TWI592155B - 神經變性疾病之治療、記憶力強化的引生以及用於爲此篩選化合物的分析法 - Google Patents
神經變性疾病之治療、記憶力強化的引生以及用於爲此篩選化合物的分析法 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
- A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
- A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
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- A61K31/136—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline having the amino group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. benzeneamine
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- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
- A61K31/36—Compounds containing methylenedioxyphenyl groups, e.g. sesamin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/425—Thiazoles
- A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/425—Thiazoles
- A61K31/427—Thiazoles not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/444—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. amrinone
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- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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Description
本發明部份係由國家衛生院(National Institute ofHealth)之M.G.之Grant MLSCN:1U54-HG-003917及N01NS-22348與1R03MH082367-01部份支持且美國政府於此發明具有某些權利。
本揭露係有關於一種治療罹患諸如阿茲罕默氏、巴金森氏,及葛雷克氏(ALS)疾病之神經變性疾病之患者,及具有或易發展成學習及記憶力受損及不可歸類於上述例子之任何者之神經變性之患者及強化正常及病理狀態之記憶力性能之方法,其包含對此患者投用一有效量之某些雜環及芳香族化合物。此揭露之應用亦包含其間強化NF-kB信號會造成患者狀況改善之所有情況,且不限於中樞神經系統或上述中樞神經系統狀況。數種欲被使用之化合物係新穎。本揭露亦係有關於一種以神經元人類細胞為主
之分析法,其會使用螢光素酶受體評估NF-kB基因上調以篩選用於治療上述神經變性疾病之化合物。
對於(不受限之)諸如阿茲罕默氏、巴金森氏,及葛雷克氏疾病之神經變性疾病之有效治療仍缺乏。例如,最近已報導阿茲罕默氏疾病係美國死亡之第七導致原因。亦已報導全世界2600萬人,包含500萬美國人,具有阿茲罕默氏疾病。迄天僅邊際症狀治療可利用。統計及預測指示超過80歲之2名對象中之1位經歷某一程度之臨床相關之知能受損,且預測指示人類平均夀命增加,對社會引生之負擔會係巨大的。
有數個指示係NF-kB通路於神經元恢復力及於細胞學習誘發之改變(諸如,長期之增強及減弱)扮演一要角。數個報導已顯示腦部中之基因剔除NF-kB活性造成對毒性刺激,諸如,ß-類澱粉、興奮性胺基酸,及對創傷之敏感化。再者,NF-kB活化係涉及學習及記憶力之細胞相關性之長期增強及減弱。此外,NF-kB之活化係一已知之抗細胞凋亡機構。NF-kB於其它系統之缺乏亦可藉由此揭露之化合物抵制,且因係被本揭露涵蓋。
本揭露係有關於一種用於對患者保護神經元及強化記憶力性能或用於治療罹患神經變性疾病、記憶力受
損,或學習受損之患者之方法,其係藉由對患者投用至少一以如下結構表示之化合物:
其藥學上可接受之鹽,其溶劑合物,其前驅藥,及其等之混合物;係以一對於治療該患者係有效之量。
於結構1,Z代表O、NH、N-R3、S、CH,或CR3;且每一R1、R2及R3係個別選自經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構1a,Z代表N、CH,或CR3,且每一R1、R2及R3係個別選自經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構2,Y係O或S;R1係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基;每一R2及R4係個別選自經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群,且R3係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構3,X代表OR6或NR6R7;每一R1及R2係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;每一R3、R4及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群;且每一R5及R7係個別選自H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構4,每一W、X、Y、Z係N或CR6;每一R1、R2、R4、R5及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群;R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基。
於結構5,每一R1、R2、R3及R4係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構5a,X代表N或CR2;Y代表S或CR5R6;且
每一R1、R2、R3、R4、R5及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構6,X代表R2或NR3R4;Y代表O、S或NR5;R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;每一R2、R3,及R5係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群;且R4係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基。
於結構7,X代表O-R4或NR4R5;每一R1、R2、R3,及R4係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且R5係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基。
於結構8,X代表O或S;Y代表N或CR3;Z代表NR4R5或CR4R5R6;每一R3、R4,及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群;且n係0、1、2、3,或4。
於結構9,X代表O、S,或NR4;R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;且每一R2、R3,及R4係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構10,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷
基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;R2係選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基;m係0、1、2,或3;且n係1、2,或3。
於結構10a,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;R4係選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基;且m係0、1、2,或3。
於結構11及12,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;R2係選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基。
於結構13,每一R1及R2係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或更多取代所組成之族群。
於結構14,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、
胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;且每一R2及R3係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基、經取代之胺基、烷基硫基、氰基,或疊氮基所組成之族群。
於結構15,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基、氰基或烷基硫基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;且每一R2及R3係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基、經取代之胺基、氰基或烷基硫基所組成之族群。
於結構16,每一R1及R2係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基、氰基、疊氮基或烷基硫基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群。
本揭露亦係有關於治療易發展神經變性疾病、記憶力受損,或學習受損之患者。於另一實施例,此方法係用於改善學習。於另一實施例,此方法係用於預防或儘量減少記憶力下降或改善或維持基底記憶力。
本揭露亦係有關於依據此揭露使用之新穎化合物。
本揭露亦係有關於一種以神經元人類細胞為主之分析法,其使用螢光素酶受體評估NF-kB上調以供篩選可用於治療神經變性疾病之化合物。
本揭露之其它目的及優點由熟習此項技藝者自下列詳細說明,其中,顯示及描述較佳實施例,簡單地藉由例示被考慮到之最佳模式而變得輕易瞭解。如所瞭解,此揭露係能有其它及不同實施例,且其數種細節係能於未偏離本發明而於各種明顯方面修改。因此,此說明於性質上係被視為例示,而非作為限制。
第1圖係用於本揭露之結構之示意圖。一TATA盒係附接至4份NF-kB啟動子強化子序列以趨使螢火蟲螢光素酶基因轉錄。
第2圖顯示被曝置於增加濃度之保米黴素之SH-5YSY細胞。
第3圖顯示5及10nM之TNF對不同選擇株之螢火蟲螢光素酶表現之作用。以TNF刺激顯示數個高表現株。C1株係最強表現子且被選作進一步分析。
第4圖顯示不同細胞數量及二TNF-α濃度對C1株之螢光素酶表現之作用。
第5圖顯示於C1株之無酚紅之以HEPES緩衝之DMEM與含酚紅之以碳酸氫鹽緩衝之DMEM間之比較。
第6圖係例示DMSO對C1株之TNF誘發之螢光素酶及對細胞數之依濃度而定之作用之圖。
第7圖係顯示增加濃度之DMSO對C1株細胞生存之作用之圖。當於篩選操作時細胞係曝置於DMSO持續24小時。
第8圖係顯示TNF-α對NF-kB啟動子趨動之螢光素酶表現之依濃度而定之作用之圖。
第9圖提供Z板陣列及結果之實施例。於A板,細胞係鋪置於一盤內,然後,曝置於載劑或5ng/ml之TNF持續24小時。處理係於具交叉圖案之¼象限實施。於此等裝置,高於0.7之Z值係一致地實施。於B板,替代象限陣列,對照組及以TNF處理之細胞分散於盤上。即使於此隨機圖案,Z值係一致地高於0.7。
第10圖係於篩選活動期間於一機器人平台上測定之Z值之集合;Z’值皆與極穩健之分析法一致。
第11圖顯示選作為進一步之後續測試之特別化合物之結構。
第12圖係第11圖之結構與內部SRI名稱之關係。
第13圖顯示NF-kB p65於原代神經元之活化。24小時曝置後回應所指之CMPD之NF-kB p65核轉移/活化被顯示且與對照組及以TNF-α(24小時)處理之細胞比較。核p65之實施例係以箭號突顯。影像分析能量化數據及實施統計分析。p65之核存在之顯著增加係於C4、D4及E4盤之長條圖顯示。F4盤顯示CMPD 22782作為原型化合物之神經保護作用。
第14圖顯示原型CMPD對I-kB及NF-kB p55之作用。A)I-kB未受CMPD曝露影響,但其因TNF而降低。B)CMPD增加細胞質NF-kB p65。C)CMPD增加NF-kB p65之核局部化。D:CMPD對細胞質及細胞核之P65作用總和。
第15圖顯示藉由神經元選擇性CMPD之於原代神經元之NF-kB p65之活化。24小時曝置後回應CMPD之NF-kB p65之核轉移被顯示,且與對照組及經100ng/ml TNF-α(15分鐘)處理之細胞比較。核p65之例子係以箭號強調。影像分析能量化數據及統計分析。對於CMPD之大於或等於核p65之TNF之強烈作用之顯著增加係顯示於E及F板。
第16圖係顯示作為原型之包含於此文件之4個化合物對於藉由NF-kB誘發而啟動之MnSOD神經保護酶之誘發的作用之四個圖之集合。
第17(A-C)圖顯示依據本揭露之原型化合物對被廣泛用於測試試管內有效化合物之三個經確立之神經變性試管內模型之神經保護作用。
第18圖顯示所示化合物對原代神經元內之麩胺酸鹽之毒性作用之作用。數據指示60%之藉由麩胺酸鹽誘發之細胞死亡係藉由化合物22872而避免。
第19圖顯示CMPD 22819對藉由H2O2誘發之神經毒性之作用。6 D.I.V.之原代大鼠皮質神經元係以300nM之22819預處理24小時,且曝置於120μM之H2O2之毒性。以CMPD預處理之神經元顯示H2O2誘發之毒性之62%之降低。
第20圖顯示CMPD對原代神經元內之MnSOD活性之作用。A)於星狀神經膠細胞具活性之CMPD增加於原代神經元內之MnSOD活性。B)於星狀神經膠細胞不具活性
之CMPD亦增加於神經元之NF-kB趨動之MnSOD表現\活性。
第21圖顯示7個神經元選擇性化合物之腦部分佈之在電腦中之預測參數。ADMET BBB係使用軟體Pipeline Plot計算之腦部對血液之分配係數之對數。ADMET BBB級別指示ADMET BBB之等級(0係腦部內之極高預測被動分佈,減低至3。4表示不可預測之行為)。使用軟體Quik Prop之QPLog預測之腦部/血液之分配係數(範圍=- 3.0至1.2,愈高愈佳)。CNS:預測中樞神經系統活性,以-2(鈍化)至+2(活化)之數值範圍。QPPMDCK:預測表觀MDCK細胞滲透性,以in nm/sec(v<25差;v>500佳)。QPlogPo/w:預測辛醇/水之分配係數(範圍=-2.0至6,最佳v>1及V<4)。QPlogPo/w<5(親脂性);供體HB<=5(氫鍵供體);accptHB<=10(氫)五規則(Rule Of Five):Lipinski之五規則之違反數(所欲值需為:MW<500(分子量);鍵受體。
第22圖顯示以SRI22818及22819治療對於G93A小鼠之似ALS之症候群發展之作用。A)顯示於以二CMPD治療之動物之生存係顯著改善;B)顯示達到50%之死亡臨界值係顯著延遲;C)顯示症候發作係些微受影響;而經歷4個神經等級之累進係重大延遲;及D)顯示由於肌肉萎縮之重量損失於以二CMPD治療之動物亦顯著延遲。
特別地,本揭露係有關於使用以下列結構表示之
化合物:
其藥學上可接受之鹽,其溶劑合物,其前驅藥,及其混合物。
於結構1,Z代表O、NH、N-R3、S、CH,或CR3;且每一R1、R2及R3係個別選自經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構1a,Z代表N、CH,或CR3,且每一R1、R2及R3係個別選自經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構2,Y係O或S;R1係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基;每一R2及R4係個別選自經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群,且R3係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構3,X代表OR6或NR6R7;每一R1及R2係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;每一R3、R4及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且每一R5及R7係個別選自H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構4,每一W、X、Y、Z係N或CR6;每一R1、R2、R4、R5及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基。
於結構5,每一R1、R2、R3及R4係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構5a,X代表N或CR2;Y代表S或CR5R6;且每一R1、R2、R3、R4、R5及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經
取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構6,X代表R2或NR3R4;Y代表O、S或NR5;R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;每一R2、R3,及R5係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且R4係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基,及雜芳基。
於結構7,X代表O-R4或NR4R5;每一R1、R2、R3,及R4係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且R5係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基。
於結構8,X代表O或S;Y代表N或CR3;Z代表NR4R5或CR4R5R6;每一R3、R4,及R6係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且n係0、1、2、3,或4。
於結構9,X代表O、S或NR4;R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;且每一R2、R3,及R4係個別選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群。
於結構10,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;R2
係選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基;m係0、1、2,或3;且n係1、2,或3。
於結構10a,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;R4係選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基;且m係0、1、2,或3。
於結構11及12,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;R2係選自H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基所組成之族群;且R3係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基及雜芳基。
於結構13,每一R1及R2係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群。
於結構14,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;且每一R2及R3係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳
基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基、經取代之胺基、烷基硫基、氰基或疊氮基所組成之族群。
於結構15,R1係選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基、氰基或烷基硫基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群;且每一R2及R3係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基、經取代之胺基、氰基或烷基硫基所組成之族群。
於結構16,每一R1及R2係個別選自H或經取代或未經取代之烷基、芳基、芳烷基雜芳基或醯基、鹵素、羥基、烷氧基、胺基或經取代之胺基、氰基、疊氮基或烷基硫基之單一或多個取代所組成之族群。
於下列示者係用於描述本發明之各種用辭之定義。除非於特別例示之其它限制,此等定義係以於此整份說明書中被個別或一較大族群之部份使用而應用。
典型之脂族醯基基團含有1至6個碳原子且包含甲醯基、乙醯基、丙醯基,異丁醯基。
典型之芳香族醯基基團包含於芳香族環含有7至10個碳原子之未經取代及經烷基取代之芳香族基團。當經取代時,烷基基團典型上含有1-6個碳原子。典型之芳香族醯基基團包含苯甲醯基對-甲苯醯基及苯基乙醯基。
“烷基”一辭係指典型上1至22個碳原子,更典型係1至8個碳原子,且更典型係1至4個碳原子之飽和或不
飽和(烯基或炔基)之直、分支鏈,或環狀,未經取代之烴基團。
適合烷基基團之例子包含甲基、乙基及丙基。分支烷基基團之例子包含異丙基及第三丁基。環狀烷基基團之例子包含環己基及環丙基甲基。不飽和烷基基團之例子包含乙炔基、環戊烯基,及烯丙基。經取代之烷基基團之例子包含2-甲氧基乙基,2,2,2-三氟乙基,及2-二乙基胺基環戊烯基。用於X之適合的單烷基胺基基團含有1-6個碳原子,且包含單甲基胺基、單乙基胺基、單異丙基胺基、單正丙基胺基、單異丁基胺基、單正丁基胺基、單正己基胺基、單苯乙基胺基,或單-2-吡啶基胺基。烷基部份可為直、分支,或環狀之鏈。
適合之二烷基胺基基團典型上於每一烷基基團含有1-6個碳原子。烷基基團可為相同或相異,且可為直、分支或環狀之鏈。一些適合基團之例子係二甲基胺基、二乙基胺基、乙基甲基胺基、二丙基胺基、二丁基胺基、二戊基胺基、二己基胺基、甲基戊基胺基、乙基丙基胺基及乙基己基胺基。
鹵基基團之例子係Cl、F、Br及I。
“芳基”一辭係指於環部份具有6至14個碳原子之之單環或多環之芳香族烴基團,諸如,苯基、苯基、聯苯,及二苯基基團,每一者可諸如以鹵基或烷基基團取代。
“芳烷基”或“烷基芳基”用辭係指經由烷基基團直接鍵接之芳基基團,諸如,苯甲基或苯乙基。
“雜芳基”一辭係指選擇性經取代,不飽和芳香族環狀基團,例如,其係5至7個成員之單環,7至11個成員之二環,或10至15個成員之三環之環系統,其於環內具有至少一雜原子及至少一碳原子。含有一雜原子之雜環基團之每一環可具有1、2或3個選自氮原子、氧原子及硫原子之雜原子,其中,氮及硫雜原子亦可選擇性地氧化,且氮雜原子亦可選擇性季化。雜芳基基團之例子係吡啶基、咪唑基、噁唑基、噻唑基、異噻唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基,及吲哚基。
當經取代時,上述基團典型上係以鹵基、烷基、烷氧基,或胺基基團取代。
除非其它特定外,當然需瞭解本揭露之化合物係有關於在此分子之各個可能原子之所有光學異構物及立體異構物。
依據此揭露之化合物可使用烷氧基、胺基酸等基團作為形成前驅藥之部份於羥基或胺基官能基形成前驅藥。例如,羥基甲基位置可形成單-、二-或三磷酸鹽,且再次地,此等磷酸鹽可形成前驅藥。例如,見Meier,作為用於細胞內核苷酸糖基單磷酸鹽遞送之化學特洛伊木馬彩戈素磷酸鹽(CycloSal Phosphates as Chemical Trojan Horses for Intracellular Nucleotide Glycosyl-Monophosphate Delivery)-Chemistry Meets Biology,,European Journal owOrganic Chemistry(2006),(5),1081-1102,Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA,Chemical Abstracts 144:391234;Drontle
等人,設計多核苷酸策略:自抗癌及抗病毒之嘧啶類之胺基酸氨基磷酸酯之學習:(Designing a Pronucleotide Stratagem:Lessonq from Amino Acid Phosphoramidates of Anticancer and Antiviral Pyrimidines),,Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry(2004),4(4),409-419,Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.,Chemical Abstracts 141:230392;Cahard等人,作為蛋白肽之芳氧基氨基磷酸酯三酯(Aryloxy Phosphoramidate Triesters as Protides),,Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry(2004),4(4),371-381,Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.,Chemical Abstracts,141:218130,及Meier,彩戈素-多核苷酸-概念設計、化學及抗病毒活性(CycloSal-Pronucleotides-Design of the Concept,Chemistry,and Antiviral activity),,Advances in Antiviral Drug Design(2004),4,147-213,Elsevier B.V,Chemical Abstracts 141:133365。
此等前驅藥衍生物之製備係於各種文獻來源探討(例子係:Alexander等人,J.Med.Chem.1988,31,318;Aligas-Martin等人,PCT WO pp/41531,p.30)。於製備此等衍生物轉化之氮官能係此揭露之化合物之一個(或多個)氮原子。
"藥學上可接受之鹽"係指此揭露化合物之衍生物,其中,母化合物係藉由製成其酸或鹼鹽而改質。此揭露之化合物係以廣泛之各種有機及無機酸及鹼形成酸及鹼加成鹽,且包含通常用於配藥化學之生理上可接受之鹽。
此等鹽亦係本揭露之一部份。用以形成此等鹽之典型無機酸包含氫氯酸、氫溴酸、氫碘酸、硝酸、硫酸、磷酸、低磷酸等。自有機酸,諸如,脂族單及二羧酸、經苯基取代之烷酸、羥基烷酸及烷二酸、芳香族酸、脂族及芳香族磺酸,衍生之鹽亦可被使用。此等藥學上可接受之鹽因此包含乙酸鹽、苯基乙酸鹽、三氟乙酸鹽、丙烯酸鹽、坑壞血酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、氯苯甲酸鹽、二硝基苯甲酸鹽、羥基苯甲酸鹽、甲氧基苯甲酸鹽、甲基苯甲酸鹽、鄰-乙醯氧基苯甲酸鹽、萘-2-苯甲酸鹽、溴化物、異丁酸鹽、苯基丁酸鹽、β-羥基丁酸鹽、丁炔-1,4-二酸鹽、己炔-1,4-二酸鹽、癸酸鹽、辛酸鹽、氯化物、肉桂酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、甲酸鹽、福馬酸鹽、乙醇酸鹽、庚酸鹽、馬尿酸鹽、乳酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、馬來酸鹽、羥基馬來酸鹽、丙二酸鹽、扁桃酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、菸酸鹽、異菸酸鹽、硝酸鹽、草酸鹽、鄰苯二甲酸鹽、對苯二甲酸鹽、磷酸鹽、單氫磷酸鹽、二氫磷酸鹽、偏磷酸鹽、焦磷酸鹽、丙炔酸鹽、丙酸鹽、苯基丙酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、癸二酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、辛二酸鹽、硫酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、焦硫酸鹽、亞硫酸鹽、亞硫酸氫鹽、磺酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、對-溴苯磺酸鹽、氯苯磺酸鹽、乙烷磺酸鹽、2-羥基乙烷磺酸鹽、甲烷磺酸鹽、萘-1-磺酸鹽、萘-2-磺酸鹽、對-甲苯磺酸鹽、二甲苯磺酸鹽、酒石酸鹽等。
普遍用於形成鹽之鹼包含氫氧化銨與鹼金屬及鹼土金屬之氫氧化物、碳酸鹽,與脂族及一級、二級及三胺之鹽、脂族二胺。特別可用於製備加成鹽之鹼包含氫氧
化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化銨、碳酸鉀、甲基胺、二乙基胺,及乙二胺。
“溶劑合物”係指藉由溶劑及溶質之交互作用形成之化合物,且包含水合物。溶劑合物通常係以化學計量或非化學計量之比例於結晶結構內含有溶劑分子之結晶固體加成物。
依據本揭露使用之許多化合物係可購得。新穎之欲被用於本揭露之此等化合物可由熟習此項技藝者於一旦知導本揭露時無需過度實驗藉由此項技藝可得之方法製造。
例如,有關於結構1之化合物,見Yale等人,3,5-二取代-1,2,4-噁二唑及4,5-二氫-3,5-二取代-1,2,4-噁二唑;Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry(1978),15(8),1373-8。
有關於結構2之化合物,見Mane等人,2-芳基-3-[p-(2'-取代-胺基噻唑-4'-基)苯基]-4-噻唑烷二酮之合成,Indian Journal of Chemistry,Section B:Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry(1983),22B(1),81-2;Pathak等人,作為可能殺黴劑之一些氟芳基噻唑及相關化合物之合成,Bokin Bobai(1981),9(10),477-80及Maziere等人,一些雜環化合物之氟芳基衍生物,Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France(1963)1000-3。
有關於結構3之化合物,見Hekimi,WO 2008/014602,名稱為作為活性CLK-1抑制劑之喹啉衍生物之製備。有關於結構4之化合物,見Bowman等人,以結構
為主之藥物發展之蛋白質多變性及物種特定性:作為測試系統之二氫葉酸還原酶,Journal of the American Chemical Society(2007),129(12),3634-3640;Sutherland等人,二氫葉酸還原酶之三維量化結構-活性及結構-選擇性之關係,Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design(2004),18(5),309-331,Kluwer Academic Publishers;Debnath,禽鳥型分枝桿菌錯合物二氫葉酸還原酶之一系列之2,4-二胺基-5-脫氮蝶啶抑制劑之藥效圖,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry(2002),45(1),41-53,American Chemical Society;Suling等人,2,4-二胺基-5-脫氮蝶啶衍生物之抗肺結核活性及對分枝桿菌二氫葉酸還原酶之作用,Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy(2000),44(10),2784-2793,American Society for Microbiology;等人,對為對抗機會性感染之藥劑之親脂性抗葉酸製劑opportunistic infections.1.於試管內評估之對抗弓漿蟲及卡氏肺囊蟲優於三甲曲沙及匹利垂克辛之藥劑,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry(1996),39(6),1271-80,American Chemical Society。
有關於結構5之化合物,見Ashwell等人之WO 2006/044869,名稱為作為p38 MAP激酶之抑制劑之嘧啶基咪唑并噁唑及咪唑并噻唑之製備;Aggarwal等人,橋頭雜環之合成之高價碘,使用[羥基(甲苯磺醯氧基)碘]苯合成6-芳基咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑苯之簡易路徑,Synthetic Communications(2006),36(7),875-879;Ashwell等人,WO 2004110990,名稱為作為p38之抑制劑之嘧啶基咪唑并噻唑
及咪唑并噁唑之製備;O'Daly等人,咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑之親電子取代,Journal of the Chemical Society,Perkin Transactions 1:Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry(1972-1999)(1991),(4),855-60;Meakins等人,自2-胺基噻唑及α-溴酮之經取代之咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑:有效製備及證實結構,Journal of the Chemical Society,Perkin Transactions 1:Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry(1972-1999)(1989),(3),643-8;Hoffmann等人,四甲氧基乙烯.III;Chemische Berichte(1966),99(6),1899-1905;及Buu-Hoi,ω-溴乙醯苯與2-胺基噻唑及2-胺基苯并噻唑之反應,Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France(1966),(4),1277-9。
有關於結構6之化合物,見Wells等人,具有對抗結腸及腎臟癌細胞株之選擇性活性之4-經取代4-羥基環己-2,5-二烯-1-酮,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry(2003),46(4),532-541,American Chemical Society;及Stevens等人之WO 2003/004479,名稱為作為抗增殖劑、抗癌劑、抗分枝桿菌劑、抗結核病劑,及/或大腸桿菌/大腸桿菌還原酶抑制劑之4-芳基喹啉及其類似物之製備。
有關於結構7之化合物,見Botting等人,WO 2004/069774,名稱為13C-標記之動情激素類似物之合成;Bondarenko等人,含有間苯三酚之天然異黃酮之類似物之合成,天然化合物化學(Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii之翻譯)(2003),39(3),271-275,Kluwer Academic/Consultants Bureau;Liu等人,Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry(1991),
28(6),1641-2;及Pivovarenko等人,使用乙醯基甲酸酐合成5,7-二羥基異黃酮及其雜環類似物,Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrains'koi RSR,Seriya B:Geologichni,Khimichni ta Biologichni Nauki(1985),(7),44-7。
有關於結構8之化合物,見Gorishnii等人,繞丹寧甲醯胺之合成及性質,Farmatsevtichnii Zhurnal(Kiev)(2001),(2),64-67;及Gorishnyi等人,5-芳叉基繞丹寧-3-烷酸醯胺之合成及消炎活性,Farmatsevtichnii Zhurnal(Kiev)(1995),(4),50-53。
有關於結構9之化合物,見Vettel等人,DE 10039748,名稱為3-氧苯并[b]噻吩次甲基染料之製造;Kucharczyk等人,2,3-二氫噻萘-3-酮之硼氫化鈉還原,Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications(1968),33(1),92-9;Treibs,吡咯化學,Rev.Chim.,Acad.Rep.Populaire Roumaine(1962),7(2),1345-66,Kucharczyk等人,噻萘及其2-取代衍生物之改良製備方法,Chemistry & Industry(London,United Kingdom)(1964),(23),976;Tsekhanskii,4-胺基二苯基甲烷及4-胺基-4'-二甲基胺基二苯基-甲烷之硝基苯甲醯胺衍生物之吸收光譜,Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii,Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya(1963),6(2),252-6;Hallgas,經取代之橙酮及相關化合物之測量及計算之親脂性之比較,Journal of Chromatography,B:Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences(2004),801(2),229-235,
Elsevier B.V。
有關於結構10之化合物,見Hedrich等人,US 4,428,881,名稱為以N-氨甲醯基吲哚啉控制不要之植物;及Tachdjian等人,US 2006045953,名稱為芳香族醯胺及尿素及其作為甜及/或旨味風味之改質劑.味元及味道強化劑之用途。有關於結構11之化合物,見Otten等人,α-胺基-取代之二苯基朌氧化物陰離子與元素硫及硒之反應,硫-及硒醯胺之新酪徑,Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas(1994),113(11),499-506,Elsevier;Haynes等人,棉子象鼻蟲之新的化學不育劑,U.S.,Agric.Res.Serv.,South.Reg.,[Rep.](1976),ARS-S-131,30 pp.;Sullivan等人,美國專利第2,875,202號案,名稱為硫代甲醯胺;及Naylor等人,美國專利第2,723,969號案,名稱為氯丁橡膠硫化加速劑。
有關於結構12之化合物,見Fischer,乙烯 醯基化合物.XIX.2-胺基酚之乙烯醯基基團之遷移.2-胺基酚之混合二醯基衍生物之異構化機構之貢獻,Journal fuer Praktische Chemie(Leipzig)(1980),322(1),99-124。有關於結構13之化合物,見Dossetter等人,WO 2002066477,名稱為用於拮抗促性腺激素釋放荷爾蒙活性之經取代之咪唑并吡啶之製備;Bravi等人,WO 2007039146,名稱為作為用於治療C型肝炎病素(HCV)感染之抗病毒劑之4-羧吡唑之製備;Godovikova等人,2-芳基(烷基)嘧咪唑之溴化反應方向,Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,Seriya Khimicheskaya
(1965),(8),1434-41;及Buu-Hoi等人,噻吩系列.III.自噻吩細胞核衍生之吲哚、萘吲哚、吡咯并可啉,及嘧咪唑,Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique(1949),68,441-72。
有關於結構15之化合物,見Deepthi等人,微波誘發之乾介質DDQ氧化-2-芳基喹唑啉-4(3H)-酮之一步驟合成,Indian Journal of Chemistry,Section B:Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry(2000),39B(3),220-222;Desai等人,作為抗結核劑之喹啉及喹唑啉化合物,Asian Journal of Chemistry(1998),10(3),615-617,Asian Journal of Chemistry;Houghten等人,US 5783577,名稱為喹唑啉酮及其組合之庫及衍生物之合成;Houghten等人,WO 97/10221,名稱為喹唑啉酮庫之合成;Couture等人,2-芳基-及2-烷基喹唑啉-4(3H)-酮之急速合成,Synthesis(1991),(11),1009-10;Paterson等人,1,2,3-苯并三-4-酮及相關系統.III.3-芳叉基胺基-1,2,3-苯并三-4-酮之熱分解.2-芳基喹唑啉-4-酮之新穎合成;Breuer等人,US 3753981,名稱為2-苯乙烯基-4-胺基喹唑啉;Matsuoka等人,用於合成成纖維之螢光白化劑.41.某些嗪唑栟之螢光性,Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi(1970),73(10),2195-9;Patel等人,Niementowski 4-氧喹唑啉之合成.I.改質及機構,J.Indian Chem.Soc.(1965),42(8),531-5;Mantescu等人,於氯化鋁存在中藉由HTO氚化 嘧啶,J.Labelled Compds.(1965),1(3),178-81;Serzhanina等人,嘧啶衍生物之合成
及轉化.XVI.2-甲基喹唑啉衍生物中之甲基基團之活性,Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii(1965),1(7),1303-6;Dhatt等人,作為可能之抗虐劑及抗阿米巴劑之4(3)-喹唑酮之2-苯乙烯基衍生物,Current Science(1961),30,179-80;Mandasescu等人,苯并二之甲基基團之反應性.II.2-甲基苯并二與醛之縮合反應,Acad.Rep.Populare Romine,Filiala Iasi,Studii Cercetari Stiint.,Chim.(1960),11,75-85;Kilroe Smith,喹唑酮系列之合成.VI.1,2,3,4-四氫-2-芳基-4-氧喹唑啉之合成,Tetrahedron(1957),1,38-44;Stephen,喹唑酮系列之合成.IV.N-芳醯基鄰氨苯磺醯胺轉化成2-芳基喹唑-4-酮,Journal of the Chemical Society(1956)4420-1;及Bogert,喹唑酮之研究.XXVI.某些苯乙烯基吡啶之合成,Journal of the American Chemical Society(1911),32,1654-64。有關於結構16之化合物,見Vieweg等人,新穎4-氧-4H-吡啶并[3',2':4,5]噻吩并[3,2-d]-1,3-噁之合成,Pharmazie(1990),45(10),731-3。
依據本揭露之適於治療之代表性化合物及其IC50值係揭露於下表:
依據此揭露之欲被治療之神經變性疾病之非限制性例子係阿茲罕默氏症、巴金森氏症、肌萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症、脊髓性肌肉萎縮症、腦部創傷性受損及相關神經變性、血管型失智症、漢廷頓疾病,及記憶力與學習障礙(ADHD,精神發育遲緩)。
下列係依據本揭露之分析法之說明。
SH-5YSY人類神經母細胞瘤細胞株係自American Tissue Culture collection(ATCC)獲得。細胞被膨脹及冷凍以供長期貯存。可購得之含有趨動螢火蟲螢光素酶糧因表現之NF-kB啟動子強化子區之表現載體(見第1圖)被獲得。此質體被設計供瞬態表現研究且無任何賦予抗生素抗性之基因。含有賦予保米黴素抗性之基因之第二質體亦被使用。用以獲得穩定細胞株之雙重轉染方式被使用。於轉染前,細胞株之保米黴素敏感性被實施(見第2圖)。被測定SH-5YSY細胞對抗生素毒性具敏感性,且3μg/ml造成全部細胞死亡(第2圖)。於膨脹及純化適當量之此等質體後,SH-5YSY細胞以上述二質體轉染,且於保米黴素存在中之經轉染之細胞之株落選擇被進行。數個株落被鑑別,其對保米黴素皆具抗性,且於曝置於TNF-α(一種已知NF-kB誘發子)時表現螢火蟲螢光素酶(見第3圖)。於數次評估後,一株落,C1,其表現高度之刺激螢光素酶表現且隨著時間被維持(見第3圖),被鑑別。迄今,此株落已於培養物內超過37個過程(passage)而無具感興趣誘發之基因之顯著下降。以高通量設備實行此分析法之最佳條件已被決定。起始時,
需要之最佳細胞數量被評估。於第4圖,已顯示使用10,000至40,000個細胞之範圍的效果。此數據指示足夠之動態範圍會於使用20,000個細胞/孔時獲得。此分析法已使用相似細胞密度實施HTS分析,而無過度問題。此細胞株能相當簡單地生長大規格量之細胞。
依次地,培養之最佳時間及培養基要件被評估。數據指示於24小時之穩態時間後,細胞曝置於諸如TNF-α之正對照組24小時後能強烈誘發螢火蟲螢光素酶(數據未示出)。此等條件於HTS設備係相對較能承擔。最後,因為於機器人處理期間含有細胞之盤於培養器外花費顯著量之時間,且因為酚紅會干擾螢光素酶活性分析套組內之試劑,使用無酚紅之以HEPES緩衝之培養基之效用被評估。如第5圖所示,無酚紅之以HEPES緩衝之培養基對分析法之回應及動態範圍具極小之作用。因此,評估係可使用此等更寬容之培養基進行此分析法。因為包含於最普遍使用庫之化合物溶於DMSO,分析法模擬期間之DMSO對回應TNF-α之螢光素酶表現及C1株落生存之作用被描述。範圍從0.05%至0.5%之增加濃度之DMSO對TNF-α誘發螢光素酶之作用(黑線及黑色刻度)係顯示於第6圖。再者,DMSO對C1株落之螢光素酶之基線表現之作用係顯示於第6圖(灰色線及灰色刻度)。於第7圖,顯示於第6圖所示之相同條件之DMSO對細胞生存之作用。於此等實驗設備之細胞,穩定24小時,然後,於所示濃度以DMSO另外培養24小時。於培養期結束時,細胞存活率使用可購得之套組Cell Titer
Glotm依循製造商之指示(Perkin Elmer)評估。第7表報導之結果指示數高達0.5%之DMSO不會影響細胞存活率或TNF-α誘發螢光素酶報導子。最後,不同濃度之TNF-α之作用於C1株落研究。TNF-α濃度從0.625增至最高達40ng/ml造成C1細胞內之螢光素酶表現之線性增加。TNF濃度之進一步增加不會造成螢光素酶活性之任何另外增加。此指示於此篩選期間,能以不同效率活化啟動子之化合物會藉由吾等之檢測系統輕易獲得(第8圖)。
對於發展一用於高通量篩選之分析法重要者係評估Z值。此統計參數評估於單一孔獲得之數據係統計上有意義之可能性。一般,分析法可產生負及正Z值。負Z值指示一極不可預期之分析法。包含0與0.5間之Z值指示分析法具某一程度之不確定性。取後,高於0.5之Z值指示極穩健之分析法。於典型象限Z板陣列及不規則Z板陣列之高於0.7之Z值於實驗室設備被一致地產生(見第9圖)。此指示此分析法係極穩健。
此分析法被用於96-、384-,及1536-孔板之格式。更高密度之格式亦係可能。於1536-孔格式之300,000個化合物之高通量篩選活動已被成功地進行。第10圖描述使用160個板之Z值。
此外,數據顯示數個化合物於神經元係選擇性有效,其增加MnSOD活性,且其對二不同神經變性試管內範例具神經保護。特別地,數據指示星狀神經膠細胞內之NF-kB p65藉由顯示於第11圖之18個化合物中之8個活化。
亦顯示於星狀神經膠細胞係鈍性,但能增加於培養物之原代皮質神經元內之NF-kB趨動之MnSOD活性之另外化合物。MnSOD係鈍化ROS之一關鍵酶,幾乎所有神經變性之端點受損。此酶係如文獻所示般於NF-kB之直接控制。因此,增加之MnSOD活性可為NF-kB活化之一報導子及神經保護活性之一可信頼之指示子。化合物SRI 22772、22774、22773、22780、22782、22817、22820、22864(見第11及12圖)能以依表現而定之方式活化原代星狀神經膠細胞內之NF-kB p65。現已發現於星狀神經膠細胞被視為鈍性之化合物於原代神經元能增加NF-kB誘發之MnSOD活性及表現。化合物SRI 22781、22818、22776、22819於神經元皆具活性,但於星狀神經膠細胞則不是。迄今僅SRI22777於此等分析法係鈍性。
迄今於MnSOD活性分析法測試之於星狀神經膠細胞屬於活性族之所有化合物於神經元增加MnSOD活性。事實上,化合物22817、22780、22782、22820能誘發於原代神經元之MnSOD活性之大量增加。另一方面,屬於在星狀神經膠細胞屬為鈍性之化合物族之化合物SRI 22781、22818、22776、22819能增加於原代神經元之NF-kB誘發之MnSOD活性(見第16及20B圖)。此等神經元選擇性之化合物之發現暗示化合物存在於神經元活化NF-kB p65但於星狀神經膠細胞則非之可能性。此特徵可能係重要,因為於星狀神經膠細胞之NF-kB之活化可能具有非所欲之作用。但是,需指出於膠質細胞之NF-kB活化之最終作用於此
階段係未知,且未呈現用於活性化合物選擇之不適合因素。然而,使於星狀神經膠細胞不具活性之化合物於神經元具活性可為吾等研究之一極重要且有趣之方面。於第16及20B圖,顯示四個上述化合物對於在原代神經元之MNSOD表現之作用。於測試之濃度,化合物係與TNF-α(MnSOD之一極有力之誘發子)一樣有效或更有效。藉由化合物之MnSOD活性之刺激係超過基礎酶活性之11倍。
神經元選擇性化合物22781及22818顯示試管內之神經保護特徵。屬於在神經元係具活性但於星狀神經膠細胞係鈍性類別之此二化合物造成於不同範例毒性實驗之神經元保護。此二化合物,其係唯二被測試者,於神經元選擇性增加NF-kB誘發之MnSOD活性,但於星狀神經膠細胞未活化NF-kB p65。於第17圖之A板,其顯示化合物22781對麩胺酸鹽興奮性神經毒性模式之作用。以吾等之化合物預處理1小時之原代神經元被曝置於甘胺酸存在且無鎂之一毒性濃度麩胺酸鹽1小時,然後,以含有此化合物之其原子培養基替換,且於化合物或載劑存在中另外培養24小時。於實驗期結束時,細胞係使用標準之以影像為主或生化存活率分析法分析。於A板,其顯示SRI22781不具直接毒性作用且麩胺酸鹽造成大量細胞死亡。但是以SRI22781預處理之細胞以統計上顯著之方式免於麩胺酸鹽不利作用。於B板,化合物22818對NMDA誘發之神經毒性之作用被顯示。於NMDA毒性前,原代神經元被曝置於3μM之化合物SRI 22818持續36小時,且於細胞生存率量化前於下列培養
期間存在。NMDA曝置持續1小時。化合物22818未影響一般之生存率,但能以統計上顯著之方式減少NMDA毒性50%。最後,化合物22818被測試其對ß-類澱粉毒性之作用。20μM之ß-類澱粉(1-42)係以其纖維狀型式用於此等實。纖維狀類澱粉係依據製造商之指示藉由於實驗前使試劑於特設生理食鹽水溶液於370℃預培養48小時而獲得。纖維狀類澱粉經過24小時之培養造成顯著之神經元死亡。,其係經由多數個以影像為主及生化分析法量化。神經元於曝置於類澱粉前係預曝置於3μM SRI22818或載劑1小時,且於整個以毒素培養期間係存在。SRI2281完全避免纖維狀類澱粉之毒性作用,極大有可為之結果。
本揭露之化合物可藉由可用於與藥物結合使用之任何傳統手段以個別治療劑或以治療劑之組合物而投藥。其等可單獨投藥,但一般係與一以選擇之投藥路徑及標準藥學實務為基礎而選擇之藥學載劑一起投藥。若要的話,化合物亦可與其它治療劑結合投藥。
此間所述之藥學上可接受之載劑,例如,載體、佐劑、賦形劑,或稀釋劑,係熟習此項技藝者所知。典型上,藥學上可接受之載劑對活性化合物係呈化學惰性,且於使用條件下不具有不利之副作用或毒性。藥學上可接受之載劑可包含聚合物及聚合物基質。
本揭露之化合物可藉由可用於與藥物結合使用之任何傳統方法以個別治療劑或以治療劑之組合物而投藥
投用之劑量當然會依已知因素而改變,諸如,特定藥劑之藥動學特徵及其投藥模式及路徑;接受者之年齡、健康及重量;症候之性質及程度;合併治療之種類;治療頻率;及所欲效果。活性成份之每天劑量被預期係每公斤(kg)體重為約0.001至1000毫克(mg),且較佳劑量係0.1至約30mg/kg。
藥劑型式(適於投藥之組成物)典型上每一單位含有約1mg至約500mg之活性成份。於此等藥學組成物,活性成份平常會以約0.5-95重量%之量存在,其係以組成物總重量為基準。
活性成份可以固體藥劑型式,諸如,膠囊、錠劑,及粉末,或以液體藥劑型式,諸如,酏劑、糖漿,及懸浮液,以口服投藥。其亦可以殺菌液體藥劑型式經腸胃外投藥。活性成份亦可經鼻內(鼻滴液)或藉由吸入藥物粉末而投藥。其它藥劑型式係可能,諸如,經由貼片機構或軟膏之透皮式投藥。
適於口服投藥之配製物可由(a)液體溶液,諸如,溶於稀釋劑,諸如,水、生理食鹽水,或橙汁,之有效量之化合物;(b)膠囊、藥包、錠劑、菱形劑,及口含錠,每一者含有一預定量之活性成份,呈固體或顆粒;(c)粉末;(d)於適當液體內之懸浮液;(e)適合乳化劑;及長期作用或延屬釋放之配製物所組成。液體配製物可包含稀釋劑,諸如,水及醇類,例如,乙醇、苯甲醇、丙二醇、甘油,及聚乙二醇,可具有或不具有添加藥學上可接受之表面活性
劑、懸浮劑,或乳化劑。膠囊型式可為含有,例如,表面活性劑、潤滑劑,及惰性填料,諸如,乳糖、蔗糖、磷酸鈣,及玉米澱粉,之一般硬或軟殼之明膠型式。錠劑型式可包含下列之一或多者:乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、海藻酸、微結晶纖維素、阿拉伯膠、明膠、瓜耳膠、膠體二氧化矽、交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉、滑石、硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鋅、硬脂酸,及其它賦形劑、著色劑、稀釋劑、緩衝劑、崩解劑、濕潤劑、防腐劑、口味劑,及藥理上可相容之載劑。菱形劑型式可包含於一口味劑(通常係蔗糖及阿拉伯膠或西黃耆膠)內之活性成份,與包含於一惰性基質(諸如,明膠及甘油,或蔗糖及阿拉伯膠)內之活性成份之喉糖、乳化液,及除活性成份外另含有此項技藝已知之載劑之凝膠。
本揭露之化合物,單獨或與其它適合組份組合,可被製成欲經由吸入而投藥之氣溶膠配製物。此等氣溶劑配製物可被置於加壓之可接受推劑劑內,諸如,二氯二氟甲烷、丙烷,及氮氣。其亦可配製為用於非加壓之製備物(諸如,氣霧器或霧化器)之藥物。
適於腸胃外投藥之配製物包含水性及非水性之等張性殺菌注射溶液,其可含有抗氧化劑、緩衝液、抑菌劑,及使配製物與所欲接受者之血液呈等張性之溶質,及水性及非水性之殺菌懸浮液,其可含有懸浮劑、助溶劑、稠化劑、安定劑,及防腐劑。化合物可以於一藥學載劑內之生理可接受稀釋液投藥,諸如,殺菌液體或液體混合物,
包含水、生理食鹽水、含水之右旋糖及相關之糖溶液、醇,諸如,乙醇、液丙醇或十六醇,二醇類,諸如,丙二醇或聚乙二醇,諸如,聚(乙二醇)400,甘油縮酮,諸如,2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧環戊烷-4-甲醇,醚類、油、脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯或甘油,或乙醯基化之脂肪酸甘油,可具有或不具有添加藥學可接受之表面活性劑,諸如,皂或清潔劑、懸浮劑,諸如,果膠、卡波姆(carbomer)、甲基纖維素、羥基丙基甲基纖維素,或羧甲基纖維素,或乳化劑及其它藥學佐劑。
可用於胃腸外配製物之油包含石油、動物、蔬菜,或合成之油。油之特別例子包含花生、黃豆、芝麻、棉花籽、玉米、橄欖、石蠟,及礦物。用於胃腸外配製物之適合脂肪酸包含油酸、硬脂酸,及異硬脂酸。油酸乙酯及荳蔻酸異丙酯係適合脂肪酸酯之例子。用於胃腸外配製物之適合皂包含脂肪鹼金屬、銨,及三乙醇胺鹽,且適合清潔劑包含(a)陽離子性清潔劑,諸如,二甲基二烷基銨鹵化物,及烷基吡啶鹵化物,(b)陰離子性清潔劑,諸如,烷基、芳基,及烯烴之磺酸鹽,烷基、烯烴、醚,及單酸甘油酯之硫酸鹽,及磺琥珀酸鹽,(c)非離子性清潔劑,諸如,脂肪胺氧化物、脂肪酸烷醇醯胺,及聚氧乙烯聚丙烯共聚物,(d)兩性清潔劑,諸如,烷基ß-胺基丙酸鹽,及2-烷基咪唑啉季銨鹽,及(e)其等之混合物。
胃腸外配製物典型上於溶液內含有約0.5重量%至約25重量%之活性成份。適合之防腐劑及緩衝液可用於
此等配製物。為使注射位置之刺激達最小或去除,此等組成物可含有一或多種具有約12至約17之親水-親脂平衡(HLB)之非離子性表面活性劑。此等配製物內之表面活性劑之量範圍係約5重量%至約15重量%。適合之表面活性劑包含聚乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯,諸如,失水山梨醇單油酸酯,及藉由丙烯化氧與丙二醇之縮合反應形成之乙烯化氧及疏水性鹼之高分子量加成物。
藥學上可接受之賦形劑亦係熟習此項技藝者所知。賦形劑之選擇會部份由特定化合物,與藉由用以投用此組成物之特定方法而決定。因此,具有廣泛不同之本揭露之藥學組成物之適合配製物。下列方法及賦形劑僅係例示,且非限制用。藥學上可接受之賦形劑較佳係不干擾活性成份作用且不會造成不利副作用。適合之載劑及賦形劑包含溶劑,諸如,水、醇,及丙二醇,固體吸收劑及稀釋劑、表面活性劑、懸浮劑、錠劑結合劑、潤滑劑、口味劑,及著色劑。
配製物以單一藥劑或多藥劑之密封容器,諸如,安瓿及小玻璃瓶,呈現,且可貯存於冷凍乾燥(凍乾)條件,其於使用前僅需添加用於注射用之殺菌液體賦形劑,例如,水。即時注射溶液及懸浮液可自殺菌之粉末、顆粒,及錠劑製備。用於可注射組成物之有效藥學載劑之要件係熟習此項技藝者所知。見,Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice,J.B.Lippincott Co.,Philadelphia,PA,Banker及Chalmers,Eds.,238-250(1982)與ASHP Handbook on
Injectable Drugs,Toissel,第4版,622-630(1986)。
適於局部投藥之配製物包含於一口味劑(通常係蔗糖及阿拉伯膠或西黃耆膠)包含活性成份之菱形劑;於惰性基質(諸如,明膠及甘油,或蔗糖或阿拉伯膠)包含活性成份之喉糖;於適合液體載劑內包含活性成份之漱口水;與除活性成份外另含有此項技藝已知之載劑之乳霜、乳化液,及凝膠。
另外,適於直腸投藥之配製物可藉由與各種基質,諸如,乳化基質或水溶性基質,混合而以栓劑呈現。適於陰道投藥之配製物可以除活性成份外另含有此項技藝已知之適當載劑之陰道栓劑、棉塞、乳霜、凝膠、糊料、發泡體,或噴灑配製物。
適合之藥學載劑係描述於Remington之Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Company,此領域之一標準參考書。
於本揭露之情況,對動物,特別是人類,投用之劑量需於經一合理時間架構影響動物之治療回應。熟習此項技藝者會瞭解劑量會依各種因素而定,包含動物之狀況、動物之體重,與欲被治療之狀況之嚴重性及階段。
適合劑量係會於患者內造成已知影響所欲回應之活性劑濃度。較佳劑量係造成欲被治療狀況之最大抑制且無不可收拾之副作用之量。
藥劑之尺寸亦會藉由投藥路徑、時間及頻率與可能伴隨投用此化合物之任何不利副作用之存在、性質及程
度及所欲生理作用而決定。
用於投用依據本揭露之化合物之有用藥學藥劑型式可例示如下:
硬殼膠囊
大量之單元膠囊係藉由每一者以100毫克之粉末狀活性成份、150毫克之乳糖、50毫克之纖維素,及6毫克之硬脂酸鎂填充標準之二件式硬明膠膠囊而製備。
軟明膠膠囊
於可消化之油,諸如,黃豆油、棉花籽油或橄欖油,內之活性成份之混合物被製備,且藉由正置換泵注射至熔融明膠內形成含有100毫克之活性成份之軟明膠膠囊。膠囊經清洗及乾燥。活性成份可溶於聚乙二醇、甘油及山梨糖醇之混合物而製備水可溶混之藥物混合物。
錠劑
大量之錠劑係藉由傳統程序製備,如此,藥劑單元係100毫克之活性成份,0.2毫克之膠體二氧化矽,5毫克之硬脂酸鎂,275毫克之微結晶纖維素,11毫克之澱粉,及98.8毫克之乳糖。適當之水性及非水性之塗層可被塗敷以增加適口性,改善優雅性及安定性或延遲吸收。
固體口服藥劑型式可藉由傳統及新穎方法製造。此等單元係以口服服用而無需水以供立即溶解及遞送藥物。活性成份於含有諸如糖、明膠、果膠及甜化劑之成份之液體內混合。此等液體係藉由冷凍乾燥及固態萃取技術固化成固體錠劑或糖衣片。藥物化合物可與黏彈性及熱
彈性之糖及聚合物或冒氣泡之組份壓製產生用於無需水而立即式釋放之多孔性基質。
長期作用或延遲釋放之配製物可藉由傳統及新穎方法製造,其提供於延長期間釋放活性化合物。例如,延遲釋放配製物可以完整地通過胃且於小腸溶解之口服藥劑型式,或以提供使活性化合物於延長期間持續釋放至血流內之可注射之配製物而製備。再者,此等型式之配製物可,例如,呈乳化液、懸浮液、溶液,及/或腸衣錠或膠囊之型式。
用者,本揭露之化合物可以鼻滴液,或計量之藥物及鼻或口頰吸入器之型式投藥。此等藥物係以細微粉末自鼻用溶液或以氣溶膠自粉末遞送。
“包含”一辭(及其文法上之變型)於此使用時係以”具有”或”包括”之包括意思使用,而非以“僅由…組成”之排它意思。“一”及“此”之用辭於此使用時需瞭解包含多數及單數。
“患者”或“對象”意指動物(例如,牛、馬、羊、豬、雞、火雞、鵪鶉、貓、狗、小鼠、大鼠、兔子、豚鼠等),或哺乳動物,包含嵌合及基因轉植之動物及哺乳動物。於一實施例,“患者”或“對象”一辭意指猴子或人類,最佳係人類。於某些實施例,患土係人類之嬰兒、小孩、青少年、成人,或老人患者。於一特別實施例,患者係健康之個人,例如,未展現記憶力受損之症候或未罹患神經變性疾病之個人。
本說明書中引用之所有公告文獻、專利案及專利申請案在此係以供參考,及用於任何及所有目的,係彷彿每一個別公告文獻、專利案或專利申請案被特別且個別指示供參考而併入般地併入。於不一致之情況,本揭露係佔優勢。
此揭露之先前說明係例示及說明本揭露。因此,此揭露僅顯示及說明較佳實施例,但如上所提,需瞭解此揭露係能以各種其它組合、修改及環境使用,且能於此間表示,與上述教示及/或相關技藝之技術或知識相當之思想範圍內改變或修改。
此間之上述實施例進一步係意欲闡釋已知用以實施之最佳模式,且使熟習此項技藝者能利用此等或其它實施例中之揭露,及特別應用或使用所需之各種修改。因此,此說明並意欲使其限於此間揭露之型式。再者,意欲使所附之申請專利範圍被闡釋為包含另外之實施例。
Claims (13)
- 一種具有式(2)之化合物用於製備用以治療罹患神經變性疾病之患者的藥劑之用途:,其中於式(2)中:Y係O或S;R1係H、醯基、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基,及經取代或未經取代之雜芳基;R2係個別選自由下列組成之群組:H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基,及經取代或未經取代之雜芳基;或R1、R2與N原子組合且共價地連結以形成啉-1-基之基團;R3係選自由下列組成之群組:H、經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基,及經取代或未經取代之雜芳基;且R4係選自由下列組成之群組:經取代或未經取代之烷基、經取代或未經取代之芳基、經取代或未經取代之芳烷基,及經取代或未經取代之雜芳基。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中於式(2)中Y係S。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中於式(2)中R3係H。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中於式(2)中R1係H。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中於式(2)中R2係選自由下列組成之群組:H、經取代或未經取代之烷基,及經取代或未經取代之芳基,或R1、R2與N原子組合且共價地連結以形成該啉-1-基之基團。
- 如請求項5之用途,其中該具有式(2)之化合物係選自由下列組成之群組:
- 如請求項1之用途,其中R2係H。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中R3係經取代或未經取代之芳基。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該神經變性疾病係至少一種選自由下列組成之群組:肌萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症、阿茲罕默氏症、巴金森氏症、脊髓性肌肉萎縮症、腦部創傷性受損及相關神經變性、血管型失智症、漢廷頓疾病,及記憶力與學習障礙。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該化合物係作為一藥學組成物之部分投予該患者,該藥學組成物進一步包含至少一藥學上可接受之賦形劑。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該化合物係藉由至少一種路徑投予該患者,該路徑係選自由下列組成之群組:口服、吸入、鼻內、口頰、腸胃外、局部、直腸,及陰道路徑。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該患者係一哺乳動物。
- 如請求項12之用途,其中該患者係人類。
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- 2010-10-14 US US13/501,934 patent/US9095596B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-10-14 WO PCT/US2010/052624 patent/WO2011047129A1/en active Application Filing
- 2010-10-15 TW TW099135215A patent/TWI504603B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-10-15 TW TW104126084A patent/TWI592155B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2015
- 2015-07-13 US US14/797,773 patent/US9980969B2/en active Active
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2018
- 2018-03-08 US US15/915,137 patent/US20190083505A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2019
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2021
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US9980969B2 (en) | 2018-05-29 |
US20120245166A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
US10953017B2 (en) | 2021-03-23 |
TWI504603B (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
WO2011047129A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
US20160022691A1 (en) | 2016-01-28 |
US20190083505A1 (en) | 2019-03-21 |
TW201116537A (en) | 2011-05-16 |
TW201545746A (zh) | 2015-12-16 |
US20210299131A1 (en) | 2021-09-30 |
US20200171040A1 (en) | 2020-06-04 |
US9095596B2 (en) | 2015-08-04 |
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