TWI713924B - 自未成熟柑橘類水果果實製備高含量辛內弗林素萃取物,其方法及其應用 - Google Patents
自未成熟柑橘類水果果實製備高含量辛內弗林素萃取物,其方法及其應用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種從未成熟柑橘類水果果實分離、純化含有高含量辛內弗林素之萃取物及其製備方法。根據本發明所製得之高含量辛內弗林素萃取物可取代麻黃鹼,應用於與其他複方材料混合製備用於體重控制及降血脂保健品之補充劑。
Description
本發明係關於一種自柑橘類水果萃取辛內弗林素的方法。更特別地,本發明係關於一種從未成熟柑橘類水果果實或果皮分離、純化高含量辛內弗林素萃取物的方法。
近幾年,國人生活水準提高且飲食受到西方國家影響,飲食習慣逐漸改變為高油、高糖、高熱量及精緻化型態,然而上述之食品間接導致血液中低密度脂蛋白(LDL)濃度過高或高密度脂蛋白(HDL)濃度過低,導致動脈粥狀硬化及胰島素阻抗,容易使血糖及血脂異常會增加氧化壓力,其與自由基及脂肪過氧化作用具有密切相關性,而造成血管疾病及第二型糖尿病等疾病罹患率提高,根據105年衛生福利部統計,國人十大死因中,心臟疾病、腦血管疾病及糖尿病分別佔第二位、第四位及第五位,三者皆由多項因子交互作用所導致,但肥胖卻是導致疾病之最主要原因。因此,國人對於健康意識逐漸抬頭且預防醫學觀念普及下,天然抗氧化物及藥用植物之利用正日益受到重視。
辛內弗林素(ρ-synephrine)為21世紀天然興奮劑,已知可用於醫藥、食品及飲料等保健食品。補充劑方面,有75%產品是以辛內弗林素及其他興奮劑(如咖啡因、綠茶及可可)混合成補充劑。辛內弗林素除了具有升壓、抗休克、提高新陳代謝及提高基本代謝外,近幾年的研究以減肥最具有代表性,因其可促進交感神經活性,增加產熱及刺激脂肪分解而達到脂肪的氧化。上述的機制推測為辛內弗林素可作用於β1-、β2-、β3-及α-腎上腺素受體,使脂肪快速氧化。
柑橘類水果為國際大宗水果作物之一,在台灣每年之年產量約47萬公噸,不論其果皮、落果果實或疏果果實,皆含
有許多活性物質,例如辛內弗林素、精油、植物固醇、檸檬苦素、酚酸及類黃酮等。其中辛內弗林素於近幾年已被證實其化學結構類似於麻黃鹼,兩者皆具有減肥效果,然而麻黃鹼的減肥功效有限且副作用過大(如,引發焦慮及高血壓等),已於2004年被美國FDA禁止使用於膳食補充品內。
已知,酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.,又名苦橙)的果實含有主要活性成分辛內弗林素,其萃取物已廣泛用於抑制食慾及膳食補充劑,而酸橙水果則用於各種果汁和食品中。已有許多研究指出,酸橙水果萃取物為安全的保健食品添加劑(M.D.Arbo等人,Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46,2770-2775,2008;Marcelo Dutra Arbo等人,Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 54,114-117,2009;N.S.Deshmukh等人,Toxicology Reports. 4,598-613,2017)。
柑橘水果之果皮、落果果實及疏果果實通常被作為廢棄物丟棄或肥料處理,很少有其他用途。柑橘類水果於幼果期有兩種情形發生生理性落果,第一為授粉不完全,導致胚株發育或營養不良;第二則是由早熟胚株中內源性荷爾蒙所引起。另外,當柑橘水果之結果量過多時,農民會進行疏果,將晚花果實適度摘除,以減輕植株過度負擔。然而,落果及疏果之未成熟果實數量相當龐大,僅有少量被使用在傳統醫藥上,大多則作為肥料或農業廢棄物燒毀。
本發明遂首先嘗試利用未成熟之柑橘類水果果皮、落果果實及疏果果實為原料,研發有效萃取其中辛內弗林素的方法,進而將含高含量辛內弗林素之萃取物用於研發保健食品或複方食品,不僅可達到減少廢棄物汙染環境之目的,更能夠增加未成熟柑橘類水果果皮、落果果實及疏果果實之經濟價值。
本發明基於以上之目的發現,柑橘水果中之辛內弗林素含量會隨著成熟月份而變化,而且其含量與柑橘水果的成
熟度及果實直徑成反比。
於是,本發明之一方面係關於,一種從未成熟柑橘類水果果實部分製備高含量辛內弗林素萃取物的方法,所述之方法包含:取乾燥之未成熟柑橘類果實或其果皮;以甲醇進行超音波萃取20分鐘-2小時;將經過離心且過濾後之殘渣再重複上述萃取步驟2次;合併萃取液;以及將合併之萃取液進行濃縮以去除溶劑,而獲得富含辛內弗林素之萃取液。
於本發明之一些具體實施態樣,所述之未成熟柑橘類水果果實包括幼果期果實、落果果實及疏果果實。於本發明之一項具體實施態樣,所述之未成熟柑橘類水果果實部分為幼果期柑橘類水果果實之外果皮。於本發明之另一項具體實施態樣,所述之乾燥之未成熟柑橘類水果果實或其果皮係先經過磨碎。
於本發明之其他具體實施態樣,所述之超音波萃取係於4-25℃下進行。於本發明之其他具體實施態樣,所述之甲醇萃取溶劑係以相對於乾燥果實重量之比例為約1:5至1:10(較佳為約1:8g/ml)的量加入。
本發明之另一方面,係關於一種根據本發明方法所製得之高含量辛內弗林素萃取物。於本發明之一些具體實施態樣,所述之高含量辛內弗林素萃取物係得自幼果期柑橘類水果果實之外果皮。
本發明之又一方面,係關於一種用於體重控制之保健補充劑,其特徵在於包含根據本發明方法所製得之高含量辛內弗林素萃取物。
圖1係顯示利用超音波法及不同溶劑(甲醇(100%)、乙醇(95%)及水)萃取無籽檸檬果皮所得之收率,收率(%)=濃縮後之萃取物重/果皮重*100%。
圖2係顯示利用攪拌法及不同溶劑(甲醇(100%)、乙醇(95%)
及水)萃取無籽檸檬果皮所得之收率,收率(%)=濃縮後之萃取物重/果皮重*100%。
圖3係顯示利用微波法及不同溶劑(甲醇(100%)、乙醇(95%)及水)萃取無籽檸檬果皮所得之收率,收率(%)=濃縮後之萃取物重/果皮重*100%。
圖4係辛內弗林素標準品與文旦柚果皮濃縮萃取液之HPLC圖譜。其中a代表辛內弗林素標準品,b及c為不同批次文旦柚果皮濃縮萃取液之HPLC圖譜。
圖5係顯示利用超音波法、攪拌法微波法及甲醇溶劑,從幼果期、壯果期及成熟期之無籽檸檬果皮製得之濃縮萃取液中的辛內弗林素含量。
於本說明書中所稱的“柑橘類水果”包括柳橙、橘子、柚子、葡萄柚、金橘、檸檬等品種。
植物之果實對於種子有保護功能,並在種子成熟後,能幫助種子的傳播。柑橘類果實的外果皮由外表皮層、具油腺和含結晶體的薄壁組織細胞所組成;中果皮則含有大量薄壁組織細胞,其間的維管組織呈網狀分布,果實成熟後即為橘絡。在正常氣候條件下,可藉由果皮顏色的變化表明果實的成熟發育過程和進度。例如,大部分甜橙、寬皮柑桔中的晚熟品種退綠轉黃至2/3即認為已達八成成熟度。於本說明書中所稱的“未成熟柑橘類果實”,係指未達成熟度標準之果實,較佳是幼果期柑橘類水果果實。
本發明之其他特色及優點將於下列實施範例中被進一步舉例與說明,而該實施範例僅作為輔助說明,並非用於限制本發明之範圍。
本實例係利用超音波、攪拌、微波及不同溶劑(甲醇、乙醇及水)萃取無籽檸檬果皮,獲取萃取物,並計算所得之收率(收率(%)=濃縮後之萃取物重/果皮*100%),可了解100g果皮可萃取多少萃取物,再進一步分析及換算萃取物中的辛內弗林素含量,以建立最佳溶劑萃取辛內弗林素之條件。
超音波萃取法係參考(Shiming Li等人,2006,Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.54(12),4176-4185)之方法,取1g乾燥後之無籽檸檬粉末,分別添加8mL甲醇(100%)、乙醇(95%)及水溶液,以超音波振盪20分鐘-2小時(萃取溫度:28℃),離心,將殘渣再加入上述溶劑萃取,再以NO.1濾紙過濾,合併兩次濾液至濃縮瓶中,將溫度控制於40℃進行減壓濃縮,定量至10mL,取1mL以0.22μm過濾膜進行過濾。
攪拌萃取法是取1g乾燥後之無籽檸檬粉末,分別添加8mL甲醇(100%)、乙醇(95%)及水溶液於三角瓶中,以攪拌器進行20分鐘-2小時攪拌(萃取溫度:28℃),離心,將殘渣再加入上述溶劑萃取,再以NO.1濾紙過濾,合併兩次濾液至濃縮瓶中,將溫度控制於40℃進行減壓濃縮,定量至10mL,取1mL以0.22μm過濾膜進行過濾。
微波萃取法則係參考(Inoue等人,2010,Food Chemistry,123:542-547)所述,取1g乾燥後之無籽檸檬粉末,分別添加8mL甲醇(100%)、乙醇(95%)及水溶液於三角瓶中,放置於封閉系統微波輔助提取機中,根據溶劑之沸點設定溫度與時間之條件,如水溶劑條件為30℃上升至100℃(18分鐘)並維持30分鐘;乙醇溶劑條件為30℃上升至78℃(15分鐘),並維持30分鐘;甲醇溶劑條件為30℃上升至64℃(12分鐘),並維持30分鐘,離心,將殘渣再加入上述溶劑萃取,再以NO.1濾紙過濾,合併兩次濾液至濃縮瓶中,將溫度控制於40℃進行減壓濃縮,定量至10mL,取1mL以0.22μm過濾膜進行過濾。由圖1、2與3之結果顯示,利用甲醇為溶劑進行萃取,在超音波法、攪拌法及微波法中,皆可獲得明顯較以乙醇及水為萃取溶劑高之萃取率。
因此,作為本發明之較佳實施例,取未成熟之柑橘水果進行乾燥(乾燥條件:以50℃熱風乾燥機進行乾燥至水分含量10%以下)後,以甲醇(果實重量與甲醇之比例為約1:8g/ml)進行超音波、攪拌或微波萃取。然後,將萃取混合物以3000rpm離心15分鐘,並且過濾。所得之殘渣再重複上述甲醇超音波萃取步驟2次。合併各別步驟所得之萃取液,並進行濃縮(濃縮條件:以濃縮乾燥機,溫度60℃進行濃縮至無溶劑),去除溶劑,而獲得濃縮萃取液。(參考Li等人(2006)之方法,可萃取出辛內弗林素、酚酸化合物及類黃酮)。
本實例係例舉以HPLC分析法,測定將濃縮萃取液中的辛內弗林素之含量。首先將不同濃度之辛內弗林素標準品以HPLC分析,依照濃度與面積繪製出標準曲線,藉以計算樣品中辛內弗林素之含量。HPLC儀器與分析用層析管柱條件如下:儀器規格:HITACHI Pump L-2130;偵測器:HITACHI UV Detector L-2400;分析軟體:HITACHI Model D-2000 Elite Chromatography Data Station Software;分離管柱:RP-18GP250(250×4.6mm,Mightysil,Kanto Chem Co.,Inc.);移動相:A. 10%甲醇溶液,並添加0.05%甲酸,B. 100%甲醇溶液,並添加0.05%甲酸;流速設定:1.0mL/min;樣品注入量:10μL;UV光波長:280nm;移動相梯度:
辛內弗林素標準品與文旦柚果皮之HPLC分析結果如圖2所示。結果顯示,以辛內弗林素標準品與文旦柚果皮作對照,證明文旦柚果皮亦含有辛內弗林素化合物,也可確認文旦柚果皮中辛內弗林素時間位置,以利後續收集辛內弗林素之溶液,進行純化。
以實施例一所述之甲醇超音波萃取方法,分別從幼果期、壯果期及成熟期之文旦柚、柳丁、椪柑及無籽檸檬果實製得濃縮萃取液,並利用HPLC分析及計算其中的辛內弗林素含量。結果參見下表1。
由表1顯示,文旦、柳丁、椪柑及無籽檸檬於幼果期的辛內弗林素含量,明顯高於壯果期及成熟期。幼果期之果實內部各部位組織的細胞正進行旺盛的細胞分裂,其中以果皮增厚速度最快。而於壯果期及成熟期之果實中,汁胞長成定型且汁液迅速增加,使果實重量明顯增加且果實顏色因葉綠素分解、類胡
蘿蔔素、花青素、桔紅素累積,而開始轉色,香氣也隨著成熟度增加而提升。因此,柑橘類水果辛內弗林素含量是根據成熟月份而變化,顯示其含量與水果直徑成反比,因此若希望得到含較高量的辛內弗林萃取液,就必需以低成熟度的幼果期果實為原料。
以實施例一所述之超音波、攪拌及微波萃取方法,及以甲醇為萃取溶劑,分別從幼果期、壯果期及成熟期之無籽檸檬果皮製得濃縮萃取液,並利用實施例二所述之HPLC分析及計算其中的辛內弗林素含量。結果參見圖4及5,顯示以攪拌法萃取,所得之濃縮萃取液中的辛內弗林素含量,係高於以微波萃取法及超音波萃取法所得的。
本實例係以根據實施例一所述方法,從文旦柚、無籽檸檬幼果期果皮製得高含量辛內弗林素之萃取液及精油,測試其對於大鼠高脂膳食所誘發的體重增加及高血脂症之影響。
實驗動物(高脂膳食鼠)之來源及飼養、投藥及採樣
以樂斯科生物科技之6週齡雄性Wistar rat作為體重、血脂、體脂調節試驗動物,並購入76隻Wistar rat。購入第一天進行體重分組,體重分配至每組平均值標準差無統計上差異(p<0.05),經過1週的適應時間後,第2週一樣依體重來進行分組,除控制組12隻之外,其餘組別共8隻,共分成9組。將大鼠飼養於不銹鋼籠中,並將動物房溫度設定為22±2℃,相對溼度為40-60%,以自動定時器控制光照時間,早上8:00到晚上8:00為光照時間(light period),晚上8:00到早上8:00為黑暗時間(dark period),飼料及飲水均採自由進食。實驗期間需每天記錄攝食量及飲水量,每週體重測量2次,每2週眼窩採血1次,將血漿以4℃(1500rpm)離心20min,取出血清測定TG、TC、HDL及LDL之變化,並在飼養12週之後進行犧牲,而犧牲前1個禮拜各組別平均
收集3天糞便,大鼠犧牲前需禁食12h,再以isoflurane進行昏迷、犧牲。犧牲前,先採集眼窩血液及秤重,之後犧牲時採集腹腔大動脈血液、臟器(包括:腎臟、肝臟)及內臟脂肪組織(包括:腎臟周圍脂肪、副睪脂肪)。血液以4℃(1500rpm)(KUBOTA-374)離心20min,收集血清,眼窩部分之血清檢測TG、TC、HDL及LDL之含量,腹腔大動脈血清送檢至彰化縣大華醫事檢驗中心檢測胰島素(insulin)、瘦體素(leptin),各組肝臟、內臟脂肪以PBS清洗乾淨後,取部分肝臟以液態氮迅速凍結,儲存在-80℃冰箱中以備肝臟TG、TC含量測定,而剩餘放入10%福馬林溶液以備後續檢驗。
高脂飲食飼料製備:
控制組(C:Control group)以AIN-76配方(AIN,1977)飼料供食;高油脂高膽固醇飲食組(HF:High fat)以AIN-76配方為基礎再另外10%豬油、5%玉米油及0.2%膽固醇之飼料供食;正控制組(Positive control)以AIN-76配方為基礎再另外10%豬油、5%玉米油、0.2%膽固醇及參考Arbo等人之p-synephrine(15mg/kg/B.W.)劑量之飼料供食(M.D.Arbo等人,Food and Chemical Toxicology.46,2770-2775,2008);文旦柚實驗組別以AIN-76配方為基礎再另外10%豬油、5%玉米油及0.2%膽固醇,再分別添加文旦柚無精油果皮粉末及精油,實驗組(不包括正控制組)區分為低劑量及高劑量組別,共計12週將配製好之飼料儲存於4-6℃冷藏櫃備用。
三酸甘油酯之測定:
本實驗測定血清中三酸甘油酯是以Randox kit進行分析(Cat.No.TR213)。取各組別血清樣品2μL於96孔盤中,於黑暗中加入200μL三酸甘油酯緩衝劑,混合均勻後,室溫環境下靜置10min,利用ELASA判讀儀測定其波長500nm之吸光值,並參考產品提供公式換算出樣品三酸甘油酯濃度。參考公式如下:三酸甘油酯(mg/dL)=(A樣品abs/A標準品abs)*標準品conc(148.6)
膽固醇之測定:
本實驗測定血清中總膽固醇是以Randox kit進行分析(Cat.No.CH201)。取各組別血清樣品2μL於96孔盤中,於黑暗
中加入200μL膽固醇試劑,混合均勻後,室溫環境下靜置10min,利用ELASA判讀儀測定其波長500nm之吸光值,並參考產品提供公式換算出樣品膽固醇濃度。參考公式如下:膽固醇(mg/dL)=(A樣品abs/A標準品abs)*標準品conc(110.6)
低密度脂蛋白之測定:
本實驗測定血清中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是以Randoxkit進行分析(Cat.No.KGLCH103)。取各組別血清樣品50μL,加入500μL LDL沉澱劑,混合均勻後,室溫環境下靜置10min,再以低溫離心機離心(1500rpm;15min),取上清液12.5μL,加入250μL膽固醇試劑,混合均勻後,室溫環境下靜置10min,利用ELASA判讀儀測定其波長500nm之吸光值,並參考產品提供公式換算出樣品低密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度。參考公式如下:LDL(mg/dL)=(A樣品abs/A標準品abs)*標準品conc(316.25)
胰島素與瘦體素之測定:
委託彰化縣大華醫事檢驗所檢驗。
動物配方:動物飼料配方參考Feng等(Li-Jun Feng,等人,Food Research International.44,404-409,2011請提供詳細之文獻資料)及AIN-76配方(參考Lien EL1,等人.Food Chem Toxicol.39(4):385-392,2001)。以下列舉之動物配方表,皆以文旦柚及無籽檸檬果皮萃取液中之辛內弗林素作為投藥標的物,並根據文獻所記載辛內弗林素之無毒性劑量,換算該兩種柑橘類水果果皮萃取液及精油添加至高脂飲食配方的所需含量。詳細之配方組成列於表2及表3。
於下表3中,C:給予正常飲食之對照組;HF:給予高油及高膽固醇飲食之高脂膳食組;synephrine:給予含有0.015%辛內弗林素之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;GPF-L:給予含有6.8%文旦柚果皮萃取液之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;GPF-H:給予含有20.4%文旦柚果皮萃取液之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;GPEO-L:給予含有0.04%文旦柚精油之高油及高膽固醇飲食
的低劑量處理組;GPEO-H:給予含有0.16%文旦柚精油之高油及高膽固醇飲食的高劑量處理組。
於下表4中,C:給予正常飲食之對照組;HF:給予高油及高膽固醇飲食之高脂膳食組;synephrine:給予含有0.00625%辛內弗林素之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;LEON:給予含有0.744%無籽檸檬精油之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;LEOH:給予含有2.232%無籽檸檬精油之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;LPN:給予含有24.2%無籽檸檬果皮萃取液之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組;LPH:給予含有72.6%無籽檸檬果皮萃取液之高油及高膽固醇飲食的處理組。
結果:
A、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂膳食大鼠之體重影響
結果顯示,給予文旦柚及檸檬飲食之大鼠,各組最初平均體重經統計分析後均無統計差異,經高脂高膽固醇實驗12週後,犧牲前測得各組最終體重可發現,文旦柚及檸檬飲食實驗之高油脂組平均體重分別增加440.8±0.08g及361.3±5.33g,顯著高於控制組、正控制組、果皮組及精油組。其中文旦柚飲食之辛內弗林素組與高油脂組相比,其體重降低93.6g;低劑量及高劑量果皮組之體重分別降低114.8g及113.9g;低劑量及高劑量精油組
之體重分別降低93g及119.2g。檸檬飲食之辛內弗林素組與高油脂組相比,其體重降低32g;低劑量及高劑量果皮組之體重分別降低305.8g及467.5g;低劑量及高劑量精油組之體重分別降低71.9g及171.9g。
而精油中主要化合物limonene可調節uncoupling protein-2(UCP-2)及抑制element-binding protein-1(SREBP-1)表現,兩者分別為脂肪酸氧化及三酸甘油脂合成重要因子,藉由limonene誘導而改善脂肪代謝。另外limonene可改善循環系統,排出二氧化碳及水分,讓淋巴系統循環而正常排出廢物。果皮中辛內弗林素、膳食纖維、類黃酮對於體重控制有相關性影響,其中辛內弗林素可刺激腎上腺素影響心血管系統作用,此作用可於人體中產熱而有助於減少身體脂肪,由上可知柑橘類果皮及其精油中活性成分可有效降低體重之增加。
B、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂膳食大鼠之三酸甘油脂(TG)含量影響
結果顯示,給予文旦柚及檸檬飲食之大鼠,各組最初平均三酸甘油脂經統計分析後均無統計差異,而文旦柚及檸檬之高脂飲食分別在第6及4週時高油脂組血清中三酸甘油脂含量為173.73mg/dL及114.53mg/dL最高,說明本實驗之高油脂組三酸甘油脂含量誘導成功。經過12週餵食文旦柚及檸檬飲食後,發
現高劑量精油組效果最佳,可能是精油最主要化合物limonene,其可防止小鼠血脂異常發生(Jing et al.,2013)。而文旦柚及檸檬果皮組則以低劑量最佳,可有效降低血清三酸甘油脂可能原因為nomilin化合物,餵食0.2%(w/w)nomilin可發現高脂飲食小鼠體重、血清葡萄糖及胰島素有顯著降低及提高葡萄糖耐受性,由上可知柑橘類果皮及其精油中活性成分可有效降低血清中三酸甘油脂之增加。
C、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂膳食大鼠之總膽固醇含量影響
由上表之數據顯示,給予文旦柚及檸檬飲食之大鼠,各組最初平均總膽固醇經統計分析後均無統計差異,而文旦柚及檸檬之高脂飲食分別在第6及4週時高油脂組血清中三酸甘油脂含量為75.53mg/dL及69.45mg/dL最高,說明本實驗之高油脂組總膽固醇含量誘導成功。經過12週餵食文旦柚及檸檬飲食後,發現辛內弗林素組、果皮組及精油組皆有效地抑制膽固醇生成。因已有文獻指出當HMG-CoA還原酶與ACAT活性受到抑制而導致LDL受體數目增加可有效抑制膽固醇生成及降低血清中LDL濃度(Nicolosi et al.,1997)。結論,柑橘類果皮及其精油中活性成分可有效降低血清中總膽固醇之增加。
D、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂飲食大鼠之低密度脂蛋白含量影響
由上表之數據顯示,給予文旦柚及檸檬飲食之大鼠,各組最初平均低密度脂蛋白經統計分析後均無統計差異。低密度脂蛋白含有大量膽固醇,而文旦柚及檸檬實驗之高脂飲食組,分別在第6及4週時血清中低密度脂蛋白含量為34.14mg/dL及39.2mg/dL最高,因此本實驗高油脂組之低密度脂蛋白高於其他組別。結果說明,果皮組及精油組皆有效降低LDL含量。文獻指出柑橘類黃酮與抗氧化強之化合物形成配方食品,能有效降低40%低密度脂蛋白含量,同時抑制膽固醇於肝臟中形成脂肪肝。其中果皮之超甲氧基類黃酮可降低高脂飲食倉鼠之血清極低密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白(Kurowska et al.,2004;Li et al.,2006)。
E、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂飲食大鼠之肝臟中三酸甘油脂及總膽固醇含量影響
有研究指出給予大於0%膽固醇飲食,可發現老鼠之肝臟及血漿膽固醇含量與添加量呈正向關係,並會降低β-氧化相關之creatine transferase I之活性,使脂肪酸代謝受到阻礙,導致三酸甘油脂持續生成,其需由極低密度脂蛋白送出肝臟,然而極低密度脂蛋白未增加情況下,使三酸甘油脂大量堆積於肝臟中形成脂肪肝(Fungwe et al.,1992;Liu et al.,1995)。由上表之數據顯示,文旦柚及檸檬飲食實驗之高油脂組肝臟中的TC、TG含量皆高達70mmol/L以上,與正常飲食之控制組的48.89-58.36、46.9556.95mmol/L有顯著的差異(p<0.05),這容易使肝細胞內有脂肪堆積,導致脂肪肝發生。在給予文旦柚飲食之實驗組中TC與高油脂組相比較部分,果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別下降44.59%、59.95%;精油組低劑量、高劑量分別為37.29%、46.78%。而檸檬飲食實驗組中TC與高油脂組相比較時,果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別下降42.55%、47.18%;精油組低劑量、高劑量分別下降22.30%、25.69%。
在文旦柚飲食之實驗組中TG與高油脂相比較時,果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別下降6.58%、29.18%;精油組低劑量、高劑量分別下降19.19%、26.63%。在檸檬飲食之實驗組中TG與高油脂相比較時,果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別下降36.26%、40.84%;精油組低劑量、高劑量分別下降23.14%、27.64%。其中兩種柑橘類水果皆以高劑量果皮組降低肝臟中總膽固醇及三酸甘油酯最為顯著,可能原因為naringin,quercetin,hesperitin或多酚化合物,因有文獻指出hesperitin藉由乳清酸之誘導,而限制肝臟中之三酸甘油脂及膽固醇含量提高(Cha et al.,2001)或拂手柑多酚可活化cAMP-regulated kinase(AMKP)而激活脂質體自噬(lipophagy),防止非酒精性脂肪肝。
F、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂飲食大鼠之糞便固醇含量影響
膽固醇之獲得有兩種途徑,一為人體自行合成,二從飲食中獲得。此外排泄方式也有兩種方式,一為肝臟中的膽固醇7α-水解酶,經過一連串反應後以膽酸方式排出體外,二為以中性固醇排出體外,其為未吸收或隨膽汁排出之膽固醇或植物固醇,藉由刺激膽固醇7α-水解酶,增加糞便內酸性固醇及中性固醇(Quintao et al.,1987)。由上表之數據顯示,糞便之中性固醇含量,文旦柚飲食實驗之高油脂組為7.15mg/g,而果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別為8.38及14.06mg/g;精油組低劑量、高劑量分別為8.87及10.98mg/g。檸檬飲食實驗之高油脂組為7.56mg/g,而果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別為7.61及11.56mg/g;精油組低劑量、高劑量分別為8.84及10.04mg/g。顯示果皮及精油可有效減少膽固醇之吸收並可促進脂質排泄,避免腸道吸收而導致脂肪堆積。這可能與膳食纖維有關,尤其是水溶性膳食纖維與膽固醇作用,可包覆膽酸,促進其排泄,防止膽酸於人體腸肝循環系統中再度被利用吸收。
G、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂飲食大鼠之胰島素與瘦體素含量影響
瘦體素為白色脂肪組織分泌之167個胺基酸胜肽,藉由下視丘中的瘦體素受體調節瘦體素作用,而飲食過量會使瘦體素含量增加,相反則減少,導致其濃度與體脂肪成正比。當體內瘦體素濃度降低時,會刺激中樞神經及周圍組織發出訊號增加食慾並減少能量消耗,相反地,瘦體素濃度高時會降低食慾。上表之結果顯示,無施予文旦柚及檸檬飲食之高油脂組含量分別為4.14及8.28ng/mL最高,與果皮組及精油組具有顯著差異(p<0.05),說明高油脂容易造成瘦體素抗性,無法將訊號發送至中樞神經系統增加能量消耗。而果皮組及精油組因可有效降低體重增加,故瘦體素皆低於高油脂組。
胰島素為胰臟β細胞分泌之荷爾蒙,可刺激體內器官將過剩葡萄進行儲存,而抑制脂肪組織之脂解作用,但脂質若過度供給使胰島素傳訊路徑專一性消失,導致胰島素調節葡萄糖受損,則會造成胰島素抗性,其中腹部的脂肪堆積被認為是全身性胰島素抗性之主要原因(Carey et al.,1996)。上表所列結果指出,高油脂組1.08及2.78ng/mL,其可能具有胰島素抗性,因高油脂組之血清中三酸甘油酯、低密度酯蛋白含量過高,可能原因為胰島素分泌過多,造成血液脂肪代謝異常(陳等,2006)。與高油脂組相比,果皮組及精油組顯著性下降(p<0.05),這因為胰島素除了代
謝葡萄糖外,也會影響脂肪之代謝,增加肝臟與肝細胞合成脂肪,減少脂肪與肌肉中分解三酸甘油酯,故實驗組可有效降低脂肪及三酸甘油酯而使胰島素含量低於高油酯組。有文獻指出柑橘果皮中的川陳皮素可改善葡萄糖耐受性,使胰島素分泌正常(Lee et al.,2013)。
H、文旦柚(Pomelo)、無籽檸檬(Lime)之果皮高含量辛內弗林素萃取液(Peels)及精油(EO)對高脂飲食大鼠之體脂肪含量影響
體脂肪包含必需脂肪及儲存脂肪,而內臟脂肪屬於儲存脂肪可保護內臟免於破壞,但也易造成慢性疾病發生。由上表之實驗數據顯示,文旦柚及檸檬飲食實驗之高油脂組中,內臟與副睪的脂肪含量分別為34.38g及22.81g;32.52g及20.44g為最高,原因為脂肪組織的囤積與三酸甘油酯含量多寡有相關性,因三酸甘油酯可囤積於內臟脂肪細胞中,使細胞增大而演變成內臟脂肪型肥胖。而給予文旦柚及檸檬飲食的實驗組,因有效地降低三酸甘油酯含量,減少三酸甘油酯囤積於脂肪細胞中,降低內臟與副睾重量,與高油脂組相比,文旦柚之果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別下降9.67及19.18%,精油組低劑量、高劑量分別下降8.88及20.48%;檸檬之果皮組低劑量、高劑量分別下降73.27及100%,精油組低劑量、高劑量分別下降33.87及53.88%。
綜合以上結果,相較於未經處理之高脂膳食組大鼠,本發明之未成熟柑橘水果果皮萃取液可有效控制高脂飲食大
鼠之體重及降低血脂肪含量,包括三酸甘油脂、總膽固醇及低密度脂蛋白含量,其功效可達與辛內弗林素單一化合物相當甚至更佳的程度。因此,根據本發明製備之高含量辛內弗林素萃取物可用於製備用於體重控制及降血脂保健品作為活性補充劑。
本說明書中所揭露之所有特徵可以任何方式進行組合。本說明書中所揭露之任一特徵可由用於相同、等同或類似目的之替代特徵取代。因此,除非另有明確說明,所揭露的每一特徵僅僅是一般等價或類似特徵系列的實施範例。
從上述說明,熟習於該項技術者能容易地掌握所描述實施例的根本特徵,並且可在不偏離本說明書所述範圍之下對該等實施例進行各種改變及修飾,以適應各種柑橘類水果及應用條件。因此,其他實施例亦包含在申請專利範圍內。
Claims (4)
- 一種從未成熟柑橘類水果果實部分製備辛內弗林素萃取物的方法,所述之方法包含:取乾燥之選自由文旦、柳丁及檸檬所組成之組群的柑橘類幼果期果實、落果果實或疏果果實或其果皮;以甲醇(100%)為溶劑於25-28℃之萃取溫度下進行攪拌20分鐘-2小時進行萃取,乾燥果實或果皮重量與甲醇之比例為1:8-1:10g/ml;將經過離心且過濾後之殘渣再重複上述萃取步驟2次;合併萃取液;及將合併之萃取液進行濃縮以去除溶劑,而獲得含800-870mg/100g乾重之辛內弗林素之萃取液。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該乾燥之柑橘類幼果期果實、落果果實或疏果果實或其果皮係先經過磨碎。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該柑橘類果實部分為幼果期文旦、柳丁或檸檬果實之外果皮。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該甲醇之添加量為約5-10毫升/克果實乾重。
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謝建正," 柑橘類水果及紅景天中活性成份之 含量分析"中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文,2007年1月 * |
謝建正," 柑橘類水果及紅景天中活性成份之 含量分析"中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文,2007年1月。 |
陳乃裕,"未成熟柑橘果實之精油及乾燥殘渣的成分分析及其對餵食高油飼料之大鼠血脂體重之影響",弘光科技大學碩士論文,2016年7月 * |
陳乃裕,"未成熟柑橘果實之精油及乾燥殘渣的成分分析及其對餵食高油飼料之大鼠血脂體重之影響",弘光科技大學碩士論文,2016年7月。 |
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