US10196345B2 - MAO-B selective inhibitor compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and uses thereof - Google Patents

MAO-B selective inhibitor compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and uses thereof Download PDF

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US10196345B2
US10196345B2 US14/915,474 US201414915474A US10196345B2 US 10196345 B2 US10196345 B2 US 10196345B2 US 201414915474 A US201414915474 A US 201414915474A US 10196345 B2 US10196345 B2 US 10196345B2
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compound
quat
mao
disease
nmr
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US20160207878A1 (en
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Edward Ewald Putnins
David Scott Grierson
Ronan F.B. Gealageas
Alice Andree Valentine Devineau
Edith Mary Dullaghan
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University of British Columbia
Centre for Drug Research and Development
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    • C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
    • C07F9/3886—Acids containing the structure -C(=X)-P(=X)(XH)2 or NC-P(=X)(XH)2, (X = O, S, Se)

Definitions

  • the invention relates to MAO-B selective inhibitor therapeutics, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and their uses and methods for the treatment of various indications, including epithelial and endothelial diseases.
  • therapeutic compositions and methods of treating epithelial and endothelial diseases are particularly useful.
  • TJ tight junction
  • the multi-molecular TJ complex forms a belt at the apical portions of cells and is best divided into three groups: (i) integral TJ proteins that form strands which bridge the intercellular space and consist of proteins such as claudins, occludins, and junction adhesion molecules; (ii) cytoplasmic junctional molecules such as TJ proteins with PDZ domains i.e.
  • TJs When assembled, TJs show ion and size selectivity for paracellular transport due to the presence of aqueous pores within paired TJ transmembrane proteins.
  • the integrity of the TJ complex is dependent on connections between claudins and the actin cytoskeleton, which is largely mediated by PDZ domain-containing cytoplasmic proteins ZO-1, -2, and -3.
  • amphiregulin an autocrine growth factor
  • H 2 O 2 /TACE/EGFR ligand/EGFR signaling axis also described as the “oxidant-induced metalloproteinase-dependent EGFR transactivation” pathway
  • AR amphiregulin
  • the present invention is based, in part, on the fortuitous discovery that certain compounds are capable of selectively inhibiting MAO-B, and furthermore that such compounds may have reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Such compounds may therefore have important utility for treatment of diseases in which inhibition of MAO-B is likely beneficial. Such compounds may have particular utility for non-CNS diseases in which inhibition of MAO-B is likely beneficial as described herein, wherein the limited or reduced BBB permeability of such compounds may be advantageous in reducing or eliminating undesirable side effects that are common among various known MAO-B inhibitors, for instance deprenyl.
  • R 1 may be selected from the following: H; C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, or an NR 13 heteroatom, and where one or more of the C1-4 alkyl hydrogens may be optionally substituted with a C5-7 cycloalkyl, wherein the C5-7 cycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted with an O or N heteroatom and wherein one or more of the ring hydrogens of the C5-7 cycloalkyl may be optionally independently substituted with CF 3 ; F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CO 2 H, CON(R 14 ) 2 , NHCHO; OR 15 , N(R 15 ) 2 , Ar, and HetAr; R 2 may be selected from the following: H; C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, or an NR 13 hetero
  • R 16 -R 20 may optionally and independently be selected from H, C1-4 alkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CN, NO 2 , OR 13 , N(R 13 ) 2 , COR 14 , CO 2 R 14 , CONHR 14 , SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 ; wherein HetAr may be an unsubstituted, or variously substituted pyrimidine, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrrole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, or isothiazole ring; R 4 may be optionally selected from H, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , NHCHO, SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CONHR 14 , CO 2 R 14 , pyrrole, tetrazole, oxadiazole, and N-hydroxypyrazole; R 5 may be optionally selected from H, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , NHCHO
  • X may be N or C;
  • R 9 may be H, Me, Et, isopropyl;
  • R 10 may be H, Me, Et, CH 2 OH, CH 2 SH, CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 CONH 2 ;
  • R 11 may be CO 2 H, phosphate, N-hydroxypyrazole, aryl-R 12 , heteroaryl-R 12 ;
  • R 12 may be CO 2 H, phosphate, CN; and wherein:
  • R 1 and R 2 may optionally be covalently linked through a to form a C5-7 ring structure, wherein the ring structure optionally includes a methylenedioxy (—OCH 2 O—), tetrahydrofuran (—OCH 2 CH 2 —), dioxane (—OCH 2 CH 2 O—), lactone (—O(C ⁇ O)CH 2 — or —O(C ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 2 —), uns
  • R 4 and R 7 may optionally be covalently linked through e to form a dual ring structure, selected from:
  • R 9 and R 11 may optionally be covalently linked through f to form a nitrogen heterocycle, wherein the nitrogen heterocycle may include: pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole.
  • a 1 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H;
  • a 2 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H;
  • E 1 may be
  • E 1 and E 2 may be H; or E 1 and E 2 form a ring having the structure
  • D may be H, Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 F, CH 2 Br, CH 2 I, CH 2 CN, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 2- phenyl, CH 2 OH, or CO 2 Me; and G may be CH 2 N(Me)CH 2 CO 2 H.
  • a 1 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H;
  • a 2 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H;
  • E 1 may be
  • E 1 and E 2 may be H; or E 1 and E 2 form a ring having the structure
  • D may be H, Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 F, CH 2 Br, CH 2 I, CH 2 CN, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 2- phenyl, CH 2 OH, or CO 2 Me; and G may be CH 2 N(Me)CH 2 CO 2 H
  • a commercial package comprising: (a) a compound as described herein; and (b) instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of a barrier disease, obesity, solid epithelial cell tumor metastasis, diabetes, an auto-immune and inflammatory disease or a cardiometabolic disorder.
  • a commercial package comprising: (a) an MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier; and (b) instructions for use of the MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier in the treatment of a barrier disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof.
  • a use of a compound as described herein for the treatment of a barrier disease, obesity, solid epithelial cell tumor metastasis, diabetes, auto-immune and inflammatory disease or cardiometabolic disorders is provided.
  • a use of a compound as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a barrier disease, obesity, solid epithelial cell tumor metastasis, diabetes, auto-immune and inflammatory disease or cardiometabolic disorders is provided.
  • an MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier for the treatment of a barrier disease.
  • an MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier for the manufacture of a medicament for treatment a of barrier disease.
  • a compound as described herein for use in the treatment of a barrier disease, obesity, solid epithelial cell tumor metastasis, diabetes, auto-immune and inflammatory disease or cardiometabolic disorders.
  • composition comprising: a (a) compound as described herein; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a method of treating a barrier disease, obesity, solid epithelial cell tumor metastasis, diabetes, auto-immune and inflammatory disease or cardiometabolic disorders including administering an MAO-B selective inhibitor as described herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • a method of treating a barrier disease including administering an MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier to a subject in need thereof.
  • R 1 may be selected from the following: H; CF 3 ; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; NO 2 ; COR 14 ; SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 ; CO 2 H; CON(R 14 ) 2 ; NHCHO; OR 15 ; N(R 15 ) 2 ; Ar; HetAr; C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, or an NR 13 heteroatom, and where one or more of the C1-4 alkyl hydrogens may be optionally substituted with a C5-7 cycloalkyl, wherein the C5-7 cycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted with an O or N heteroatom and wherein one or more of the ring hydrogens of the C5-7 cycloalkyl may be optionally independently substituted with CF 3 ; F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CO 2 H, CON(R 14 )
  • R 2 may be selected from the following: H; CF 3 ; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; NO 2 ; COR 14 ; SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 ; CO 2 H; CON(R 14 ) 2 ; NHCHO; OR 15 ; N(R 15 ) 2 ; Ar; HetAr; C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, or an NR 13 heteroatom, and where one or more of the C1-4 alkyl hydrogens may be optionally substituted with a C5-7 cycloalkyl, wherein the C5-7 cycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted with an O or N heteroatom and wherein one or more of the ring hydrogens of the C5-7 cycloalkyl may be optionally independently substituted with CF 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CO 2 H, CON(R 14 )
  • R 3 may be selected from the following: H; CF 3 ; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; NO 2 ; COR 14 ; SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 ; CO 2 H; CON(R 14 ) 2 ; NHCHO; OR 15 ; N(R 15 ) 2 ; Ar; HetAr; C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, or an NR 13 heteroatom, and where one or more of the C1-4 alkyl hydrogens may be optionally substituted with a C5-7 cycloalkyl, wherein the C5-7 cycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted with an O or N heteroatom and wherein one or more of the ring hydrogens of the C5-7 cycloalkyl may be optionally independently substituted with CF 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CO 2 H, CON(R 14 )
  • R 1 may be H.
  • R 2 may be a C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, and where one or more of the C1-4 alkyl hydrogens may optionally be substituted with a C5-7 cycloalkyl, wherein the C5-7 cycloalkyl ring may optionally be substituted with an O or N heteroatom and wherein one or more of the ring hydrogens of the C5-7 cycloalkyl are optionally independently substituted with CF 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OMe, COR 14 , SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CO 2 H, CON(R 14 ) 2 , and NHCHO.
  • R 3 may be H.
  • R 4 may be optionally selected from H, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , NHCHO, SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CONHR 14 , and CO 2 R 14 .
  • R 5 may be optionally selected from H, CN, NO 2 , COR 14 , NHCHO, SO 2 N(R 14 ) 2 , CONHR 14 , and CO 2 R 14 .
  • R 6 may be H or CH 2 N(Me)CH 2 CO 2 H.
  • R 7 may be optionally selected from H, Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 F, CH 2 Br, CH 2 CN, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 2- phenyl, CH 2 OR 14 , and CO 2 R 14 .
  • R 8 may be
  • R 9 may be H, Me, or Et.
  • R 10 may be H, Me, Et, CH 2 OH, CH 2 SH, CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H, CH 2 C(O)NH 2 , or CH 2 CH 2 CONH 2 .
  • R 13 may be H or Me.
  • R 14 may be H or Me.
  • R 15 may be H, Me or CF 3 .
  • R 1 and R 2 may be optionally covalently linked through a to form a C5-7 ring structure, wherein the ring structure optionally includes a methylenedioxy (—OCH 2 O—), tetrahydrofuran (—OCH 2 CH 2 —), dioxane (—OCH 2 CH 2 O—), lactone (—O(C ⁇ O)CH 2 — or —O(C ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 2 —), unsaturated lactone (—O(C ⁇ O)CHCH—), pyrimidine, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrrole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, or isothiazole ring structure.
  • R 4 and R 7 may be optionally covalently linked through e to form a dual ring structure having the structure:
  • R 2 may be a C1-4 alkyl, wherein a carbon in the C1-4 alkyl may be optionally substituted with an O, and where one or more of the C1-4 alkyl hydrogens may be optionally substituted with a C5-7 cycloalkyl, wherein one or more of the ring hydrogens of the C5-7 cycloalkyl may be optionally independently substituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OMe, and CO 2 H.
  • R 4 may be H.
  • R 5 may be H.
  • R 6 may be H.
  • R 7 may be H, Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 F, CH 2 Br, CH 2 CN, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 2- phenyl, CH 2 OH, or CO 2 Me.
  • R 8 may be
  • R 1 and R 2 may be optionally covalently linked through a to form a dual ring structure having the structure:
  • R 4 and R 7 may be optionally covalently linked through e to form a dual ring structure having the structure:
  • a 1 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H.
  • a 2 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H.
  • D may be H, Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CN, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 2- phenyl, CH 2 OH, or CO 2 Me.
  • a 1 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H.
  • a 2 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, CN, OMe, NO 2 , and CO 2 H.
  • D may be Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CN, CH 2 CH 2 OH, CH 2 OCH 2- phenyl, CH 2 OH, or CO 2 Me.
  • a 1 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, OMe, and NO 2 .
  • a 2 may be selected from F, Cl, Br, OMe, and NO 2 .
  • D may be Me, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CN, CH 2 OH, or CO 2 Me.
  • a 1 may be F, Cl, Br or OMe.
  • a 2 may be from F, Cl, Br or OMe.
  • D may be Me, CH 2 Cl or CH 2 OH.
  • the compound may be selected from one of more of:
  • the compound may be selected from one of more of:
  • the compound may be selected from one of more of:
  • the compound may be any organic compound.
  • the barrier disease may be septicemia, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, periodontitis, diarrheal disease caused by a pathogenic bacteria or asthma.
  • the cardiometabolic disorders may be hypertension, dyslipidemias, high blood pressure or insulin resistance.
  • the auto-immune and inflammatory disease may be rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier may be a compound as described herein.
  • the barrier disease may be septicemia, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, periodontitis, diarrheal disease caused by a pathogenic bacteria or asthma.
  • the cardiometabolic disorder may be hypertension, dyslipidemias, high blood pressure or insulin resistance.
  • the auto-immune and inflammatory disease may be rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the MAO-B selective inhibitor having a reduced ability to cross the blood brain barrier may be a compound as described herein.
  • the barrier disease may be septicemia, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, periodontitis, diarrheal disease caused by a pathogenic bacteria or asthma.
  • the cardiometabolic disorder may be hypertension, dyslipidemias, high blood pressure or insulin resistance.
  • the auto-immune and inflammatory disease may be rheumatoid arthritis.
  • FIG. 1 shows a synthetic scheme for the synthesis of the polar deprenyl analogues A-T.
  • FIG. 2 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of polar deprenyl analogue U.
  • FIG. 3 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of polar deprenyl analogues V and W.
  • FIG. 4 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of polar deprenyl analogues X, Y, Z, AA, and AB.
  • FIG. 5 shows a synthetic scheme for the preparation of polar deprenyl analogue AC.
  • FIG. 6 shows a synthetic scheme for the synthesis of coumarin derivative AD.
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic of the three zones in deprenyl where modifications have been made to create new polar analogues that maintain affinity for MAO B, while losing or reducing the ability to cross the BBB.
  • FIG. 8 shows molecules 1 to 4 as derived from Safinamide and Coumarin.
  • FIG. 9 shows activity and selectivity of deprenyl and clorgyline on MAO-A and MAO-B enzymatic activities.
  • a cell-free Fluorescent Monoamine Oxidase A&B Detection Assay was run to evaluate enzymatic activity on recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B.
  • deprenyl which is a selective MAO-B inhibitor
  • Clorgyline which is a selective MAO-A inhibitor, displays high inhibitory activity with a calculated IC 50 of 0.00027 ⁇ M on MAO-A enzyme.
  • the assay was repeated to confirm data.
  • FIGS. 10A and B show activity and selectivity of de novo synthesized MAO-B inhibitors on MAO-A and MAO-B enzymatic activity.
  • Cell-free Fluorescent Monoamine Oxidase A&B Detection Assay was run to evaluate enzymatic activity of the compounds PS-RG0103, PS-RG0216, PS-RG0245 and PS-AD0191 on recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B.
  • PS-RG0103, PS-RG0216, PS-RG0245 and PS-AD0191, our de novo synthesized MAO-B inhibitors have IC 50 values of 0.27, 0.20, 0.21 and 0.30 ⁇ M on MAO-B, respectively.
  • FIG. 11 shows a comparison of in vitro BBB permeability of deprenyl, cetirizine and de novo synthesized MAO-B inhibitors.
  • Wildtype Madin-Darby canine cells MDCK-WT were used to predict CNS permeability of compounds PS-RG0103, PS-RG0216, PS-RG0245 and PS-AD0191.
  • Known CNS permeable and impermeable compounds, deprenyl and cetirizine, respectively, were also tested for comparison.
  • Deprenyl shows high permeability with a calculated apparent permeability (P app ) of 44.0 ⁇ 2.5 ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm/s).
  • Cetirizine an H1-antagonist anti-histamine with low sedative effects due to its diminished potential to cross the blood brain barrier 1 , has a low P app value of 1.7 ⁇ 1.3 ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm/s).
  • PS-RG0103, PS-RG0216, PS-RG0245 and PS-AD0191 our de novo synthesized MAO-B inhibitors, also have low P app values of 2.2 ⁇ 0.2, 1.2 ⁇ 0.1, 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 and 7.9 ⁇ 1.4 ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm/s), respectively.
  • FIGS. 12A-C show stability assay in mouse and human liver microsomes was run on compounds deprenyl, PS-RG0103 and PS-RG0216.
  • FIG. 13 shows mouse hepatocyte stability assay was performed on compounds deprenyl, PS-RG0103 and PS-RG0216.
  • Deprenyl a known MAO-B inhibitor, resulted in less than 2.5% remaining after 60 minutes at room temperature.
  • Compounds PS-RG0103 and PS-RG0216 showed stability at 101% and 100%, respectively.
  • FIG. 14 shows MAO B protein expression preferentially induced in disease sites from patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC).
  • Punch biopsies were taken from a diseased site and an adjacent non-diseased (control) site of the bowel in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • the biopsies were flash frozen and embedded in O.C.T. compound in a cryo-mold using a pre-cooled isopentane/liquid nitrogen bath.
  • tissues were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde and blocked with 5% serum, 0.05% Tween-20 and 0.1% BSA in PBS.
  • Tissue staining for MAO-A were performed using 5 ⁇ g/mL of mouse anti-MAO-A antibody (MilliporeTM, Cat#MABN306), counter-stained with 1.25 ⁇ g/mL of rabbit anti-claudin-3 antibody (InvitrogenTM, Cat#341700) to highlight epithelial cell tight junctions and labeled with AlexaFluor 594TM goat anti-rabbit IgG (red—not shown) and AlexaFluor 488TM goat anti-mouse IgG (green—not shown) as secondary antibodies, respectively.
  • AlexaFluor 594TM goat anti-rabbit IgG red—not shown
  • AlexaFluor 488TM goat anti-mouse IgG green—not shown
  • Tissue staining for MAO-B were performed using 15 ⁇ g/mL of rabbit anti-MAO-B antibody (SigmaTM, Cat#M1946), counter-stained with 10 ⁇ g/mL of mouse anti-claudin-1 antibody (InvitrogenTM, Cat#37-4900) to highlight epithelial cell tight junctions, labeled with AlexaFluor 568TM goat anti-mouse IgG (red not shown) and AlexaFluor 488TM goat anti-rabbit IgG (green not shown) as secondary antibodies, respectively and examined using confocal microcopy at 63 ⁇ magnification.
  • rabbit anti-MAO-B antibody SigmaTM, Cat#M1946
  • mouse anti-claudin-1 antibody InvitrogenTM, Cat#37-4900
  • Representative images (from Patient 2) indicates MAO A expression (red) primarily located to epithelial cells (green—not shown) with little change between health and disease sites.
  • MAO-B protein expression (red—not shown) was weakly expressed when compared to MAO A expression in non-diseased epithelial cells.
  • MAO B expression was significantly increased in both the epithelial and connective tissue compartment.
  • FIGS. 15A-C show deprenyl reduces LPS-induced barrier loss in three epithelial cell lines.
  • PLE, IEC-6, and MDCK were challenged at 72 hours (T) with LPS (L) ⁇ deprenyl.
  • MDCK-I cultures were treated with a concentration range of LPS and 40 ⁇ M deprenyl. In each case, TEER was measured every 48 hours after treatment. Statistically significant differences were identified.
  • LPS significantly reduced the barrier (TEER) (p ⁇ 0.01) [#s 2, 4, and 6] and LPS+deprenyl significantly induced TEER above control (CTL) (p ⁇ 0.01) [#s 1, 3, and 5].
  • FIG. 16 shows MAO A/B, MAO B and MAO A class inhibitors uniquely impact MDCK-I cell TEER.
  • Transwell cultures were treated at 72 hours (T) post-cell plating.
  • Analysis of 144-hour barrier (TEER) using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc testing found a significant decrease in TER with LPS (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • TEER was increased over control (CTL) (p ⁇ 0.01) for 5 and 40 ⁇ m phenelzine, 5 and 40 ⁇ m deprenyl and pargyline, and 5 ⁇ m moclobemide.
  • CTL control
  • 5 and 40 ⁇ m clorgyline significantly reduced the barrier (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • FIG. 17 shows the effect of deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in MDCK (NBL-2) cells.
  • MDCK (NBL-2) cells were seeded at 42000 cells/cm 2 on 24-well Polyester Transwell inserts in MEM ⁇ medium (#12561-056, GibcoTM) containing 10% FBS.
  • TEER was measured using a Millicell® ERS-2 voltohmmeter (MilliporeTM) starting on day 2 after seeding, followed by a change of media. On day 3 TEER was measured and cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M deprenyl, RG0103, RG0216, RG0245 or vehicle (H 2 O) control in complete media (arrow).
  • FIG. 18 shows the effect of deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cells.
  • Caco-2 cells were seeded at 76000 cells/cm 2 on 24-well Polyester Transwell inserts in DMEM medium (#10313-021, GibcoTM) containing 10% FBS, 1 ⁇ GlutaMax (#35050-061, GibcoTM) and 1 ⁇ Penicillin-Streptomycin (#15140-122, GibcoTM).
  • TEER was measured using a Millicell® ERS-2 voltohmmeter (MilliporeTM) starting on day 2 after seeding, followed by a change of media. On days 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 TEER was measured followed by a media change.
  • FIG. 19 shows attenuation of IL-8 protein expression in LPS- and TNF ⁇ -treated human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) by deprenyl and RG0216.
  • Caco-2 cells were seeded at 83300 cells/cm 2 on a polystyrene 96-well plate in DMEM medium (#10313-021, GibcoTM) containing 10% FBS. On day 5 after seeding, wells were replaced with fresh media containing 2.5% FBS.
  • Cells were treated for 4, 12 or 24 h on day 6 or 7 with 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS or 50 ng/mL TNF ⁇ alone or 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS or TNF ⁇ +20 ⁇ M deprenyl or RG0216.
  • Supernatants of the treated cells were analyzed for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine proteins using the Human Proinflammatory 7-Plex Ultra-Sensitive KitTM (K15008C, MSDTM) measured by the Sector Imager 2400A (MSDTM).
  • Left panel Absolute concentrations of IL-8 protein in supernatants of cells treated with control (media only), 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS or 50 ng/mL TNF ⁇ .
  • FIGS. 20A-F show attenuation of IL-8 (A & B), IL-6 (C & D) and TNF ⁇ protein expression in LPS-treated human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) by deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors.
  • Human microvascular endothelial cells were seeded at 37500 cells/cm 2 on a fibronectin-coated polystyrene 96-well plate in MCDB 131 medium (#10372-019, GibcoTM) containing 20% FBS. On day 2 after seeding, wells were replaced with fresh media containing 2.5% FBS.
  • Cells were treated for 1 or 3 hrs on day 3 with 10, 100, 1000 ng/ml LPS alone or 1000 ng/mL LPS+10 ⁇ M deprenyl, RG0103, RG0216, RG0245 or AD191.
  • Supernatants of the treated cells were analyzed for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine proteins using the Human Proinflammatory 7-Plex Ultra-Sensitive Kit (K15008C, MSD) measured by the Sector Imager 2400A (MSD).
  • Left panel Absolute concentrations of IL-8, IL-6 and TNF ⁇ protein in supernatants of cells treated with control (media only) or increasing concentrations of LPS.
  • FIGS. 21A and B show a 3% DSS induced colitis and protects epithelial cell-cell claudin-3 localization.
  • Control, deprenyl ⁇ DSS treated C57BL/6 mice were treated with 3% DSS in the drinking water and animals sacrificed on day 7.
  • A In DSS-treated mice the gross colon images were associated with looser stool and H&E stained sections demonstrated deeper crypts and disorganized epithelium.
  • B Control mice demonstrate classical claudin-3 localization that is severely disrupted in DSS-treated animals. In contrast, claudin-3 was better localized to epithelial cell-cell contacts in DSS+deprenyl-treated animals. Increased cell infiltrate is evident in the DSS-treated animals by the DAPI (blue) staining.
  • FIGS. 22A and B show the effect of deprenyl on DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice.
  • MAO-B monoamine oxidase B
  • BBB blood-brain barrier
  • epithelial and endothelial disease means diseases involving epithelial and endothelial cells, respectively.
  • a barrier disease refers to both epithelial and endothelial disease.
  • epithelial cells form a barrier to support nutrient and water transport while preventing microbial contamination of the interstitial tissues.
  • the intercellular tight junction is the primary cellular determinant of epithelial barrier function. Disruption of tight junction structure, as a result of specific protein mutations or aberrant regulatory signals, can be both a cause and an effect of disease.
  • Many GI diseases are characterized as epithelial barrier diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
  • many oral diseases such as periodontitis are epithelial barrier diseases.
  • Other diseases involving epithelial cells may include asthma.
  • Endothelial cell diseases may include LPS-induced endothelial cell hyperpermeability.
  • septicemia Another example of a barrier disease, is septicemia.
  • LPS-induced expression of cytokines/chemokines in endothelial cells was based on a hypothesis that MAO B inhibitors may possibly be used to treat vascular collapse due to septicemia.
  • Septicemia is believed to induce a system wide cytokine storm in endothelial cells that in turn leads to cytokine expression, loss of barrier which may result in vascular collapse
  • solid epithelial cell tumors are also likely to benefit from MAO-B specific inhibitors, which may also be used to reduce solid epithelial cell tumor metastasis.
  • Obesity is a chronic medical condition defined by the excess accumulation of adipose tissue.
  • the prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased with the global prevalence nearly doubling in the last 30 years.
  • the World Health Organization reports that in 2008, 10% of men and 14% of women aged 20+ were classified as obese, representing a combined estimated of more than half a billion adults world-wide (WHO, 2013).
  • Obesity frequently results in the development of a number of adverse co-morbidities, including type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis), cardiometabolic disorders, and increases the risk for development of a number of forms of cancer.
  • Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above. The index is a measure of an individual's body weight relative to height.
  • BMI body mass index
  • BMI is calculated by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by height (in meters) squared. Normal and healthy body weight is defined as having a BMI between 20 and 24.9. Treatments targeting obesity focus on reducing the amount of adipose tissue in patients, which in turn reduces BMI levels to a more normal range.
  • MAO inhibitors have been clinically shown to be useful in the treatment of CNS disorders. However, discovery that they also possess anti-obesity activity via a peripheral (i.e., non-CNS) mechanism, provides a novel approach for the treatment of obesity.
  • MAO enzymes have been identified in a number of peripheral (non-CNS) tissues (Saura et al., (1992) J Neurosci. 12(5):1977-99), with abdominal and mammary human adipocytes possessing high levels of MAO activity (Pizzinat et al., (1999) Biochem Pharmacol. 58(11):1735-42).
  • MAO-B inhibitors are expected to promote weight loss without substantially reducing caloric intake. These inhibitors may be administered in conjunction with an agent designed to function as an appetite suppressant or a lipase inhibitor, which is expected to produce additive or synergistic effects on weight loss.
  • co-administration of an MAO-B inhibitor together with one or more other agents shown to be useful for treating the indications described above is expected to be beneficial, by producing, for example, either additive or synergistic effects.
  • MAO-B refers to monoamine oxidase B, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene, EntrezGene ID: 4129.
  • Monoamine oxidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines. In humans there are two types, MAO-A and MAO-B.
  • MAO inhibitors are known in the art (for example, deprenyl and clorgyline and those described in Jenrin Discovery, Inc. in US 2007/0078172, US 2014/0155355, U.S. Pat. No. 8,541,475, U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,209 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,956,220). Furthermore, the present application identifies a number of compounds having the desired activity. The compounds tested are listed below in TABLE 1.
  • COOH and N(R) 2 may include the corresponding ions, for example carboxylate ions and ammonium ions, respectively.
  • ions for example carboxylate ions and ammonium ions, respectively.
  • the counter ion may also be present.
  • the point of covalent attachment of the moiety to the compounds as described herein may be, for example, and without limitation, cleaved under specified conditions.
  • Specified conditions may include, for example, and without limitation, in vivo enzymatic or non-enzymatic means.
  • Cleavage of the moiety may occur, for example, and without limitation, spontaneously, or it may be catalyzed, induced by another agent, or a change in a physical parameter or environmental parameter, for example, an enzyme, light, acid, temperature or pH.
  • the moiety may be, for example, and without limitation, a protecting group that acts to mask a functional group, a group that acts as a substrate for one or more active or passive transport mechanisms, or a group that acts to impart or enhance a property of the compound, for example, solubility, bioavailability or localization.
  • compounds of Formula I and Formula II above may be used for systemic treatment of at least one indication selected from the group consisting of: inflammatory bowel diseases (for example, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), periodontal diseases, asthma and LPS-induced endothelial cell hyperpermeability.
  • compounds of Formula I or Formula II may be used in the preparation of a medicament or a composition for systemic treatment of an indication described herein.
  • methods of systemically treating any of the indications described herein are also provided.
  • Compounds as described herein may be in the free form or in the form of a salt thereof.
  • compounds as described herein may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, which are known in the art (Berge S. M. et al., J. Pharm. Sci . (1977) 66(1):1-19).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salt as used herein includes, for example, salts that have the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound (salts which retain the biological effectiveness and/or properties of the parent compound and which are not biologically and/or otherwise undesirable).
  • Compounds as described herein having one or more functional groups capable of forming a salt may be, for example, formed as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • Compounds containing one or more basic functional groups may be capable of forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt with, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic acid.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be derived from, for example, and without limitation, acetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, aspartic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, butyric acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, diethylacetic acid, digluconic acid, dodecylsulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glucoheptanoic acid, gluconic acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hemisulfonic acid, heptanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic
  • Compounds containing one or more acidic functional groups may be capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable base, for example, and without limitation, inorganic bases based on alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals or organic bases such as primary amine compounds, secondary amine compounds, tertiary amine compounds, quaternary amine compounds, substituted amines, naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines or basic ion-exchange resins
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be derived from, for example, and without limitation, a hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation such as ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese or aluminum, ammonia, benzathine, meglumine, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, tripropylamine, tributyl
  • compounds as described herein may contain both acidic and basic groups and may be in the form of inner salts or zwitterions, for example, and without limitation, betaines.
  • Salts as described herein may be prepared by conventional processes known to a person skilled in the art, for example, and without limitation, by reacting the free form with an organic acid or inorganic acid or base, or by anion exchange or cation exchange from other salts. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that preparation of salts may occur in situ during isolation and purification of the compounds or preparation of salts may occur by separately reacting an isolated and purified compound.
  • compounds and all different forms thereof may be in the solvent addition form, for example, solvates.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent in physical association the compound or salt thereof.
  • the solvent may be, for example, and without limitation, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.
  • hydrates are formed when the solvent is water or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is an alcohol.
  • compounds and all different forms thereof may include crystalline and amorphous forms, for example, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, conformational polymorphs, amorphous forms, or a combination thereof.
  • Polymorphs include different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and/or solubility. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various factors including recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
  • compounds and all different forms thereof include isomers such as geometrical isomers, optical isomers based on asymmetric carbon, stereoisomers, tautomers, individual enantiomers, individual diastereomers, racemates, diastereomeric mixtures and combinations thereof, and are not limited by the description of the formula illustrated for the sake of convenience.
  • compositions as described herein may comprise a salt of such a compound, preferably a pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable salt.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations will typically comprise one or more carriers, excipients or diluents acceptable for the mode of administration of the preparation, be it by injection, inhalation, topical administration, lavage, or other modes suitable for the selected treatment. Suitable carriers, excipients or diluents (used interchangeably herein) are those known in the art for use in such modes of administration.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated by means known in the art and their mode of administration and dose determined by the skilled practitioner.
  • a compound may be dissolved in sterile water or saline or a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle used for administration of non-water soluble compounds such as those used for vitamin K.
  • the compound may be administered in a tablet, capsule or dissolved in liquid form.
  • the tablet or capsule may be enteric coated, or in a formulation for sustained release.
  • Many suitable formulations are known, including, polymeric or protein microparticles encapsulating a compound to be released, ointments, pastes, gels, hydrogels, or solutions which can be used topically or locally to administer a compound.
  • a sustained release patch or implant may be employed to provide release over a prolonged period of time.
  • Many techniques known to one of skill in the art are described in Remington: the Science & Practice of Pharmacy by Alfonso Gennaro, 20 th ed., Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, (2000).
  • Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated naphthalenes.
  • Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds.
  • Formulations for inhalation may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel.
  • Compounds or pharmaceutical compositions as described herein or for use as described herein may be administered by means of a medical device or appliance such as an implant, graft, prosthesis, stent, etc.
  • a medical device or appliance such as an implant, graft, prosthesis, stent, etc.
  • implants may be devised which are intended to contain and release such compounds or compositions.
  • An example would be an implant made of a polymeric material adapted to release the compound over a period of time.
  • an “effective amount” of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein includes a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result, such as reduced tumor size, increased life span or increased life expectancy.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the subject, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the subject. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the compound are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result, such as smaller tumors, increased life span, increased life expectancy or prevention of the progression of prostate cancer to an androgen-independent form.
  • a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, so that a prophylactically effective amount may be less than a therapeutically effective amount.
  • dosage values may vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated.
  • specific dosage regimens may be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
  • Dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and do not limit the dosage ranges that may be selected by medical practitioners.
  • the amount of active compound(s) in the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the subject. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It may be advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • compounds and all different forms thereof as described herein may be used, for example, and without limitation, in combination with other treatment methods for at least one indication selected from the group consisting of: inflammatory bowel diseases (including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, periodontal diseases, asthma and LPS-induced endothelial cell hyperpermeability.
  • inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, periodontal diseases, asthma and LPS-induced endothelial cell hyperpermeability.
  • Toxicity of the compounds as described herein can be determined using standard techniques, for example, by testing in cell cultures or experimental animals and determining the therapeutic index, i.e., the ratio between the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the LD100 (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). In some circumstances however, such as in severe disease conditions, it may be appropriate to administer substantial excesses of the compositions. Some compounds as described herein may be toxic at some concentrations. Titration studies may be used to determine toxic and non-toxic concentrations. Toxicity may be evaluated by examining a particular compound's or composition's specificity across cell lines Animal studies may be used to provide an indication if the compound has any effects on other tissues.
  • a “subject” may be a human, non-human primate, rat, mouse, cow, horse, pig, sheep, goat, dog, cat, etc.
  • the subject may be suspected of having or at risk for having a disease associated with MAO-B.
  • the disease may be an epithelial or endothelial disease.
  • the disease may be selected from inflammatory bowel diseases (including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), periodontal diseases, asthma and LPS-induced endothelial cell hyperpermeability.
  • Synthesized MAO B compounds are analyzed using a three step screen. (1) a cell free assay is used to determine enzyme activity and selectivity; (2) compounds move to a bank of cell culture assays to examine viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis; (3) compounds then move to a second bank of cell culture based assays to examine positive barrier protection effects and lack of penetration across a cell culture based blood brain barrier model.
  • MAO B specific inhibitory activity and selectivity over MAO A is assayed using a commercial kit [Fluoro MAO A and B detection kit (Cell Technology IncTM)].
  • This kit uses a non-fluorescent detection reagent to measure H 2 O 2 released from the conversion of an MAO A and MAO B substrate specific to its aldehyde. Furthermore, H 2 O 2 oxidizes the detection reagent in a 1:1 stoichiometry to produce a fluorescent product (resorufin).
  • MAO B and A activity is screened for in relation to deprenyl. This information is then provided to the medicinal chemists to help direct synthesis of subsequent iterations.
  • Inhibitors identified in the cell free enzyme activity screen are tested for toxicity using the ApoTox-GloTM Triplex Assay (PromegaTM).
  • Madine Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK-I) cells and CaCo 2 intestinal epithelial cells (model for GI tissues) are screened using this assay. Briefly 20,000 cells are plated into 96-well plates and treated with deprenyl or novel MAO B inhibitors ⁇ LPS or H2O2, and cell viability (400Ex/505Em) and cytotoxicity (485Ex/520Em) assayed following the manufacturers' protocols.
  • Caspase-3 and -7 activity are then detected by the addition of Caspase-Glo 3/7. Deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors are tested over a wide concentration and time range.
  • Transepithelial Resistance is a common method to screen for barrier integrity. Equal micromolar concentrations of control, deprenyl (positive control), and novel MAO B inhibitors ⁇ LPS are added and TER is assayed over 6 days. For select compounds barrier integrity and protection is also measured using tracer studies because TER accuracy in examining TJ integrity has recently come into question (Van Itallie et al., 2008). Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated 10 kD dextran (InvitrogenTM) will be added to the apical TranswellTM compartment, fixed, and examined for dextran permeation (Umeda et al., 2006). We expect control and deprenyl-treated cells with an intact barrier to maintain the tracer at the apical membrane region, whereas the breached monolayers will show tracer permeation between the cells.
  • Novel MAO B inhibitors selected based on the above screening program will be screened using an in vitro model of blood brain barrier (BBB).
  • BBB blood brain barrier
  • MDCK-WT Madin-Darby canine kidney
  • MDCK-MDR1 human MDR1 gene
  • BBB blood brain barrier
  • the MDCK-MDR1 cells are especially useful, as it is transfected with MDR1, the gene that codes for human P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a major efflux transporter that prevents toxic materials, including therapeutic compounds, from going into the brain.
  • P-gp human P-glycoprotein
  • Apparent permeability P app
  • Efflux ratio P app B-A /P app A-B
  • Net flux ratio Efflux ratio MDCK-MDR1 /Efflux ratio MDCK-WT
  • Compound 2 was obtained as an off-white solid (19.0 g, 99% yield) from commercial L-tyrosine 1 following a procedure described by Sanda, F. et al. in Polymer, 2010, 51, 2255-2263.
  • Compound 3 was obtained from 2 as a white solid (16.4 g, quantitative yield) according to a procedure described by Boyle T. P. et al. in US patent 2006074501/2006.
  • compound V was obtained from 21V (100 mg, 0.24 mmol), as a white powder (82 mg, 86% yield) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • compound W was obtained from 21W (100 mg, 0.22 mmol), as a yellow solid (72 mg, 75% yield) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • compound X was obtained from 23 as a white powder (120 mg, 66% yield) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • compound X was obtained from 24 (84 mg, 0.21 mmol) as a yellow solid (24 mg, 30% yield) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • compound Z was obtained from 25 (74 mg, 0.18 mmol) as a white solid (54 mg, 77%) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • compound AA was obtained from 27 (162 mg, 0.44 mmol) as a white solid (120 mg, 66%) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • the homologated ester 29 was obtained from 28 in three steps.
  • Second step (diazoketone formation): The previous acyl chloride crude (1.60 g, 4.62 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (20 mL) under N2 atmosphere. The solution was cooled down to ⁇ 10° C. and a 2M solution of TMSD in Et2O (5.2 mL, 10.4 mmol) was added dropwise followed by Et3N (1.44 mL, 10.4 mmol). The solution was stirred from ⁇ 10° C. to rt for 20 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed successively with a saturated NaHCO3 solution and a saturated NH4Cl solution. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product can be engaged directly in the next step without further purification.
  • the ester 29 (200 mg, 0.57 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (3 mL). LiAlH4 (129 mg, 3.39 mmol) was added in few portions at 0° C. Then the mixture was heated at reflux overnight. Once the reaction was complete, the mixture was quenched by a sequential addition of water, 10% solution of NaOH, and water again. After one hour of stirring at 0° C. the white suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite and rinsed with DCM. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography (DCM to DCM/MeOH 94/6) affording a colorless oil which solidified upon standing (82 mg; 51%).
  • compound AC was obtained from 31 (30 mg, 0.08 mmol) as a white solid (12 mg, 42%) after C-18 reverse phase chromatography (H 2 O/MeOH, 90:10 to 30:70).
  • compound AD was obtained from corresponding tert-butylester 34 (75 mg, 0.18 mmol) as a dark beige powder (46 mg, 64% yield) after trituration in DCM.
  • the ability of deprenyl to cross the BBB is related to its lipophilic character/polar surface area.
  • the inventors set out to design polar deprenyl analogues with reduced ability to penetrate the BBB, but which maintain selective affinity for MAO-B.
  • TABLE 2 shows in silico calculations of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability for deprenyl analogues.
  • Box A corresponds to analogues modified in zone 1 ( FIG. 7 ).
  • Boxes B and C correspond to analogues modified in zones 1 and 2.
  • Box D illustrates the evolution of deprenyl toward the coumarin system (compound 11).
  • Box D corresponds to analogues modified in zone 3.
  • determining whether the CO 2 H modification in zone 1 is optimal by evaluating it relative to other polar motifs as alternatives to the acetylene function in deprenyl. Included are polar heterocycle motifs, such as N-hydroxypyrazole (Entry (9a,b; TABLE 2), which can potentially interact with both the FAD co-factor and the multiple aromatic residues that line the substrate cavity. The arrangement of these residues (Tyr60, 188, 398, 435, Phe343 and Trp388) in the substrate pocket (not shown) for the coumarin type MAO-B inhibitors.
  • the binding/active site in MAO-B is divided into two distinct cavities (not shown): a “substrate” cavity close to the FAD co-factor, and an “entrance” cavity (or I 2 -binding site) that connects to the enzyme surface. These two binding pockets are separated by two “gate” residues (Ile199, Tyr326), which form a constriction point.
  • MAO inhibitors are known that bind in either of these sites (cf. 2-BFI and rasagiline/deprenyl), or simultaneous in both (coumarin-based inhibitors and safinamide; not shown).
  • MAO-B potency/selectivity will be determined by the overall structure of the molecule i.e. by the nature of the zone1/zone3 modifications in combination with the envisaged modifications to the phenyl ring (zone 2).
  • FIG. 9 shows the selective inhibition of MAO-A by clorgyline and selective inhibition of MAO-B by deprenyl. These results demonstrate the suitability of the assay for identification of selective MAO-B inhibitors.
  • FIGS. 10A-B show the selective inhibition of MAO-B by a series of compounds of the present invention. Furthermore, TABLE 3 shows the MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitory activity for the series of compounds tested. These results show that the modification in Zone 1 is functional and that substitution of the benzyloxy group (RG0031A compared to RG0103 and RG0121) in Zone 2 can increase both the inhibitory activity and selectivity towards MAO-B. This may be combined with modifications in Zone 3, as the results obtained for RG0098, RG0122 and RG0123 showed that this zone can be subjected to modifications without knocking out the inhibitory activity.
  • Example 3 Selective MAO-B Inhibitors with Reduced Ability to Cross BBB are Useful as Therapeutics for Treatment of Disease
  • the identification of selective MAO-B inhibitors with reduced ability to cross the BBB is accomplished by testing candidate compounds, such as those described in Examples 1 and 2, in a BBB permeability assay. Compounds with reduced ability to cross the BBB are then tested for their ability to improve epithelial barrier, for instance using an MDCK-1 in vitro cell model. Such compounds are then tested for their in vivo ability to ameliorate disease.
  • Test compounds that meet the criteria for selectivity and functional activity are then tested in single-dose pharmacokinetic studies using deprenyl as a negative control. Pharmacokinetic constants are calculated based on three mice per time-point and six time-points in total.
  • Compounds are administered via IV injection and concentrations of compounds in plasma and brain determined using bioanalytical methods. Bioanalytical analysis is carried out first in plasma and brain, and potentially in target tissues of interest such as the gut. The efficacy of deprenyl and the de novo analog leads is assessed in a proof of concept efficacy study for their ability to ameliorate disease using up to 3 different doses of compound, routes, or schedules and compared to vehicle treated animals.
  • Primary measures include daily body weight and daily assessment of relevant clinical observations. This demonstrates efficacy for an MAOB inhibitor following oral dosing in a murine model of disease where loss of epithelial barrier integrity is a critical parameter of the disease.
  • Example 4 MAO-B Inhibitors as Therapeutics for Treatment of Epithelial Barrier Disease
  • Ekuni et al. identified that gene expression of MAO B, a pro-oxidative enzyme, was increased almost six-fold in periodontal epithelial cells in an in vivo rat model of chronic periodontitis (Ekuni et al 2009). Earlier studies have also reported an increase in MAOs in biopsies of inflamed periodontal tissues but neither the isotype nor location were described (Satyanarayana et al 1990). In cell culture studies, Putnins et al. has demonstrated that LPS significantly induces MAO B but not MAO A protein expression (Ekuni et al 2009).
  • MDCK-I cells cultured on TranswellTM membranes develop a significant barrier as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); treatment with H 2 O 2 significantly reduced TEER in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly increased AR protein secretion into the media.
  • Amphiregulin (AR) is an EGFR binding ligand and may play a pivotal role in the previously described signaling axis (see FIGS. 15-17 ). Putnins et al. have demonstrated that co-treatment with the MAO B inhibitor deprenyl negated the H 2 O 2 effect, increased TEER significantly above the control, and at all three time points reduced AR secretion to control levels or below.
  • Deprenyl co-treatment also rescues LPS reduction of TEER in three barrier cell lines: (i) oral [porcine ligament epithelial (PLE)] (ii) GI [intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)] and (iii) classical [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK-1)].
  • MAO A, B, and AB inhibitors have also examined the effect of MAO A, B, and AB inhibitors on TEER and AR secretion.
  • the MAO A/B inhibitor (phenelzine) and MAO B inhibitors (deprenyl and pargyline) increased TEER and reduced AR expression but the MAO A inhibitors (moclobemide and clorgyline) generally reduced TEER, induced barrier loss, and increased AR protein secretion.
  • moclobemide treatment resulted in a small increase in the barrier integrity and a reduction in AR was observed, possibly reflecting weak MAO B activity (Willliams 2008; Nair et al 1993).
  • the MAO A/B inhibitor (phenelzine) was also effective; however, the lack of activity of the MAO A selective inhibitors suggests that it is the MAO B inhibition that is responsible for the beneficial effects. Furthermore, the MAO A inhibitory activity limits its potential use because of the severe side-effects associated with MAO A inhibition, e.g. hypertensive crisis.
  • Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory response in the oral mucosa to a primarily LPS-rich Gram-negative bacterial biofilm that is present on teeth.
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis a Gram-negative periodontal pathogen, significantly reduced TEER (Groeger et al 2010).
  • TEER a Gram-negative periodontal pathogen
  • Using an in vivo rat periodontal disease model that demonstrates epithelial proliferation and alveolar bone loss that is consistent with disease Putnins et al. discovered that claudin-1 was significantly reduced with disease onset, and, in cell culture, chronic LPS treatment reduced TEER and claudin-1 protein expression (Fujita et al 2012).
  • FIG. 11 shows a comparison of in vitro BBB permeability of deprenyl, cetirizine and de novo synthesized MAO-B inhibitors in wildtype Madin-Darby canine cells (MDCK-WT) to test CNS permeability of compounds PS-RG0103, PS-RG0216, PS-RG0245 and PS-AD0191.
  • Known CNS permeable and impermeable compounds, deprenyl and cetirizine, respectively, were also tested for comparison.
  • Deprenyl shows high permeability with a calculated apparent permeability (P app ) of 44.0 ⁇ 2.5 ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm/s).
  • Cetirizine an H1-antagonist anti-histamine with low sedative effects due to its diminished potential to cross the blood brain barrier 1 , has a low P app value of 1.7 ⁇ 1.3 ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm/s).
  • PS-RG0103, PS-RG0216, PS-RG0245 and PS-AD0191 our de novo synthesized MAO-B inhibitors, also have low P app values of 2.2 ⁇ 0.2, 1.2 ⁇ 0.1, 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 and 7.9 ⁇ 1.4 ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 cm/s), respectively.
  • FIGS. 12A-C show stability assay in mouse and human liver microsomes was run on compounds deprenyl, PS-RG0103 and PS-RG0216.
  • FIG. 13 shows mouse hepatocyte stability assay was performed on compounds deprenyl, PS-RG0103 and PS-RG0216.
  • Deprenyl a known MAO-B inhibitor
  • Compounds PS-RG0103 and PS-RG0216 showed stability at 101% and 100%, respectively.
  • FIG. 14 shows MAO B protein expression preferentially induced in disease sites from patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Punch biopsies were taken from a diseased site and an adjacent non-diseased (control) site of the bowel in patients with ulcerative colitis. The biopsies were flash frozen and embedded in O.C.T. compound in a cryo-mold using a pre-cooled isopentane/liquid nitrogen bath.
  • UC Ulcerative Colitis
  • FIGS. 15A-C show deprenyl reduces LPS-induced barrier loss in three epithelial cell lines.
  • PLE, IEC-6, and MDCK were challenged at 72 hours (T) with LPS (L) ⁇ deprenyl.
  • MDCK-I cultures were treated with a concentration range of LPS and 40 ⁇ M deprenyl. In each case, TEER was measured every 48 hours after treatment. Statistically significant differences were identified.
  • LPS significantly reduced the barrier (TEER) (p ⁇ 0.01) [#s 2, 4, and 6] and LPS+deprenyl significantly induced TEER above control (CTL) (p ⁇ 0.01) [#s 1, 3, and 5].
  • FIG. 16 shows MAO A/B, MAO B and MAO A class inhibitors uniquely impact MDCK-I cell TEER.
  • Transwell cultures were treated at 72 hours (T) post-cell plating.
  • Analysis of 144-hour barrier (TEER) using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc testing found a significant decrease ER with LPS (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • TEER was increased over control (CTL) (p ⁇ 0.01) for 5 and 40 ⁇ m phenelzine, 5 and 40 ⁇ m deprenyl and pargyline, and 5 ⁇ m moclobemide.
  • CTL control
  • 5 and 40 ⁇ m clorgyline significantly reduced the barrier (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • FIG. 17 shows the effect of deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in MDCK (NBL-2) cells.
  • MDCK (NBL-2) cells were seeded at 42000 cells/cm 2 on 24-well Polyester Transwell inserts in MEM ⁇ medium (#12561-056, GibcoTM) containing 10% FBS.
  • TEER was measured using a Millicell® ERS-2 voltohmmeter (MilliporeTM) starting on day 2 after seeding, followed by a change of media.
  • TEER was measured and cells were treated with 10 ⁇ M deprenyl, RG0103, RG0216, RG0245 or vehicle (H 2 O) control in complete media (arrow).
  • H 2 O vehicle
  • FIG. 18 shows the effect of deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cells.
  • TEER transepithelial electrical resistance
  • FIG. 19 shows attenuation of IL-8 protein expression in LPS- and TNF ⁇ -treated human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) by deprenyl and RG0216.
  • the left panel shows absolute concentrations of IL-8 protein in supernatants of cells treated with control (media only), 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS or 50 ng/mL TNF ⁇ . While the right panel shows absolute IL-8 concentrations induced or attenuated by 1 ⁇ g/mL LPS or 50 ng/mL TNF ⁇ deprenyl or RG0216. Values were determined by subtracting supernatant cytokine concentrations of control from supernatant cytokine concentrations of treated cells.
  • FIGS. 20A-F show attenuation of IL-8 (A & B), (C & D) and TNF ⁇ protein expression in LPS-treated human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) by deprenyl and novel MAO B inhibitors.
  • the left panel shows absolute concentrations of IL-8, IL-6 and TNF ⁇ protein in supernatants of cells treated with control (media only) or increasing concentrations of LPS.
  • the right panel shows absolute IL-8, IL-6 or TNF ⁇ concentrations induced or attenuated by 1000 ng/mL LPS ⁇ the novel MAO B inhibitors. Values were determined by subtracting supernatant cytokine concentrations of control from supernatant cytokine concentrations of treated cells.
  • FIGS. 21A and B show a 3% DSS induced colitis and protects epithelial cell-cell claudin-3 localization.
  • Control, deprenyl ⁇ DSS treated C57BL/6 mice were treated with 3% DSS in the drinking water and animals sacrificed on day 7.
  • A In DSS-treated mice the gross colon images were associated with looser stool and H&E stained sections demonstrated deeper crypts and disorganized epithelium.
  • B Control mice demonstrate classical claudin-3 localization that is severely disrupted in DSS-treated animals. In contrast, claudin-3 was better localized to epithelial cell-cell contacts in DSS+deprenyl-treated animals.
  • FIGS. 22A and B show the effect of deprenyl on DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice.
  • Daily body weight was measured and calculated by dividing body weight on the specific day by the body weight at day ⁇ 2. Values are expressed as percent change from day ⁇ 2 (B).

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US20160207878A1 (en) 2016-07-21
CN105793234A (zh) 2016-07-20
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JP2019031495A (ja) 2019-02-28
EP3039009B1 (en) 2019-05-01
CN109574865A (zh) 2019-04-05
EP3039009A1 (en) 2016-07-06
WO2015027324A1 (en) 2015-03-05
EP3039009A4 (en) 2017-03-29
AU2014311221A1 (en) 2016-04-21
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CN105793234B (zh) 2018-10-12
CA2922190A1 (en) 2015-03-05

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