TWI519414B - 具有提高機械強度之玻璃片 - Google Patents
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Description
本項說明大致是關於玻璃片,尤其是關於具有改善機械 強度的玻璃片。
很久以來我們都知道,假使玻璃的外表面是壓縮的,就可以明顯增加玻璃物件的機械強度。使用具有不同熱膨脹係數(CTE, coefficient of thermal expansion)的鄰近玻璃層來進行玻璃強化,也一直被研究著。
此外,我們知道可藉由離子交換處理過程,增加玻璃片的機械強度。然而,這種處理過程可能會受限於根據玻璃的組成和維度所達成的離子交換量。此外,這種處理過程會明顯增加生產成本和時間,需要額外的生產樓板面積,並且產生垃圾處理的問題。據此,最好可以提供具有改善機械強度的玻璃片,而且在玻璃生產或處理過程,不需要用到離子交換處理過程。
本項說明的某實施範例是關於一種透明玻璃片,包括表面壓縮層和鄰近表面壓縮層的內層。在0°C和300°C之間,內層和表面壓縮層的熱膨脹係數差異大於50x10-7°C-1,而表面壓縮層的壓縮應力至少約300 MPa。
本發明其他特性及優點揭示於下列說明,以及部份可由說明清楚瞭解,或藉由實施下列說明以及申請專利範圍以及附圖而明瞭。
人們瞭解先前一般說明及下列詳細說明只作為範例性及說明性,以及預期提供概要或架構以瞭解申請專利範圍界定出本發明原理及特性。
所包含附圖將更進一步提供了解本發明以及在此加入以及構成說明書之一部份。附圖顯示出本發明不同的實施例及隨同詳細說明以解釋本發明之原理及操作。
我們在這裡提出製造表面具有壓縮應力透明玻璃片的方法,壓縮應力的量和壓縮層的厚度,可以就玻璃片廣泛範圍的組成、大小和厚度,以標度盤指示。
如這裡所用的,「透明」一詞是用來指某種固態材料,至少80%穿透材料的可見頻譜輻射可經由材料傳輸,而不是被材料吸收或散射。特別好的透明材料則包括至少95%穿透材料的可見頻譜輻射可經由材料傳輸,而不是被材料吸收或散射。
如這裡所用的,「原處結晶處理過程」一詞是指可結晶形成玻璃進行加熱處理時程的處理過程,玻璃的溫度以既定的速率,從退火點或以下的溫度,上升到退火點以上的溫度,固定在退火點以上的第一溫度一段既定的時間,然後以既定的速率,降低到退火點以下的溫度,使得結晶狀態玻璃的百分比高於接下來要進行的加熱處理時程。
如這裡所用的,「離子交換處理」一詞是指形成的加熱玻璃浸沒在加熱的溶液中,包含的離子半徑大於玻璃表面玻璃呈現的離子半徑,小型離子被大型離子取代,以增加玻璃的機械強度。
如這裡所用的,「實質上沒有BaO」一詞是指玻璃內包含小於約0.1mol%的BaO。如這裡所說明的表面上具有壓縮應力的透明玻璃片,包括表面壓縮層和鄰近表面壓縮層的內層。這種玻璃片可利用熔融抽拉處理製造,表面壓縮層被抽拉到內層的外面。圖1顯示的是玻璃片10的橫截面,包括環繞內層14的表面壓縮層12,這裡玻璃片橫截面的中心以x=0表示,而玻璃片橫截面的最外緣以xouter表示。
熔融抽拉處理使用的抽拉槽有一個通道,用來接收融態玻璃原始材料。通道在兩邊沿著通道長度的頂部具有開放式的溢流口。當融態材料填滿通道時,融態玻璃會從溢流口溢流出來。由於重力關係,融態玻璃會從抽拉槽的外表面向下流。這些外表面向內延伸向下,使其在抽拉槽下方的邊緣連結在一起。兩片流動的玻璃表面在這個邊緣連結在一起,熔融以形成一片流動的玻璃片。這種熔融抽拉方法提供的優點是,由於兩片玻璃膜流過通道而熔融在一起,產生的玻璃片外表面都沒有和設備的任何部分接觸。因而表面的性質不會受這種接觸的影響。
圖2顯示的是用來製造單層熔融抽拉玻璃片的熔融抽拉設備的透視圖。熔融抽拉設備包括形成槽135,包含接收融態玻璃126的開口136,流到凹槽137內,然後兩邊138a和138b向下溢流,在所謂的根部139熔融在一起。根部139是兩邊138a和138b匯合在一起的地方,也是在被拖拉滾輪組件140a向下抽拉以形成玻璃片105之前,兩片融態玻璃126的溢流牆再連結(再熔融)的地方。拖拉滾輪組件140a包括第一滾輪組件200和第二滾輪組件202。第一滾輪組件200包括兩個拖拉滾輪支撐桿204a和204b,以支撐第一滾輪206。同樣地,第二滾輪組件202包括兩個拖拉滾輪支撐桿210a和210b,以支撐第二滾輪212。拖拉滾輪組件140a也併入一個差動驅動器214(譬如裝置155),包括一個耦合到差動軸218的馬達216(譬如1hp馬達216),接著驅動兩個90°的齒輪盒220和222。第一90°的齒輪盒220和第一滾輪206接合並加以驅動。而且,第二90°的齒輪盒222和第二滾輪212接合並加以驅動。
製造這裡說明的玻璃片可藉著改善圖2所示的熔融抽拉設備,提供具有由表面壓縮層圍繞的內層的透璃片。明確地說,可修改圖2所示的熔融抽拉設備,成為具有分佈表面壓縮層的槽,和分佈被表面壓縮層圍繞的內層的槽。這種熔融抽拉設備一部份的橫截面端點圖顯示於圖3。熔融抽拉設備包括上方的形成槽131’和下方的形成槽135’。上方的形成槽131’包括一個開口(未顯示),用來接收表面壓縮層的融態玻璃128’,而下方的形成槽135’也包括一個開口(未顯示),用來接收內層的融態玻璃126’。 融態玻璃126’流進凹槽137’,接著在根部139’熔融在一起之前,溢流出兩個邊138a和138b。融態玻璃128’流進凹槽133’,然後溢流融態玻璃126’,以形成玻璃片105’。假使需要額外的玻璃層,就可以修改熔融抽拉設備,包括額外的槽以分佈額外的層。在其他方面,熔融抽拉設備可能類似於圖2所示的設備,包括拖拉滾輪組件140a。
當抽拉如這裡說明的透明玻璃片時,如果表面壓縮層和內層的熱和機械性質不同,在抽拉處理期間可能會引發應力。明確地說,在抽拉處理期間,由於不同層之間熱和黏性的不匹配,可能會引發熱和機械應力。如果內層的熱膨脹係數(CTE)大於表面壓縮層的CTE,或者如果內層的黏性大於表面壓縮層的黏性,就可以在表面壓縮層得到壓縮應力。
在表面壓縮層和內層的CTE和黏性都不匹配的情況,可藉著熱疊置(CTE不匹配)和機械應力(黏性不匹配),計算出總應力。
(1)
以兩層的玻璃片來看,某一位置的熱應力可計算如下 :
(2)
這裡Tset是設定溫度, Troom是室溫, E是Young模數,α是熱膨脹係數,而ν是Poisson比。
參數c(T)是區域平均CTE,計算如下:
(3)
不同層的玻璃片中不同的玻璃也可能產生具有不同黏性和Young模數的不同區域。粘性/Young模數不匹配應力可估計為:
(4)
這裡的F是抽拉期間的抽拉力,A是玻璃片的橫截面面積(A = 2xouterW),η和 E是x位置的粘性和Young模數。
這裡說明的透明玻璃片具有表面壓縮層,這裡表面壓縮層的壓縮應力至少約300 MPa。藉著說明表面壓縮層有至少約300 MPa的壓縮應力,是指表面壓縮層是在壓縮狀態,壓縮應力的量值或絕對值是至少300 MPa。壓縮應力的值可利用光彈性測量來判斷,使用定義在ASTM F218 “Standard Method for Analyzing Stress in Glass”的偏光計,其全部說明也在這裡併入參考。
這裡參照的熱膨脹係數(CTE)是指0°C和300°C之間的某材料或層的平均CTE。
玻璃層或區域的軟化點是定義為玻璃黏性等於約107.6泊(poise)時的溫度(即3.981x107泊)。玻璃的軟化點和玻璃在接近軟化點溫度的玻璃黏性可利用ASTM C338-93 (2008) “Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Glass”來判斷,其全部說明也在這裡併入參考。
如這裡說明的,玻璃片內層和表面壓縮層的CTE差異是大於50x10-7°C-1,例如大於75 x10-7°C-1以及更進一步例如大於90x 10-7°C-1,包含在50x10-7°C-1以及100 x10-7°C-1之間,以及更進一步包含在75x10-7°C-1及100x10-7°C-1之間。這裡內層的CTE大於表面壓縮層的CTE。內層和表面壓縮層的CTE比最好大於2.5,譬如大於3,更進一步譬如大於3.5,而甚至更進一步譬如大於4,包括在2.5和5之間,譬如在3和5之間。在某組最佳的實施範例,表面壓縮層的CTE範圍從約25x10-7°C-1到約35x10-7°C-1及內層的CTE範圍從約25x10-7°C-1到約35x10-7°C-1。
雖然這裡說明的實施範例包括表面壓縮層和內層的軟化點是同樣或接近的溫度,或者表面壓縮層的軟化點是在內層的軟化點之上,在最佳的實施範例,表面壓縮層的軟化點是在內層的軟化點以下至少40°C,譬如是在內層的軟化點以下至少60°C,更進一步譬如是在內層的軟化點以下至少80°C,再更進一步譬如是在內層的軟化點以下至少100°C,又再更進一步譬如是在內層的軟化點以下至少120°C。例如,在最佳的實施範例,表面壓縮層的軟化點和內層的軟化點是在40°C和150°C之間,例如在60℃及150℃之間,以及更進一步例如在80℃及150℃之間,以及更進一步在例如100℃與150℃之間。在內層的軟化點± 200°C的範圍內,表面壓縮層的黏性和內層的黏性比是從約0.1到約0.9。例如由0.1至0.5,以及更進一步例如由0.1至0.3,以及更進一步由0.1至0.2。
如這裡說明的,內層厚度和玻璃片的總厚度比最好是至少0.8,例如至少0.85,以及更進一步只是 0.9,以及更進一步至少0.95。雖然沒有限定在任何特定的厚度,但這裡說明的玻璃片,厚度範圍從約0.3 mm到約3 mm,例如從約0.3mm到約1.5mm。
這裡說明的透明玻璃片最好以至少約5磅的拖拉力抽拉,譬如至少約25磅,以及更進一步至少約50磅,以及更進一步至少約100磅,例如由5至250磅,例如由25至200磅。
應該選擇表面壓縮層和內層的CTE和黏性,以及其相對厚度和抽拉玻璃片的力,使得表面壓縮層的壓縮應力至少約300MPa,譬如至少約400MPa,以及更進一步至少約500MPa,以及更進一步至少約600MPa,以及更進一步至少約700MPa,例如由300MPa至1000MPa,例如由500MPa至1000MPa。。
在某組最佳的實施範例,表面壓縮層包括鹼土硼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃,而內層包括鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃。使用在表面壓縮層的鹼土硼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃的CTE最好從約25x10-7°C-1到約35x10-7°C-1。使用在內層的鹼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃的CTE最好從約75x10-7°C-1到約125x10-7°C-1。
使用在表面壓縮層的鹼土硼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃最好包括以氧化物為基礎的重量百分比: (i) 65 ≦ SiO2≦ 75 %; (ii) 7 ≦ Al2O3≦ 13 %; (iii) 5 ≦ B2O3≦ 15 %; (iv) 5 ≦ CaO ≦15 %; (v) 0 ≦ BaO ≦ 5%; (vi) 0 ≦ MgO ≦ 3%;及(vii) 0 ≦ SrO ≦ 5 %。 鹼土硼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃最好是完全不含BaO。使用在表面壓縮層的鹼土硼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃範例是取自Corning Incorporated公司的Eagle XGR玻璃。表面壓縮層和內層可選擇性地包含額外的材料或摻雜物,進一步修改其CTE和/或黏性性質。
使用在內層的鹼土硼鋁矽酸鹽玻璃最好包括以氧化物為基礎的重量百分比: (i) 50 ≦ SiO2≦65 %; (ii) 10 ≦ Al2O3≦ 20 %; (iii) 0 ≦ MgO ≦ 5 %; (iv) 10 ≦ Na2O ≦ 20 %; (iv) 0 ≦ K2O ≦5 %;及(v) ≥0以及 ≦ 1 %至少一種B2O3, CaO, ZrO2及Fe2O3。
在這裡說明的透明玻璃片最佳實施範例,透明玻璃片的層都不執行原處的結晶處理過程。玻璃片的任何層的結晶狀態最好是小於10 ppm,玻璃片的任何層的結晶狀態更好是小於5 ppm,再更好玻璃片的任何層的結晶狀態是小於1 ppm。
最好,透明玻璃片的層都不執行離子交換處理過程。爲了檢查CTE(熱應力)、厚度比,和壓縮應力黏性(機械應力)的效應,我們塑造了一系列範例的玻璃片,包括表面壓縮層和內層之間各種的CTE和黏性比,以及內層的厚度和玻璃片總厚度之間各種的比例。以下表格所列出的每種玻璃片,厚度都是0.05公分,寬度35公分,並且以50磅的拖拉力抽拉。每種範例的玻璃片表面壓縮層具有約31.8x10-7°C-1的CTE,軟化點約985°C。每種表格中所列出的範例,內層和表面壓縮層的黏性比是根據在表面壓縮層軟化點溫度時,這些層的個別黏性,特別是在約985°C的溫度,每種範例的表面壓縮層黏性是約3.981x107泊。
表1的每個範例的玻璃片,內層和表面壓縮層的CTE比是約3(內層的CTE是約95.4x10-7°C-1,使得內層和表面壓縮層的CTE差異是約63.6x10-7°C-1)。
表1
表2的每個範例的玻璃片,內層和表面壓縮層的CTE比是約4(內層的CTE是約127.2x10-7°C-1,使得內層和表面壓縮層的CTE差異是約95.4x10-7°C-1)。
表2
這裡說明的透明玻璃片具有至少約300 MPa壓縮應力的表面壓縮層,可以有改善的機械性質,尤其是增加的機械強度,而不需要進行離子交換處理。
除非另有說明,在此所揭示方法並不預期視為需要依照特定順續實施。因而申請專利範圍方法並不實際說明步驟依循次序或在申請專利範圍中特定地說明或說明步驟限制於特定次序,並不預期推斷按照任何特定順序。
熟知此技術者瞭解本發明能夠作許多變化及改變而並不會脫離本發明之精神及範圍。預期本發明含蓋本發明各種變化及改變,其屬於下列申請專利範圍以及同等物範圍內。
10...光纖
12...心蕊
14...包層
16...塗層
18...中間塗層
20...外部塗層
30...塗層光纖
32...燒結預製物
34...光纖
36,38...塗覆構件
50,52...固化構件
56...拖引器
54...光纖
圖1為所揭示玻璃片之斷面圖。
圖2顯示出融合抽拉裝置之透視圖,其能夠使用來製造單層融合抽拉玻璃片。
圖3顯示出具有上側成形容器以及下側成形容器,其能夠使用來製造在此所揭示實施例。
10...玻璃片
12...表面壓縮層
14...內層
Claims (20)
- 一種透明玻璃片,其包括一表面壓縮層和鄰近該表面壓縮層的一內層,其中在0℃和300℃之間,該內層和該表面壓縮層的熱膨脹係數差異大於50x10-7℃-1,以及該表面壓縮層的壓縮應力至少約400MPa。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中在0℃及300℃之間,該內層與該表面壓縮層之熱膨脹係數比值為大於2.5。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該透明玻璃片具有一厚度以及該內層具有一厚度,以及該內層的厚度與該透明玻璃片的厚度之比值為至少約0.8。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該透明玻璃片的厚度在約0.3mm至約3mm範圍內。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該表面壓縮層的軟化點為低於該內層的軟化點至少40℃。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中在該內層的軟化點±200℃範圍內,該表面壓縮層的黏性對該內層的黏性之比值為約0.1至約0.9。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該內層包括以氧化物計的下列重量百分比之:(i)50≦SiO2≦65%;(ii)10≦Al2O3≦20%;(iii)0≦MgO≦5%;(iv)10≦Na2O≦20%;(iv)0≦K2O≦5%;及(v)≧0以及≦1%的至少一種B2O3、CaO、ZrO2及Fe2O3。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該表面壓縮層包括以氧化物計的下列重量百分比之:(i)65≦ SiO2≦75%;(ii)7≦Al2O3≦13%;(iii)5≦B2O3≦15%;(iv)5≦CaO≦15%;(v)0≦BaO≦5%;(vi)0≦MgO≦3%;及(vii)0≦SrO≦5%。
- 依據申請專利範圍第8項之透明玻璃片,其中該表面壓縮層實質上不包括BaO。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該表面壓縮層具有壓縮應力至少約500MPa。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該透明玻璃片的任何層都未經歷在原位結晶處理過程。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該玻璃片中任何層小於10ppm為結晶狀態。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該透明玻璃片的任何層都未經歷離子交換處理。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中在0℃及300℃之間,該內層與該表面壓縮層之熱膨脹係數比值為大於3。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中在0℃及300℃之間,該內層與該表面壓縮層之熱膨脹係數差值為大於75x10-7℃-1。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該透明玻璃片具有一厚度以及該內層具有一總厚度,以及該內層的總厚度與該透明玻璃片的厚度之比值為至少約0.9。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中在0℃及300℃之間,該內層與該表面壓縮層之熱膨脹係數比值為大於4。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中在0℃及300℃之間,該內層與該表面壓縮層之熱膨脹係數差值為大於90x10-7℃-1。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該表面壓縮層具有壓縮應力至少700MPa。
- 依據申請專利範圍第1項之透明玻璃片,其中該內層的厚度與該透明玻璃片的厚度之比值小於或等於0.9。
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CN108395078B (zh) | 2020-06-05 |
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US9908803B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 |
KR101747057B1 (ko) | 2017-06-13 |
EP2588422A1 (en) | 2013-05-08 |
KR20130130678A (ko) | 2013-12-02 |
TW201217159A (en) | 2012-05-01 |
KR101634422B1 (ko) | 2016-06-28 |
WO2012005941A1 (en) | 2012-01-12 |
JP2016011253A (ja) | 2016-01-21 |
EP2588422B1 (en) | 2020-03-11 |
KR101873702B1 (ko) | 2018-07-02 |
JP5844361B2 (ja) | 2016-01-13 |
CN102971264A (zh) | 2013-03-13 |
KR20170031265A (ko) | 2017-03-20 |
KR20160036078A (ko) | 2016-04-01 |
JP6158879B2 (ja) | 2017-07-05 |
CN102971264B (zh) | 2018-05-15 |
JP2013530123A (ja) | 2013-07-25 |
US9434633B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 |
SG186384A1 (en) | 2013-01-30 |
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