method.
  • the porous support membrane 20 is prepared as a support.
  • the porous support membrane 20 is not particularly limited as long as it is a membrane on the surface of which a separation functional layer can be formed.
  • the porous support membrane 20 used may be an ultrafiltration membrane having a non-woven fabric on which a microporous layer with an average pore diameter of 0.01 to 0.4 ⁇ m is formed.
  • Examples of the material forming the microporous layer include polyarylethersulfones such as polysulfone and polyethersulfone, polyimide, and polyvinylidene fluoride. From the viewpoint of chemical stability, mechanical stability, and thermal stability, polysulfone or polyarylethersulfone can be used.
  • a self-supporting porous support membrane having an average pore diameter as specified above and made of a thermosetting resin such as epoxy resin can also be used.
  • the thickness of the porous support membrane 20 is not particularly limited. The thickness is, for example, in the range of 10 to 200 ⁇ m and may be in the range of 20 to 75 ⁇ m.
  • the “average pore diameter” refers to a value calculated by the following method. First, a surface or cross-section of the membrane or layer is observed with an electron microscope (e.g., a scanning electron microscope), and the diameters of a plurality of observed pores (e.g., 10 randomly selected pores) are actually measured. The average of the actually measured diameters of the pores is defined as the “average pore diameter”.
  • the “diameter of a pore” refers to the longest diameter of the pore, and specifically refers to the diameter of the smallest of the circles that can enclose the pore.
  • a first solution containing a material of the separation functional layer 30 is brought into contact with the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the first solution is typically an aqueous solution containing a polyfunctional amine as the material of the separation functional layer 30 (this solution will hereinafter be referred to as “aqueous amine solution”).
  • aqueous amine solution The contact of the aqueous amine solution with the porous support membrane 20 results in the formation of an amine-containing layer on a surface of the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the aqueous amine solution may contain, in addition to water, a polar solvent other than water, such as an alcohol. A polar solvent other than water, such as an alcohol, may be used instead of water.
  • the polyfunctional amine may be at least one selected from the group consisting of piperazine and a piperazine derivative.
  • the piperazine derivative is a compound obtained by substitution of at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom or nitrogen atom of piperazine with a substituent. Examples of the substituent include an alkyl group, an amino group, and a hydroxy group.
  • piperazine derivative examples include 2,5-dimethylpiperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, 2,6-dimethylpiperazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpiperazine, 2,5-diethylpiperazine, 2,3,5-triethylpiperazine, 2-n-propylpiperazine, 2,5-di-n-butylpiperazine, and 4-aminomethylpiperazine.
  • One compound selected from piperazine and the above piperazine derivatives may be used alone as the polyfunctional amine, or a combination of two or more selected from piperazine and the above piperazine derivatives may be used as the polyfunctional amine.
  • a polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyacrylic acid, or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol and glycerin may be added to the aqueous amine solution.
  • the concentration of the amine component in the aqueous amine solution may be in the range of 0.1 to 15 wt % and may be in the range of 1 to 10 wt %.
  • concentration of the amine component When the concentration of the amine component is properly adjusted, the occurrence of defects such as pinholes in the separation functional layer 30 can be reduced. Additionally, the separation functional layer 30 having high salt rejection performance can be formed. Further, the proper adjustment of the concentration of the amine component leads to proper adjustment of the thickness of the separation functional layer 30 , thus resulting in the separation membrane 10 capable of achieving a sufficient permeation flux.
  • the method for bringing the aqueous amine solution into contact with the porous support membrane 20 is not particularly limited.
  • a method in which the porous support membrane 20 is immersed in the aqueous amine solution, a method in which the aqueous amine solution is applied to the porous support membrane 20 , or a method in which the porous support membrane 20 is sprayed with the aqueous amine solution, can be used as appropriate.
  • the step of bringing the aqueous amine solution into contact with the porous support membrane 20 may be followed by the step of removing the excess of the aqueous amine solution from the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the excess of the aqueous amine solution can be removed from the porous support membrane 20 by extending the amine-containing layer with a rubber roller.
  • the removal of the excess of the aqueous amine solution can result in the formation of the separation functional layer 30 of appropriate thickness.
  • the second solution is a solution containing another material of the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the second solution is a solution containing a polyfunctional acid halide as the other material of the separation functional layer 30 (this solution will hereinafter be referred to as “acid halide solution”).
  • acid halide solution a solution containing a polyfunctional acid halide as the other material of the separation functional layer 30
  • the contact of the acid halide solution with the amine-containing layer allows a polymerization reaction of the amine and the acid halide to proceed at the interface between the amine-containing layer and a layer of the acid halide solution.
  • the separation functional layer 30 is formed.
  • the polyfunctional acid halide is an acid halide having a plurality of reactive carbonyl groups.
  • Examples of the polyfunctional acid halide include an aromatic polyfunctional acid halide, an aliphatic polyfunctional acid halide, and an alicyclic polyfunctional acid halide.
  • aromatic polyfunctional acid halide examples include trimesic acid trichloride, terephthalic acid dichloride, isophthalic acid dichloride, biphenyldicarboxylic acid dichloride, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid dichloride, benzenetrisulfonic acid trichloride, benzenedisulfonic acid dichloride, and chlorosulfonyl benzenedicarboxylic acid dichloride.
  • Examples of the aliphatic polyfunctional acid halide include propanedicarboxylic acid dichloride, butanedicarboxylic acid dichloride, pentanedicarboxylic acid dichloride, prop anetricarboxylic acid trichloride, butanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, pentanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, glutaryl halide, and adipoyl halide.
  • Examples of the alicyclic polyfunctional acid halide include cydopropanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid tetrachloride, cyclopentanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid tetrachloride, cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, tetrahydrofurantetracarboxylic acid tetrachloride, cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid dichloride, cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid dichloride, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid dichloride, and tetrahydrofurandicarboxylic acid dichloride.
  • One polyfunctional acid halide selected from these polyfunctional acid halides may be used alone, or two or more selected from these polyfunctional acid halides may be used in combination.
  • An aromatic polyfunctional acid halide may be used in order to obtain the separation functional layer 30 having high salt rejection performance.
  • a polyfunctional acid halide having three or more valences may be used as at least part of the polyfunctional acid halide component to form a cross-linked structure.
  • the solvent of the acid halide solution there can be used an organic solvent, in particular a non-polar organic solvent.
  • the organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as the organic solvent has low solubility in water and can dissolve the polyfunctional acid halide component without deteriorating the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the organic solvent include saturated hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, heptane, octane, and nonane and halogen-substituted hydrocarbons such as 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane.
  • a saturated hydrocarbon having a boiling point of 300° C. or lower or 200° C. or lower may also be used.
  • the concentration of the acid halide component in the acid halide solution may be in the range of 0.01 to 5 wt % and may be in the range of 0.05 to 3 wt %.
  • concentration of the acid halide component When the concentration of the acid halide component is properly adjusted, the amounts of the amine and halide components remaining unreacted can be reduced. Additionally, the occurrence of defects such as pinholes in the separation functional layer 30 can be reduced, and thus the separation membrane 10 having high salt rejection performance can be provided. Further, the proper adjustment of the concentration of the acid halide component leads to proper adjustment of the thickness of the separation functional layer 30 , thus providing the separation membrane 10 capable of achieving a sufficient permeation flux.
  • the method for bringing the acid halide solution into contact with the amine-containing layer is not particularly limited.
  • the amine-containing layer may be immersed in the acid halide solution together with the porous support membrane 20 , or the acid halide solution may be applied to a surface of the amine-containing layer.
  • the time of contact between the amine-containing layer and the acid halide solution is, for example, 10 seconds to 5 minutes or 30 seconds to 1 minute.
  • the contact between the amine-containing layer and the acid halide solution may be followed by the step of removing the excess of the acid halide solution from the amine-containing layer.
  • the separation functional layer 30 is heated and dried together with the porous support membrane 20 .
  • the heat treatment of the separation functional layer 30 can improve the properties such as the mechanical strength and the heat resistance of the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the heating temperature is, for example, 70 to 200° C. or 80 to 130° C.
  • the heating time is, for example, 30 seconds to 10 minutes or 40 seconds to 7 minutes.
  • a drying step may be carried out at a room temperature, and subsequently another drying step may be carried out using a dryer at an ambient temperature higher than the room temperature.
  • additives can be added to the aqueous amine solution and/or the acid halide solution in order to facilitate the formation of the separation functional layer 30 or improve the performance of the separation membrane 10 to be obtained.
  • the additives include: a surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium lauryl sulfate; a basic compound, such as sodium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, and triethylamine, which has an effect on removal of halogenated hydrogen produced as a result of polymerization; an acylation catalyst; and a compound as described in JP 8-224452 A which has a solubility parameter of 8 to 14 (cal/cm 3 ) 1/2 .
  • the thickness of the separation functional layer 30 is not particularly limited. The thickness is, for example, 0.05 to 2 ⁇ m and may be 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m.
  • the present specification describes a method in which the separation functional layer 30 is formed directly on a surface of the porous support membrane 20 by interfacial polymerization. It should be noted that the separation functional layer 30 may be formed on a support other than the porous support membrane 20 , and the separation functional layer 30 obtained may be placed on and joined to the porous support membrane 20 . In other words, the separation functional layer 30 may be transferred onto the porous support membrane 20 from the other support.
  • the material of the coating 40 can be a polymer having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1).
  • N + is a nitrogen atom constituting a quaternary ammonium cation.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently a substituent containing a carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen atom.
  • the coating 40 contains the polymer having the repeating unit represented by the formula (1), the divalent ion selective-separation performance of the separation membrane 10 is improved.
  • the quaternary ammonium cation is always positively charged irrespective of the pH of raw water. This prevents adhesion of cationic substances to the surface of the separation membrane 10 .
  • the counterion for N + is not particularly limited.
  • the counterion for N + is a monovalent anion.
  • Examples of the monovalent anion include halogen ions such as F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , and I ⁇ .
  • R 1 and R 2 may each be an alkyl group.
  • the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a propyl group.
  • R 1 and R 2 may each be a methyl group.
  • the coating 40 can sufficiently improve the divalent ion selective-separation performance of the separation membrane 10 .
  • the coating 40 causes less influence on the salt rejection ratio of the separation membrane 10 .
  • R 1 may be a methyl group, while R 2 may be a 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl group.
  • the repeating unit of the polymer is represented by the following formula (2).
  • R 1 may be a methyl group, while R 2 may be a 2,3-epoxypropyl group.
  • the repeating unit of the polymer is represented by the following formula (3).
  • the polymer contained in the coating 40 can be a copolymer of a first monomer and a second monomer.
  • the first monomer can be a monomer containing a quaternary ammonium cation and serving to form the repeating unit represented by the formula (1).
  • the first monomer can be 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylmethyl diallyl ammonium chloride.
  • the second monomer is diallylmethylamine hydrochloride
  • the copolymer is represented by the following formula (4).
  • n and n are each independently an integer of 1 or more.
  • Part or all of the 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl groups contained in the polymer of the formula (4) may be a 2,3-epoxypropyl group as shown in the formula (3).
  • the 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl group and/or the 2,3-epoxypropyl group contained in the first monomer can be a reactive substituent capable of being chemically bonded to the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the polymer of the formula (4) can be obtained also by modification of a homopolymer. Specifically, a homopolymer of methyl diallylamine hydrochloride can be modified with epichlorohydrin to obtain the polymer of the formula (4).
  • the reactive substituent enhances the bond strength between the separation functional layer 30 and the coating 40 . Specifically, at least part of the reactive substituents form a covalent bond with a terminal amino group, a remaining amino group, or a remaining carbonyl group of the separation functional layer 30 . Thus, the coating 40 is secured to the separation functional layer 30 , so that the separation membrane 10 resistant to deterioration of divalent ion selective-separation performance even in long-term use can be provided.
  • the terminal amino group and the remaining amino group of the separation functional layer 30 are derived from the polyfunctional amine.
  • the remaining carbonyl group of the separation functional layer 30 is derived from the polyfunctional acid halide.
  • the reactive substituent may be used in intramolecular cross-linking and/or intermolecular cross-linking of the polymer. Such cross-linking can improve the properties such as the mechanical strength and the heat resistance of the coating 40 .
  • the reactive substituent may be contained in the second monomer.
  • the first monomer has a quaternary ammonium cation structure, fewer restrictions are imposed on the second monomer. That is, there is a lot of flexibility in choosing the second monomer.
  • the reactive substituent is not limited to a 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl group.
  • Examples of the reactive substituent include an epoxy group, a hydroxy group, an amino group, and an amide group.
  • One substituent selected from these reactive substituents may be contained alone in the polymer, or two or more selected from these reactive substituents may be contained in the polymer.
  • the second monomer is, for example, allylamine.
  • the polymer is represented by the following formula (5).
  • n and n are each independently an integer of 1 or more.
  • the second monomer is, for example, acrylamide.
  • the polymer is represented by the following formula (6).
  • n are each independently an integer of 1 or more.
  • the second monomer is, for example, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl diallyamine hydrochloride.
  • the polymer is represented by the following formula (7).
  • n are each independently an integer of 1 or more.
  • One monomer selected from 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl diallylamine hydrochloride, allylamine, and acrylamide may be used alone as the second monomer, or two or more selected from these monomers may be used as the second monomer.
  • the copolymer may be a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
  • the ratio between the first monomer and the second monomer is not particularly limited.
  • the ratio (first monomer:second monomer) is 5:95 to 95:5 and may be 30:70 to 70:30.
  • the separation membrane 10 having superior divalent ion selective-separation performance and usable over a long period of time can be provided.
  • the weight-average molecular weight of the polymer or copolymer is not particularly limited and is, for example, 10,000 to 100,000.
  • the coating 40 can be formed by bringing an aqueous solution containing the polymer into the separation functional layer 30 to form a polymer-containing layer and then drying the polymer-containing layer.
  • the method for bringing the aqueous solution into contact with the separation functional layer 30 is not particularly limited.
  • the separation functional layer 30 may be immersed in the aqueous solution together with the porous support membrane 20 , or the aqueous solution may be applied to a surface of the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the time of contact between the separation functional layer 30 and the aqueous solution is, for example, 10 seconds to 5 minutes.
  • the contact between the separation functional layer 30 and the aqueous solution may be followed by the step of removing the excess of the aqueous solution from the separation functional layer 30 .
  • the aqueous solution may contain, in addition to water, a polar solvent other than water, such as an alcohol.
  • a polar solvent other than water, such as an alcohol may be used instead of water.
  • the heat treatment of the polymer-containing layer can improve the properties such as the mechanical strength and the heat resistance of the coating 40 .
  • the heating temperature is, for example, 80 to 150° C.
  • the heating time is, for example, 30 to 300 seconds.
  • a drying step may be carried out at a room temperature, and subsequently another drying step may be carried out using a dryer at an ambient temperature higher than the room temperature.
  • the separation membrane 10 having the porous support membrane 20 , the separation functional layer 30 , and the coating 40 is obtained.
  • the thickness of the coating 40 is not particularly limited and is, for example, 10 to 900 nm.
  • the presence of the coating 40 can be confirmed by means of a transmission electron microscope.
  • the composition analysis of the polymer contained in the coating 40 can be carried out by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS).
  • aqueous amine solution containing 7 wt % of piperazine, 0.15 wt % of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1.48 wt % of sodium hydroxide, and 6 wt % of camphorsulfonic acid was applied to a porous polysulfone support. After that, the excess of the aqueous amine solution was removed from the support to form an amine-containing layer on the support. Next, the surface of the amine-containing layer was immersed for 10 seconds in an acid halide solution obtained by solving 0.42 wt % of trimesic acid trichloride in an isoparaffinic solvent (IP Solvent 1016, manufactured by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.).
  • IP Solvent 1016 isoparaffinic solvent
  • UNISENCE KCA 101L is a polymer represented by the formula (4).
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the concentration of the polymer in the aqueous solution was changed to 0.03 wt %.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the concentration of the polymer in the aqueous solution was changed to 0.01 wt %.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to PAS-880 manufactured by Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd. and that the concentration of the polymer in the aqueous solution was changed to 0.05 wt %.
  • PAS-880 is a copolymer represented by the formula (7).
  • R 1 and R 2 are each a methyl group.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to PAS-880 manufactured by Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to PAS-J-81 manufactured by Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd.
  • PAS-J-81 is a copolymer represented by the formula (6).
  • R 1 and R 2 are each a methyl group.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to PAA-1123 manufactured by Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd.
  • PAA-1123 is a copolymer represented by the formula (5).
  • R 1 and R 2 are each a methyl group.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to PAS-H-5L manufactured by Nittobo Medical Co., Ltd. and that the concentration of the polymer in the aqueous solution was changed to 0.05 wt %.
  • PAS-H-5L is a polymer represented by the formula (1).
  • R 1 and R 2 are each a methyl group. That is, PAS-H-5L is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to a mixture of the polymers used in Examples 1 and 4 and that the respective concentrations of the polymers in the aqueous solution were 0.03 wt % and 0.02 wt %.
  • the polymers used in Examples 4 to 9 belong to diallyldimethylammonium chloride polymers.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to polyvinyl alcohol.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the polymer was changed to polyquaternium-10 (CATINAL HC-100, manufactured by TOHO Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.).
  • CATINAL HC-100 is cellulose containing quaternary ammonium cation.
  • a separation membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that no coating was formed on the surface of the separation functional layer.
  • the MgSO 4 rejection ratio and the NaCl rejection ratio were measured for the obtained separation membranes.
  • an aqueous MgSO 4 solution having a temperature of 25° C., a pH of 6.5 to 7, and a concentration of 2000 mg/liter was used.
  • an aqueous NaCl solution having a temperature of 25° C., a pH of 6.5 to 7, and a concentration of 2000 mg/liter was used.
  • aqueous MgSO 4 solution or aqueous NaCl solution was passed through each of the separation membranes of Examples and Comparative Examples at an operating pressure of 1.5 MPa for 30 minutes.
  • An electrical conductivity meter (CM-117, manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) was used to measure the electrical conductivity of the permeate liquid and the feed liquid. From the measurement result and a calibration curve (concentration versus electrical conductivity), the MgSO 4 rejection ratio and the NaCl rejection ratio were calculated according to the following equations. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • the NaCl rejection ratio of the separation membranes of Examples 1 to 9 was lower than the NaCl rejection ratio of the separation membranes of Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
  • the NaCl rejection ratio of the separation membranes of Example 1 to 9 was 60.5% at a maximum.
  • the NaCl rejection ratio of the separation membranes of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was 70.5% or more.
  • the difference between the MgSO 4 rejection ratio and the NaCl rejection ratio was large. This means that the separation membranes of Examples 1 to 9 exhibited superior divalent ion selective-separation performance.
  • the separation membranes of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 despite having a surface coating, exhibited a NaCl rejection ratio similar to that of the separation membrane of Comparative Example 3 which had no surface coating. That is, the surface coatings of the separation membranes of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 made no contribution to improvement in divalent ion selective-separation performance.
  • the separation membrane of the present disclosure can be used as a RO reverse osmosis) membrane, a NF (nanofiltration) membrane, an UF (ultrafiltration) membrane, a MF (microfiltration) membrane, or a FO (forward osmosis) membrane.

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