TWI669830B - 一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法 - Google Patents
一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
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- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
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- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
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Abstract
本發明公開了一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法,包括如下步驟:去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光、製絨、形成PN接面、刻蝕和去雜質玻璃、背面沉積鈍化膜、正面沉積鈍化減反射層、背面局部開口、絲網印刷正背面金屬漿料、燒結;其中,所述製絨步驟採用金屬催化腐蝕法,其絨面結構為奈米級絨面結構。本發明將去除矽片表面損傷層和雙面拋光結合成一步工序來實現,簡化了工藝流程,降低了成本。
Description
本發明涉及一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法,屬於太陽能電池技術領域。
常規的化石燃料日益消耗殆盡,在現有的可持續能源中,太陽能無疑是一種最清潔、最普遍和最有潛力的替代能源。太陽能發電裝置又稱為太陽能電池或光伏電池,可以將太陽能直接轉換成電能,其發電原理是基於半導體PN接面的光生伏特效應。
隨著科技的發展,出現了局部接觸背鈍化(PERC)太陽能電池,這是新開發出來的一種高效太陽能電池,得到了業界的廣泛關注。其核心是在矽片的背光面用氧化鋁或者氧化矽薄膜(5~100奈米)覆蓋,以起到鈍化表面,提高長波回應的作用,從而提升電池的轉換效率。但是,氧化鋁或者氧化矽不導電,因此需要對該薄膜局部開口,以便於鋁金屬與矽片背表面接觸,收集電流。另外,鋁金屬(通常是鋁漿),在高溫燒結過程中,會破壞氧化鋁或者氧化矽的鈍化作用,因此通常要在氧化鋁或者氧化矽薄膜上再覆蓋氮化矽薄膜,起到保護作用。
現有的局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法主要包括如下步驟:去除矽片表面損傷層、製絨、擴散、背拋光、刻蝕和去雜質玻璃、背面沉積氧化鋁或氧化矽薄膜、沉積氮化矽保護膜、正面沉積氮化矽減反射層、背面局部開口、絲網印刷正背面金屬漿料、燒結,即可得到太陽能電池。
然而,上述製造方法存在如下問題:(1)由於工藝步驟較多,導致其成本較高,需要進一步降低成本;(2)得到的局部背接觸太陽能電池的光電轉換效率仍然較低,有進一步提升的空間。
本發明的發明目的是提供一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法。
為達到上述發明目的,本發明採用的技術方案是:一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法,包括如下步驟:去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光、製絨、形成PN接面、刻蝕和去雜質玻璃、背面沉積鈍化膜、正面沉積鈍化減反射層、背面局部開口、絲網印刷正背面金屬漿料、燒結;其中,所述製絨步驟採用金屬催化腐蝕法,其絨面結構為奈米級絨面結構。
上文中,所述製絨步驟採用金屬催化腐蝕法,金屬催化化學腐蝕法是現有技術。所述奈米級絨面結構的表面反射率在12~20%之間。
本發明將去除矽片表面損傷層和雙面拋光結合成一步工序來實現,不僅達到了去除矽片表面損傷層的目的,同時還形成了背鈍化的拋光面,從而節省了現有技術中在擴散步驟之後需要進行背拋光的步驟,簡化了工藝流程,降低了成本。同時拋光後再形成奈米級絨面能使PN接面更平整,降低結區複合,提高開路電壓,還有利於金屬接觸,在提高開壓的同時提升填充因子(fill factor;FF)。
優選的,所述去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光步驟採用酸液或鹼液進行,時間為2~20分鐘(min),所述酸液為硝酸(HNO3)與氫氟酸(HF酸)的混合液,或鉻酸(H2CrO4)與氫氟酸的混合液;溫度為5~45℃;在硝酸與氫氟酸的混合液中,硝酸(69%)/氫氟酸(49%)或鉻酸(60%)/氫氟酸(49%)體積比大於4:1;所述鹼液為氫氧化鈉(NaOH)溶液、氫氧化鉀
(KOH)溶液或四甲基氫氧化銨溶液;溫度為5~95℃;上述鹼液的體積濃度大於1%。
上文中,所述硝酸(69%)/氫氟酸(49%)是指體積濃度為69%的硝酸和體積濃度為49%的氫氟酸;所述鉻酸(60%)/氫氟酸(49%)是指體積濃度為60%的鉻酸和體積濃度為49%的氫氟酸。
所述四甲基氫氧化銨溶液也稱為TMAH溶液。
優選的,所述去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光步驟的處理時間為2~10min。
上述技術方案中,所述製絨步驟如下:先將矽片放入含有金屬離子的溶液中浸泡,使矽片表面塗覆一層金屬奈米顆粒;然後用化學腐蝕液腐蝕矽片表面,形成奈米級絨面;所述化學腐蝕液為含有氧化劑的氫氟酸溶液。該方法即為兩步金屬催化刻蝕法。
上述技術方案中,所述含有金屬離子的溶液為含有氫氟酸的金屬鹽溶液。
上述技術方案中,所述製絨步驟如下:將矽片放入含有氧化劑以及金屬鹽的氫氟酸溶液中,在矽片表面形成奈米級絨面。該方法即為一步金屬催化刻蝕法。所述金屬離子可從現有技術的金屬離子中選用,比如金、銀、銅、鎳中的一種或幾種;所述氧化劑可以是過氧化氫(H2O2)、硝酸或鉻酸。
上述技術方案中,所述溶液中金屬離子的濃度大於6E-5莫耳/升(mol/L)。
優選的,所述奈米級絨面的尺寸為100~900奈米(nm)。
上述技術方案中,所述製絨和形成PN接面步驟之間,還有絨面微結構修正刻蝕步驟,具體如下:將帶有絨面的矽片放入化學腐蝕液中進行微結構修正刻蝕;所述化學腐蝕液選自以下溶液中的一種:氫氧化鈉溶液、氫氧化鉀溶液、四甲基氫氧化銨溶液、酸性氧化劑與氫氟酸的混合溶液。
上述利用化學腐蝕溶液對矽片表面進行微結構修正刻蝕,即利用鹼液(氫氧化鈉溶液、氫氧化鉀溶液、四甲基氫氧化銨溶液或混合酸(氫氟酸和硝酸))對上述製得的奈米絨面的微結構(線狀或深孔狀)進行腐蝕修正,鹼液主要是對上述線狀或深孔狀微結構進行各向異性腐蝕,這種各向異性腐蝕會沿著原來的線狀或深孔狀微結構優先進行,刻蝕結果就會使原來的線狀或深孔狀微結構被修正成帶有棱角的奈米金字塔或奈米椎體或奈米坑狀結構,而混合酸(氫氟酸和硝酸)主要是對上述線狀或深孔狀微結構進行各向同性腐蝕,這種各向同性腐蝕會沿著原來的線狀或深孔狀微結構優先進行,刻蝕結果就會使原來的線狀或深孔狀微結構被修正成孔徑較大,深度較淺的奈米孔狀結構,通過該步驟的修正刻蝕最終製得較優的奈米絨面。
上述技術方案中,在所述絨面微結構修正刻蝕步驟之前或之後,還有去除金屬顆粒步驟,具體如下:分別用酸液、去離子水清洗矽片,去除金屬顆粒。
本發明的製造方法可用于金剛線切割矽片製作的太陽能電池。
由於上述技術方案運用,本發明與現有技術相比具有下列優點:
1、本發明開發了一種新的局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法,在去除矽片表面損傷層的同時將矽片進行雙面拋光,即將去除矽片表面損傷層和雙面拋光結合成一步工序來實現,不僅達到了去除矽片表面損傷層的
目的,同時還形成了背鈍化的拋光面,從而節省了現有技術中在擴散步驟之後需要進行背拋光的步驟,簡化了工藝流程,節約了生產時間,提高了效率,降低了成本;可以在不增加電池每瓦製造成本的情況下大批量生產多晶矽PERC電池。
2、本發明先採用化學腐蝕進行雙面拋光,然後形成奈米級絨面,使擴散後形成的PN接面更平整,降低結區複合,提高開路電壓,還有利於金屬接觸,在提高開壓的同時提升FF,實驗證明,與現有技術相比,本發明製得的多晶矽PERC電池的電池效率提升0.47%左右,取得了意想不到的技術效果。
3、本發明的前表面採用了奈米絨面結構,降低前表面的反射率增加短波的吸收,再結合背面鈍化膜工藝,實現了增加全波段光吸收的目的,大幅提高了多晶矽電池的效率。
下面結合實施例對本發明進一步描述。
實施例一:一種多晶矽PERC太陽能電池的製造方法,由如下步驟組成:首先,採用品質濃度為2%的氫氧化鉀溶液將多晶矽片去除表面損傷層和雙面拋光,溫度為70℃,時間為6分(min)。
緊接,著將拋光後的矽片進行金屬催化腐蝕製備奈米絨面,奈米絨面大小為300~500nm,反射率為17%;所述製絨步驟如下:將矽片放入含有金屬離子的化學腐蝕液中,在矽片表面形成奈米級絨面;所述化學腐
蝕液是含有銀離子的過氧化氫和氫氟酸混合溶液,其中金屬離子的濃度大於6E-5mol/L;過氧化氫濃度為0.5mol/L,氫氟酸濃度為10mol/L。
然後,將製絨後的矽片放入擴散爐內進行擴散,擴散溫度為800℃~840℃,執行時間為60~90min,方塊電阻為60~120Ω/sq。再然後,將擴散後矽片進行背面、邊緣刻蝕並去除表面PSG層。
其次,將刻蝕後矽片背面ALD沉澱Al2O3鈍化層並做退火處理,隨後再在Al2O3鈍化層上PECVD沉積SiNx薄膜;再其次,在矽片的前表面PECVD沉積氮化矽減反射薄膜;隨後,利用鐳射對背面局域開口;最後,絲網印刷製備電極並形成歐姆接觸。
對比例一:採用與實施例相同的原料製備局部背接觸太陽能電池,其製造方法主要包括如下步驟:去除矽片表面損傷層、製絨、擴散、背拋光、刻蝕和去雜質玻璃、背面沉積氧化鋁或氧化矽薄膜、沉積氮化矽保護膜、正面沉積氮化矽減反射層、背面局部開口、絲網印刷正背面金屬漿料、燒結,即可得到太陽能電池。
將上述實施例和對比例的太陽能電池進行測試,結果如下:
由上表可見,與對比例相比,本發明製得的多晶矽PERC電池的電池效率提升0.47%左右,取得了意想不到的技術效果;且在提高開壓的同時提升了填充因數FF,說明本發明在擴散後形成的PN接面更平整,有利於金屬接觸。
Claims (8)
- 一種局部背接觸太陽能電池的製造方法,其包括如下步驟:去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光、製絨、形成PN接面、刻蝕和去雜質玻璃、背面沉積鈍化膜、正面沉積鈍化減反射層、背面局部開口、絲網印刷正背面金屬漿料、燒結;其中,所述製絨步驟採用金屬催化腐蝕法,其絨面結構為奈米級絨面結構,且所述去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光步驟採用酸液或鹼液進行,時間為2~20分,所述酸液為硝酸與氫氟酸的混合液,或鉻酸與氫氟酸的混合液;溫度為5~45℃;在硝酸與氫氟酸的混合液中,硝酸(69%)/氫氟酸(49%)或鉻酸(60%)/氫氟酸(49%)體積比大於4:1;所述鹼液為氫氧化鈉溶液、氫氧化鉀溶液或四甲基氫氧化銨溶液;溫度為5~70℃;上述鹼液的體積濃度大於1%。
- 如請求項1所述的製造方法,其中所述去除矽片表面損傷層並進行雙面拋光步驟的處理時間為2~10分。
- 如請求項1所述的製造方法,其中所述製絨步驟如下:先將矽片放入含有金屬離子的溶液中浸泡,使矽片表面塗覆一層金屬奈米顆粒;然後用化學腐蝕液腐蝕矽片表面,形成奈米級絨面;所述化學腐蝕液為含有氧化劑的氫氟酸溶液。
- 如請求項3所述的製造方法,其中所述含有金屬離子的溶液為含有氫氟酸的金屬鹽溶液。
- 如請求項1所述的製造方法,其中所述製絨步驟如下:將矽片放入含有氧化劑以及金屬鹽的氫氟酸溶液中,在矽片表面形成奈米級絨面。
- 如請求項3或5所述的製造方法,其中所述溶液中金屬離子的濃度大於6E-5莫耳/升。
- 如請求項1所述的製造方法,其中所述製絨和形成PN接面步驟之間,還有絨面微結構修正刻蝕步驟,具體如下:將帶有絨面的矽片放入化學腐蝕液中進行微結構修正刻蝕;所述化學腐蝕液選自以下溶液中的一種:氫氧化鈉溶液、氫氧化鉀溶液、四甲基氫氧化銨溶液、酸性氧化劑與氫氟酸的混合溶液。
- 如請求項7所述的製造方法,其中在所述絨面微結構修正刻蝕步驟之後,還有去除金屬顆粒步驟:分別用酸液、去離子水清洗矽片,去除金屬顆粒。
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CN108292691A (zh) | 2018-07-17 |
EP3321979A4 (en) | 2019-03-20 |
WO2017004958A1 (zh) | 2017-01-12 |
JP2018526835A (ja) | 2018-09-13 |
JP6666438B2 (ja) | 2020-03-13 |
TW201703277A (zh) | 2017-01-16 |
EP3321979A1 (en) | 2018-05-16 |
US9966484B2 (en) | 2018-05-08 |
CN104993019A (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
US20170294545A1 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
EP3321979B1 (en) | 2021-01-20 |
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