TWI491686B - 用於製備導電性聚合物之方法 - Google Patents
用於製備導電性聚合物之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI491686B TWI491686B TW097133675A TW97133675A TWI491686B TW I491686 B TWI491686 B TW I491686B TW 097133675 A TW097133675 A TW 097133675A TW 97133675 A TW97133675 A TW 97133675A TW I491686 B TWI491686 B TW I491686B
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- Prior art keywords
- group
- substituted
- polythiophene
- conductive polymer
- formula
- Prior art date
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- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 21
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 11
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000006702 (C1-C18) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- YMMGRPLNZPTZBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=C1C=CS2 YMMGRPLNZPTZBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- -1 polyphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 25
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 10
- DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Chemical compound CNNC DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical group CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 5
- 229910000360 iron(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- HVOAFLJLVONUSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylperoxythiophene Chemical compound CCOOC1=CC=CS1 HVOAFLJLVONUSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000004060 quinone imines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- MIOPJNTWMNEORI-GMSGAONNSA-N (S)-camphorsulfonic acid Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(CS(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C MIOPJNTWMNEORI-GMSGAONNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZXTWGWHSMCWGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC(N)=N1 VZXTWGWHSMCWGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical class NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005915 C6-C14 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OHLUUHNLEMFGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylacetamide Chemical compound CNC(C)=O OHLUUHNLEMFGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical class C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- XLLIQLLCWZCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Natural products COCCOC(C)=O XLLIQLLCWZCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- KPSSIOMAKSHJJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl alcohol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CO KPSSIOMAKSHJJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical group [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical group [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N (+)-propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006527 (C1-C5) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006833 (C1-C5) alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RHUYHJGZWVXEHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dimethyhydrazine Chemical compound CN(C)N RHUYHJGZWVXEHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-propanediol Substances OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QBDAFARLDLCWAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydropyran-6-one Chemical compound O=C1OCCC=C1 QBDAFARLDLCWAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYDVLDNLTSOBLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxythiophene Chemical compound CCOC1=CC=CS1 VYDVLDNLTSOBLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 1
- MCLMZMISZCYBBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethylheptanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CC(O)=O MCLMZMISZCYBBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003542 3-methylbutan-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- VATRWWPJWVCZTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-oxo-n-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]butanamide Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1C(F)(F)F VATRWWPJWVCZTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- QDHFHIQKOVNCNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCS(O)(=O)=O QDHFHIQKOVNCNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ABDBNWQRPYOPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonofluoridic acid Chemical compound OC(F)=O ABDBNWQRPYOPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SFZULDYEOVSIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl321317 Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)NO)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C(=N)NO)O1 SFZULDYEOVSIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- HQFQTTNMBUPQAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclobutylhydrazine Chemical compound NNC1CCC1 HQFQTTNMBUPQAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001037 p-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JGTNAGYHADQMCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorobutanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F JGTNAGYHADQMCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFSUTJLHUFNCNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F YFSUTJLHUFNCNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNGREZUHAYWORS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorooctanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F SNGREZUHAYWORS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005385 peroxodisulfate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- PJGSXYOJTGTZAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pinacolone Chemical compound CC(=O)C(C)(C)C PJGSXYOJTGTZAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001444 polymaleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BOLDJAUMGUJJKM-LSDHHAIUSA-N renifolin D Natural products CC(=C)[C@@H]1Cc2c(O)c(O)ccc2[C@H]1CC(=O)c3ccc(O)cc3O BOLDJAUMGUJJKM-LSDHHAIUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003548 sec-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical class OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09D125/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D125/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of aromatic monomers containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen
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- C09D165/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/48—Conductive polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/56—Solid electrolytes, e.g. gels; Additives therein
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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Description
本發明係有關於一種用於在聚陰離子之存在下製備導電性聚合物之新穎的方法,及有關於以此方法製得之水性或非水性分散液或溶液,及有關於其用途。
導電性聚合物獲得日益增加的經濟重要性,因為聚合物對於可加工性、重量、及藉化學修飾將性能控制調整,均較金屬優越。習知的π-共軛聚合物實例為:聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚伸苯基、及聚(對-伸苯基-伸乙烯基)。導電性聚合物層具有各種工業用途,例如:於電容器中作為聚合的相對電極、作為抗鏡電塗層、或用於電子印刷電路板之貫穿接點。
導電性聚合物之製備係藉化學或電化學之氧化法進行,製自單體的前驅物,例如:選擇地經取代之噻吩、吡咯、與苯胺、及其個別的衍生物,其可為寡聚物。化學地氧化之聚合反應特別普遍,因為其技術上可容易地於一種液體介質及於各種基材上達成。
一種工業上所使用之特別重要的聚噻吩為聚(伸乙基-3,4-二氧噻吩)(PEDOT或PEDT),其藉化學地聚合伸乙基-3,4-二氧噻吩(EDOT或EDT)製得,其於氧化形態具有非常高的導電度,被敘述於如:EP 339340 A2中。許多聚(伸烷基-3,4-二氧噻吩)衍生物,特別是聚(伸乙基-3,4-二氧噻吩)衍生物,及其單體單元、合成反應、與應用被回顧於:L. Groenendaal,F. Jonas,D. Freitag,H. Pielartzik及J. R. Reynolds,Adv. Mater.,第12
期(2000年),第481至494頁中。
PEDOT與聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)之分散液得到特別的工業重要性,例如於EP 0440957中所揭示。自這些分散液可獲得透明的導電性薄膜,其已發現許多的應用,然而藉以例如:於觸控螢幕或有機發光二極管中取代銦錫氧化物(ITO)時,自這些分散液獲得之層的導電度及這些層的透射性仍然太低。銦錫氧化物(ITO)之層的特色為例如可達成:導電度大於5000S/公分、及透射度90%、表面電阻為每平方公分介於5與20歐姆之間(歐姆/平方公分)。
J.Y. Kim等人顯示:使用極性高沸點物可顯著地增強PEDT/PSS膜之導電度(J.Y. Kim等人,合成金屬,第126期,2002年,第311-316頁)。添加二甲亞碸(DMSO)至一種PEDT/PSS分散液可增強導電度達百倍,明確地自0.8S/公分至80S/公分。使用DMSO可導致無霧之透明導電性薄膜,因此DMSO非常適合作為一種增加導電度之添加劑,然而80S/公分之導電度仍然不足藉以例如:於觸控螢幕或有機發光二極管中取代銦錫氧化物(ITO)。
JP 2006328276經由使用琥珀醯亞胺增強PEDT/PSS分散液之導電度,藉此可達到200至1000S/公分之導電度,然而琥珀醯亞胺對於製造透明的導電層僅具有限的適用性,因為其具有一熔點為123-135℃,及一沸點為285-290℃。於常用的乾燥條件100-200℃下,不同於二甲亞碸,琥珀醯亞胺仍然為最終的導電性薄膜,並於該處生成結晶區,而導致薄膜之霧度,故高的琥珀醯亞胺比率會導致一層薄膜,故此程序亦不適合用於獲得透明的高導電度層。
JP 2001323137揭示一種於聚陰離子存在下的PEDT合成方法,其係於氮氣環境下進行。
EP 1323764與WO 03048227陳述:在聚陰離子存在下,於一種低氧介質中進行EDT之聚合反應可導致反應產物改良的導電度。於此方法中重要的是:當添加引發劑時,氧的濃度為低於3mg/l反應介質,聚合反應隨後於大氣壓力下進行。此法可製得導電性薄膜,其達到表面電阻為2900歐姆/平方(ohm/sq)至1200歐姆/平方,這些表面電阻同樣地仍然不足以例如:於觸控螢幕或有機發光二極管中取代銦錫氧化物。
因此仍然需要找尋方法,用於製備導電性聚合物,其具有高導電度及於可見光區域具有高的透明度,而且其可被容易地加工。
因此本發明之目的為提供此類方法。
目前已令人驚訝地發現:當其製備方法為於減壓下進行時,導電性聚合物具有前述之性能。
因此本發明提供一種方法,用於製備一種水性或非水性的分散液或溶液,其包括至少一種導電性聚合物及至少一種聚陰離子,其特徵在於:聚合反應係於一低於大氣壓力之壓力下進行,於本說明書中,大氣壓力被明瞭意指:大氣之平均空氣壓力,其於海平面上為1013.25百帕(hPa)。
依本發明之方法為基於:在聚合反應起始前,減低反應容器中之整體壓力,於本說明書中,減壓被明瞭意指:反應容器中的壓力為低於鄰接反應容器外側之大氣壓力。
於本發明說明書中,導電性聚合物較佳地可為選擇地經取代之聚吡咯、選擇地經取代之聚苯胺、或選擇地經取代之聚噻吩,二種或多種這些導電性聚合物之混合物亦可使用依本發明方法製得。
特佳的導電性聚合物為選擇地經取代的聚噻吩,其包含具通式(I)之重覆單元
其中R1
與R2
各自獨立地為:氫、選擇地經取代之C1
-C18
-烷基基團、或選擇地經取代之C1
-C18
-烷氧基基團,或R1
與R2
同為:選擇地經取代之C1
-C8
-伸烷基基團,其中一個或多個碳原子可被一個或多個相同或相異的選自氧及硫之雜原子所取代,以C1
-C8
-二氧伸烷基基團為較佳、選擇地經取代之C1
-C8
-氧硫伸烷基基團、或選擇地經取代之C1
-C8
-二硫伸烷基基團、或選擇地經取代之C1
-C8
-亞烷基基團,其中至少有一個碳原子可選擇地被一個選自氧及硫之雜原子所取代,於較佳的實例中,包含具通式(I)之重覆單元之聚噻吩為那些包含具通式(I-a)及/或通式(I-b)之重覆單元者
其中A 為選擇地經取代之C1
-C5
-伸烷基基團,以選擇地經取代之C2
-C3
-伸烷基基團為較佳,Y 為氧或硫,R 為線性或分支,選擇地經取代之C1
-C18
-烷基基團,以線性或分支,選擇地經取代之C1
-C14
-烷基基團為較佳、選擇地經取代之C5
-C12
-環烷基基團、選擇地經取代之C6
-C14
-芳基基團、選擇地經取代之C7
-C18
-芳烷基基團、選擇地經取代之C1
-C4
-羥基烷基基團、或羥基基團,x 為一0至8之整數,以0,1或2為較佳,以0或1為更佳,及於數個R基團結合至A之案例中,其可為相同或相異。
通式(I-a)應被明瞭為:可有x個取代基R被結合至伸烷基基團A。
於另一較佳的實例中,包含具通式(I)之重覆單元之聚噻吩為那些包含具通式(I-aa)及/或通式(I-ab)之重覆單元者
其中R如前述之定義,及x為一0至4之整數,以0,1或2為較佳,以0或1為更佳。
通式(I-aa)及(I-ab)應被明瞭為:可有x個取代基R被結合至伸乙基基團。
於另一較佳的實例中,包含具通式(I)之重覆單元之聚噻吩為那些包含具通式(I-aaa)及/或通式(I-aba)之聚噻吩者
於本發明說明書中,字首”聚”應被明瞭為:有多於一個相同或相異的重覆單元存在於聚噻吩中。聚噻吩總計包含n個具通式(I)之重覆單元,其中n可為一2至2000之整數,以2至100為較佳。於聚噻吩中,具通式(I)之重覆單元可各為相同或相異,較佳者為:於每個案例中,聚噻吩包含具通式(I)之相同的重覆單元。
於端基基團上,於每個案例中聚噻吩較佳地具有氫原子。
於特佳的實例中,包含具通式(I)之重覆單元之聚噻吩為:聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧噻吩)、聚(3,4-伸乙基氧硫噻吩)、或聚(噻嗯並[3,4-b]噻吩),亦即:一種包含具式(I-aaa)、(I-aba)、或(I-b)之重覆單元之均聚噻吩,於此案例中,其中分子式(I-b)中之Y為S。
於另一特佳的實例中,包含具通式(I)之重覆單元之聚噻吩為一種共聚物,生成自具通式(I-aaa)與(I-aba)、(I-aaa)與(I-b)、(I-aba)與(I-b)、或(I-aaa)、(I-aba)與(I-b)之重覆單元,較佳者為生成自具通式(I-aaa)與(I-aba)、及(I-aaa)與(I-b)之重覆單元之共聚物。
於本發明說明書中之C1
-C5
-伸烷基基團A為:亞甲基、伸乙基、正-伸丙基、正-伸丁基、或正-伸戊基;另外C1
-C8
-伸烷基基團為:正-伸己基、正-伸庚基、及正-伸辛基。於本發明說明書中之C1
-C8
-亞烷基基團為前示之C1
-C8
伸烷基基團,其包含至少一個雙鍵。於本發明說明書中之C1
-C8
-二氧伸烷基基團、C1
-C8
-氧硫伸烷基基團及C1
-C8
-二硫伸烷基基團為:C1
-C8
。二氧伸烷基基團、C1
-C8
-氧硫伸烷基基團、及C1
-C8
-二硫伸烷基基團,其對應於前示之C1
-C8
-伸烷基基團者。於本發明說明書中之C1
-C18
-烷基代表:線性或分支之C1
-C18
。烷基基團,例如:甲基、乙基、正-或異丙基、正-,異-,二級-,或三級-丁基、正戊基、1-甲基丁基、2-甲基丁基、3-甲基丁基、1-乙基丙基、1,1-二甲基丙基、1,2-二甲基丙基、2,2-二甲基丙基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、2-乙基己基、正壬基、正癸基、正十一烷基、正十二烷基、正十三烷基、正十四烷基、正十六烷基、或正十八烷基,C5
-C12
-環烷基代表C5
-C12
-環烷基基團,如:環戊基、環己基、環庚基、環辛基、環壬基、或環癸基,C6
-C14
-芳基代表C6
-C14
-芳基基團,如:苯基或萘基,及C7
-C18
-芳烷基代表C7
-C18
芳烷基基團,如:苄基、鄰-、間-、對-甲苯基、2,3-,2,4-,2,5-,2,6-,3,4-,3,5-二甲苯基或2,4,6-三甲苯基,於本發明說明書中之C1
-C18
-烷氧基基團為:對應於前示C1
-C18
-烷基基團之烷氧基基團。於前列舉者係作為實例藉以說明本發明,而不應被視為唯一者。
前述基團之其他取代基選擇地包括許多有機基團,例如:烷基、環烷基、芳基、鹵素、醚、硫醚、二硫化物、亞碸、碸、磺酸鹽、胺基、醛、酮、羧酸酯、羧酸、碳酸鹽、羧酸鹽、氰基、烷基矽烷、及烷氧基矽烷基團、以及碳醯胺基團。
前述之水性分散液或溶液,較佳地包含3,4-聚伸烷基二氧噻吩,例如:可使用類似敘述於EP 440957中之方法製得,可使用的氧化劑及溶液同樣地包括那些列示於EP 440957中者。於本發明說明書中,水性分散液或溶液被明瞭意指:一種分散液或溶液,其包含至少50重量百分率(重量%)之水,以至少90重量%之水為更佳,及選擇地溶劑,其為-至少部份地-與水混溶,如:醇類,例如:甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇、丁醇、或辛醇;二醇或二醇醚類,例如:乙二醇、二乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、或二丙二醇二甲基醚;或酮類,例如:丙酮、或甲基乙基甲酮。於水性分散液或溶液中,選擇地經取代之聚噻吩,特別是選擇地包含具通式(I)重覆單元的經取代之聚噻吩,之固體含量可為介於0.05與3.0重量百分率(重量%)之間,以介於0.1與1.0重量%之間為較佳。
供製備具通式(I)聚噻吩及其衍生物用之單體前驅物,其製造方法對精於此方面技藝者為習知,被敘述於如:L. Groenendaal,F. Jonas,D. Freitag,H. Pielartzik及J. R. Reynolds著,Adv. Mater.第12期(2000年),第481至494頁,及其中所引述之文獻。
於本發明說明書中,前述噻吩之衍生物被明瞭意指例如:這些噻吩之二聚物或三聚物,較高分子量的衍生物,亦即:單體前驅物之四聚物,五聚物等,亦可為衍生物。這些衍生物可由相同或相異的單體單元所組成,並且可以純的形態或以一種與彼此及/或與前述噻吩之混合物使用。於本發明說明書中,這些噻吩及噻吩衍生物之經氧化或還原的形態亦被包括於”噻吩及噻吩衍生物”一詞中,其條件為:其聚合反應會生成與前示噻吩及噻吩衍生物案例中相同的導電性聚合物。
噻吩可選擇地以溶液形態使用,適合的溶劑包括特別是下列的有機溶劑,其在反應條件下為惰性者:脂肪族醇類,如:甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、及丁醇;脂肪族酮類,如:丙酮及甲基乙基酮;脂肪族羧酸酯類,如:乙酸乙酯及乙酸丁酯;芳族碳氫化合物,如:甲苯及二甲苯;脂肪族碳氫化合物,如:己烷、庚烷、及環己烷;氯化的碳氫化合物,如:二氯甲烷及二氯乙烷;脂肪族腈類,如:乙腈;脂肪族亞碸及碸類,如:二甲基亞碸及環丁碸;脂肪族羧酸醯胺類,如:甲基乙醯胺、二甲基乙醯胺、及二甲基甲醯胺;脂肪族與芳脂族醚類,如:二乙基醚及茴香醚。此外,亦可使用水或一種水與前述有機溶劑之混合物作為溶劑,較佳的溶劑為:醇類與水、以及包含醇類或水之混合物、或醇類與水之混合物,於氧化反應條件下為液體之噻吩亦可在無溶劑下聚合。
水性分散液或溶液可另外包括至少一種聚合的黏結劑,適合的黏結劑為聚合的有機黏結劑,例如:聚乙烯基醇類、聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯基氯化物、聚乙烯基乙酸酯、聚乙烯基丁酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯醯胺、聚丙烯腈、苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯、乙酸乙烯酯/丙烯酸酯與乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚丁二烯、聚異戊二烯、聚苯乙烯、聚醚、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚醯胺、聚醯亞胺、聚碸、蜜胺-甲醛樹脂、環氧樹脂、矽酮樹脂、或纖維素。聚合黏結劑之固體含量為介於0與3重量%之間,以介於0與1重量%之間為較佳。
分散液或溶液可另外包括黏著促進劑,例如:有機官能的矽烷或其水解產物,例如:3-縮水甘油基氧基丙基三烷氧基矽烷、3-胺基丙基三乙氧基矽烷、3-巰基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、3-偏丙烯基氧基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、乙烯基三甲氧基矽烷、或辛基三乙氧基矽烷。
於本發明說明書中,非水性分散液或溶液包括至少一種導電性聚合物,以選擇地經取代之聚噻吩為較佳,及至少一種聚陰離子,可使用類似揭示於EP 1373356中之方法製得:
於第一個操作步驟中,水性或非水性分散液或溶液藉依本發明方法製得;於第二個操作步驟中,將水-可溶混的溶劑或一種水-可溶混溶劑之混合物加至此水性分散液或溶液中,隨後至少將部份的水自得到的混合物移除,及選擇地使用有機溶劑予以稀釋。於此說明書中可使用的溶劑為醯胺類溶劑,例如:甲醯胺、N-甲基乙醯胺、N,N-二甲基乙醯胺、N-甲基吡咯啶酮、N-甲基己內醯胺、或N-甲基甲醯胺;醇類與醚類,例如:乙二醇、丙三醇、乙二醇二甲基醚、乙二醇單甲基醚、乙二醇單丁基醚、或二噁烷。較佳者為:醯胺類溶劑、及於標準壓力下具有沸點為高於100℃之溶劑、及水-可溶混的溶劑或水-可溶混溶劑之混合物,其會與水形成共沸物者。水可被移除,例如:藉薄膜法,如:超過濾法,或藉蒸餾法。若使用有機溶劑予以稀釋,較佳的溶劑為前述的溶劑及脂肪族醇類,例如:甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇、正丁醇、異丁醇、三級丁醇、戊醇、異戊醇、新戊醇;脂肪族酮類,例如:丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基異丁基酮、甲基三級丁基酮;醚類,例如:四氫呋喃、甲基三級丁基醚;脂肪族及芳族羧酸之酯類,例如:乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙二醇單甲醚乙酸酯、酞酸丁酯;或脂肪族或芳族之碳氫化合物,例如:戊烷、己烷、環己烷、辛烷、異辛烷、癸烷、甲苯、鄰-二甲苯、間-二甲苯、或對-二甲苯。
導電性聚合物,特別是聚噻吩,可為未帶電或陽離子性,於較佳的實例中其為陽離子性,”陽離子性”一詞僅指位於聚噻吩主鏈上之電荷。依R基團上之取代基,聚噻吩可於結構單元中帶有正及負電荷,於此案例中,正電荷存在於聚噻吩主鏈上,及負電荷,若存在時,位於經磺酸鹽或羧酸鹽基團取代之R基團上,聚噻吩主鏈上之正電荷可部份地或完全地被存在於R基團上之陰離子基團所飽和。整體而言,於這些案例中之聚噻吩可為陽離子性、未帶電、或甚至為陰離子性,然而於本發明說明書中,其皆被視為陽離子性聚噻吩,因為於聚噻吩主鏈上之正電荷具關鍵性。於分子式中正電荷未予顯示,因為其準確的數目及位置無法被確切地陳述,但正電荷之數目至少為1,及最多為n,其中n為於聚噻吩內所有重覆單元(相同或相異)之總數。
為抵銷正電荷,若其未曾藉選擇地經磺酸鹽或羧酸鹽取代予以達成及因此使R基團帶負電荷,則此陽離子性聚噻吩需要陰離子作為抗衡離子。
可使用之抗衡離子包括單體或聚合的陰離子,後者於後亦被稱為聚陰離子。
可使用之單體陰離子為例如那些屬C1
-C20
鏈烷磺酸者,如:甲烷-、乙烷-、丙烷-、或丁烷磺酸、或較高的磺酸,如:十二烷磺酸、屬脂肪族過氟磺酸者,如:三氟甲烷磺酸、過氟丁烷磺酸、或過氟辛烷磺酸、屬脂肪族C1
-C20
羧酸者,如:2-乙基己基羧酸、屬脂肪族過氟羧酸者,如:三氟乙酸、或過氟辛酸、屬芳族磺酸,選擇地經C1
-C20
-烷基基團取代者,如:苯磺酸、鄰-甲苯磺酸、對-甲苯磺酸、十二烷基苯磺酸、二壬基萘磺酸、或二壬基萘二磺酸、及屬環鏈烷磺酸者,如:樟腦磺酸、或四氟硼酸鹽、六氟磷酸鹽、過氯酸鹽、六氟銻酸鹽、六氟砷酸鹽、或六氯銻酸鹽。
特佳者為:對-甲苯磺酸、甲烷磺酸、或樟腦磺酸之陰離子。
所使用氧化劑之陰離子,或於還原反應後自其生成之陰離子,亦可用作抗衡離子,故其並非必須添加其他的抗衡離子。
較佳的聚合陰離子,例如:聚合的羧酸之陰離子,如:聚丙烯酸、聚甲基丙烯酸、或聚馬來酸、或聚合的磺酸,如:聚苯乙烯磺酸、及聚乙烯基磺酸。這些聚羧酸及聚磺酸亦可為乙烯基羧酸及乙烯基磺酸與其他可聚合的單體,如:丙烯酸酯與苯乙烯,之共聚物。這些亦可為例如:包含SO3 -
M+
或COO-
M+
基團之部份氟化或過氟化聚合物,其中M+
為如:H+
、Li+
、Na+
、K+
、Rb+
、Cs+
、或NH4 +
,以H+
、Na+
、或K+
為較佳。
作為抗衡離子之特佳的聚合陰離子為聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)之陰離子。
供給聚陰離子之多元酸,其分子量以1000至2000000為較佳,以2000至500000為更佳。多元酸或其鹼金屬鹽類已有商品,例如:聚苯乙烯磺酸、及聚丙烯酸,或可使用習知方法製得(參見如:Houben Weyl,有機化學之方法[有機化學之方法],第E20冊,大分子物質[大分子物質],第2部份,(1987年),第1141頁起)。
陽離子性聚噻吩,其包含陰離子作為抗衡離子藉以抵銷電荷者,於技術領域中亦常被稱為聚噻吩/(聚)陰離子錯合物。
於依本發明之一較佳實例中,聚合反應係於一低於800hPa之壓力下進行,於一特佳的實例中,聚合反應在低於200hPa之壓力下達成,於一非常特佳的實例中,聚合反應在低於50hPa之壓力下進行。
聚合反應之進行,較佳地於一溫度在0-35℃之範圍內,更佳地於一溫度在5-25℃之範圍內,及最佳地於一溫度在10-20℃之範圍內。
為了增強水性或非水性分散液或溶液之導電度,於本發明說明書中可添加如二甲亞碸之導電度增強劑,然而其他的導電度增強劑,如:揭示於EP 0686662中或於Ouyang等人著,聚合物,第45期(2004年),第8443-8450頁中者,於本發明說明書中亦可被用作導電度性增強劑。
本發明另外提供依本發明方法製得之水性或非水性分散液或溶液,及這些水性或非水性分散液或溶液於製造導電性塗層之用途,這些導電性塗層可具有一大於500S/公分之導電性。
本發明進一步提供一種方法,用於製備一種水性或非水性分散液或溶液,其包括至少一種導電性聚合物及至少一種聚陰離子,其特徵在於此方法包括下列諸步驟:
1)添加至少一種氧化劑,僅於反應介質已借助惰性氣體予以惰性化之後,
2)於一低於大氣壓力之壓力下進行聚合反應。
於本發明說明書中反應介質被視為已惰性化,當惰性氣體持續通過反應介質至少5分鐘,以至少20分鐘為較佳,適合的惰性氣體為例如:氬氣、氦氣、或氮氣。反應介質被視為惰性化,當反應容器之內部壓力已至少被降低一次,及隨後內部壓力藉加入惰性氣體而被提升。
此依本發明之另外方法包括之所有定義、參數、說明、及操作條件,於一般性或於較佳範圍中所指明者,皆與前述之第一種依本發明方法相同,特別是具有至少一種導電性聚合物、至少一種聚陰離子、及進行聚合反應所使用之壓力。
本發明進一步提供一種藉依本發明另外方法製得之水性或非水性分散液或溶液,及使用此水性或非水性分散液或溶液於製造導電性塗層,這些導電性塗層具有一導電度為至少500S/公分,以至少600S/公分為較佳,以至少700S/公分為最佳。
下列實例僅係藉舉例方式解說本發明,不應被解說為一種限制。
使用一只3公升的不鏽鋼槽,其裝設有:攪拌器、上部蓋子中有一排氣口、於上部蓋子有一可關閉的物料入口,於底部有一通氣口、及一附加自動調溫器之加熱夾套。將2050公克水、500公克聚苯乙烯磺酸溶液(5.0%)、及5.6公克10%硫酸鐵(III)溶液加至反應容器中,攪拌器以50轉/分鐘(rpm)旋轉,調整溫度至18℃。將200公升/小時之氮氣持續3小時經由底部通氣口進入,及可由開啟的物料入口逸出,經3小時後,關閉於下部通氣口之氮氣線流,並於上部通氣口建立一500公升/小時之氮氣線流,氮氣線流可由物料入口逸出。隨後於氮氣逆流中,借助一注射器經由物料入口引入10.13公克伸乙基二氧基噻吩(M V2,H.C. Starck公司,Goslar)。繼而於氮氣逆流中,經由物料入口加入23.7公克過氧二硫酸鈉,關閉物料入口,於些微稍高之20hPa氮氣壓力下進行聚合反應,藉以防止大氣中之氧氣進入。混合物於18℃下攪拌23小時,反應結束後,轉移混合物在至一塑膠燒杯中,藉添加500毫升之一種陽離子交換劑(Lewatit S100 H,Lanxess AG公司)與290毫升之一種陰離子交換劑(Lewatit MP 62,Lanxess AG公司)將無機鹽類移除。混合物持續攪拌6小時,並濾除離子交換劑,最後將混合物通過一只10微米過濾器,獲得的分散液具有一固體含量為1.19%。
溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將一潔淨的玻璃基材放置於一旋轉的塗佈機上,並將10毫升前述之混合物分發於此基材上,隨後藉旋轉玻璃板以使旋轉去除浮在表面的溶液,而後將依此塗覆的基材於一加熱板上在130℃下乾燥15分鐘,層厚為70奈米(Tencor,Alphastep 500)。
導電度係藉施加相距10毫米之二只長度2.5公分的銀電極,經由一遮影罩予以測定,將使用靜電計(Keithly 614)測得之表面電阻乘以層厚,藉以獲得比電阻率,此層之比電阻率為0.00265歐姆‧公分,對應於一導電度為377S/公分,依此製得之層為透明。
使用一只如實例1所述之3公升不鏽鋼槽,將2050公克水、500公克聚苯乙烯磺酸溶液(5.0%)、及5.6公克10%硫酸鐵(III)溶液加入反應容器中,攪拌器以50轉/分鐘旋轉。調整溫度至60℃,並將槽中之內部壓力降至100hPa,經16小時後溫度降至18℃,使其內部壓力降至33hPa。隨後於氮氣逆流中,經由一管件使10.13公克伸乙基二氧基噻吩(M V2,H.C. Starck公司,Goslar)吸入反應容器中,將23.7公克過氧二硫酸鈉溶解於50公克之水中,同樣地經由一管件吸入反應介質中。關閉物料入口,借助真空泵浦調整反應容器之內部壓力至30hPa,於此減壓下進行反應23小時。反應結束後,將反應容器排氣,並轉移混合物至一塑膠燒杯,藉添加500毫升之一種陽離子交換劑(Lewatit S100 H,Lanxess AG公司)與290毫升之一種陰離子交換劑(Lewatit MP 62,Lanxess AG公司)將無機鹽類移除。混合物持續攪拌6小時,並濾除離子交換劑,最後將混合物通過一只10微米過濾器,獲得的分散液具有一固體含量為1.26%。
如實例1中所述般溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將此層加至一玻璃基材,測量導電度,此層之比電阻率為0.00265歐姆‧公分,對應於一導電度為377S/公分,依此製得之層為透明。
溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將一潔淨的玻璃基材放置於一旋轉塗佈機上,並將10毫升前述之混合物分發於此基材上,隨後藉旋轉玻璃板以使旋轉去除浮在表面的溶液,而後將經塗覆的基材於一加熱板上在130℃下乾燥15分鐘,層厚為110奈米(Tencor,Alphastep 500)。
於一光度計(Lambda 900)中,層之透射度於320-780奈米之範圍予以測定,使用此透射度數據計算對於光源D65/10°之標準著色值Y,標準著色值測得為86.52,所使用玻璃基材之標準著色值測得為90.94。
使用一只如實例1所述之3公升不鏽鋼槽,將2050公克水、500公克聚苯乙烯磺酸溶液(5.0%)、及5.6公克10%硫酸鐵(III)溶液加至反應容器,攪拌器以50轉/分鐘旋轉。調整溫度至18℃。將200公升/小時之氮氣持續3小時經由底部通氣口進入,及可由開啟的物料入口逸出,經3小時後,停止於下部通氣口之氮氣線流,並於上部通氣口建立一500公升/小時之氮氣線流,氮氣線流可通過物料入口逸出。隨後於氮氣逆流中,借助一注射器經由物料入口引入10.13公克伸乙基二氧基噻吩(M V2,H.C. Starck公司,Goslar)。繼而於氮氣逆流中,經由物料入口加入23.7公克過氧二硫酸鈉,關閉物料入口,並借助真空泵浦立即將反應容器之內部壓力降低至30hPa,隨後於此減壓下進行反應23小時。反應結束後,將反應容器排氣,轉移混合物至一塑膠燒杯,藉添加500毫升之一種陽離子交換劑(Lewatit S100 H,Lanxess AG公司)與290毫升之一種陰離子交換劑(Lewatit MP 62,Lanxess AG公司)將無機鹽類移除。混合物持續攪拌6小時,並濾除離子交換劑,最後將混合物通過一只10微米過濾器,獲得的分散液具有一固體含量為1.21%。
如實例1中所述般溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將此層加至一玻璃基材,測量導電度,此層之比電阻率為0.00142歐姆‧公分,對應於一導電度為704S/公分,依此製得之層為透明。
溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將一潔淨的玻璃基材放置於一旋轉塗佈機上,並將10毫升前述之混合物分發於此基材上,隨後藉旋轉玻璃板以使旋轉去除浮在表面的溶液,而後將依此塗覆的基材於一加熱板上在130℃下乾燥15分鐘,層厚為60奈米(Tencor,Alphastep 500)。
於一光度計(Lambda 900)中,層之透射度於320-780奈米之範圍予以測定,使用此透射度數據計算對於光源D65/10°之標準著色值Y,標準著色值測得為87.21,所使用玻璃基材之標準著色值測得為90.94。
使用一只裝設有攪拌器之3公升玻璃容器,將2050公克水、500公克聚苯乙烯磺酸溶液(5.0%)、及5.6公克10%硫酸鐵(III)溶液加至反應容器,攪拌器以50轉/分鐘旋轉。調整溫度至18℃。隨後加入10.13公克伸乙基二氧基噻吩(M V2,H.C. Starck公司,Goslar),接著加入23.7公克過氧二硫酸鈉,聚合反應於標準大氣壓力下進行,混合物於18℃下攪拌23小時。反應結束後,轉移混合物至一塑膠燒杯,藉添加500毫升之一種陽離子交換劑(Lewatit S100 H,Lanxess AG公司)與290毫升之一種陰離子交換劑(Lewatit MP 62,Lanxess AG公司)將無機鹽類移除。混合物持續攪拌6小時,並濾除離子交換劑,最後將混合物通過一只10微米過濾器,獲得的分散液具有一固體含量為1.12%。
如實例1中所述般溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將此層加至一玻璃基材,測量導電度,此層之比電阻率為0.00877歐姆‧公分,對應於一導電度為114S/公分,依此製得之層為透明。
使用一只如實例1所述之3公升攪拌槽,將2100公克水、500公克聚苯乙烯磺酸溶液(5.0%)、5.6公克10%硫酸鐵(III)溶液、及23.7公克過氧二硫酸鈉加至反應容器,攪拌器以50轉/分鐘旋轉。調整溫度至45℃,並將槽中之內部壓力降低至約100hPa,維持45℃之溫度超過1小時,而後降溫至13℃,此導致壓力降至25hPa。接著將此設備除氣,及經由物料入口添加10.13公克伸乙基二氧基噻吩(M V2,H.C. Starck公司,Goslar),關閉物料入口,並借助真空泵浦再度將反應容器之內部壓力降低至30hPa,而於13℃在此減壓下進行反應23小時。反應結束後,將反應容器排氣,轉移混合物至一塑膠燒杯,藉添加500毫升之一種陽離子交換劑(Lewatit S100 H,Lanxess AG公司)與290毫升之一種陰離子交換劑(Lewatit MP 62,Lanxess AG公司)將無機鹽類移除。混合物持續攪拌6小時,並濾除離子交換劑,最後將混合物通過一只10微米過濾器,獲得的分散液具有一固體含量為1.14%。
如實例1中所述般溶混19公克此分散液與1公克二甲亞碸,將此層加至一玻璃基材,測量導電度,此層之比電阻率為0.00192歐姆‧公分,對應於一導電度為520S/公分,依此製得之層為透明。
表1顯示包含依照實例1至5製得之分散液之層,其導電度之比較。
由表1之結果明顯可知層之導電度主要依導電性聚合物之製備方法而定,其明白顯示:於減壓下進行聚合反應可導致所製得層之導電度根本地改善(參見實例2,4與5)。當聚合反應在惰性的環境下及於減壓下進行時,導電度可被大幅地增強,由實例3明顯可見。
Claims (14)
- 一種用於製備一種水性或非水性分散液或溶液之方法,該水性或非水性分散液或溶液包括至少一種導電性聚合物及至少一種聚陰離子,其特徵在於聚合反應係於一低於1013.25hPa之壓力下進行,其中至少一種導電性聚合物為一種選擇地經取代之聚噻吩,且其中至少一種聚陰離子為聚羧酸或聚磺酸。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於至少一種導電性聚合物為一種選擇地經取代之聚噻吩,其包含具通式(I)之重覆單元
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於至少一種導電性聚合物為一種聚噻吩,其包含具通式(I-aaa)及/或具通式(I-aba)之重覆單元
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中至少一種導電性聚合物為聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧噻吩)之聚噻吩。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於聚陰離子為聚苯乙烯磺酸。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於聚合反應係於一低於800hPa之壓力下進行。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於導電度增強劑被加至水性或非水性分散液或溶液。
- 一種用於製備一種水性或非水性分散液或溶液之方法,該水性或非水性分散液或溶液包括至少一種導電性聚合物及至少一種聚陰離子,其特徵在於該方法包括下列步驟:1)僅於反應介質已借助惰性氣體予以惰性化之後,添加至少一種氧化劑,2)於一低於1013.25hPa之壓力下進行聚合反應其中至少一種導電性聚合物為一種選擇地經取代之聚 噻吩,且其中至少一種聚陰離子為聚羧酸或聚磺酸。
- 根據申請專利範圍第8項之方法,其特徵在於至少一種導電性聚合物為一種選擇地經取代之聚噻吩,其包含具通式(I)之重覆單元
- 根據申請專利範圍第9項之方法,其特徵在於至少一種導電性聚合物為一種聚噻吩,其包含具通式(I-aaa)及/或具通式(I-aba)之重覆單元
- 根據申請專利範圍第10項之方法,其中至少一種導電性聚合物為聚(3,4-伸乙基二氧噻吩)之聚噻吩。
- 根據申請專利範圍第8項之方法,其特徵在於聚陰離子為聚苯乙烯磺酸。
- 根據申請專利範圍第5至9項中至少一項之方法,其特徵在於聚合反應係於一低於800hPa之壓力下進行。
- 根據申請專利範圍第8項之方法,其特徵在於導電度增強劑被加至水性或非水性分散液或溶液。
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JP5728631B2 (ja) | 2015-06-03 |
EP2185661A1 (de) | 2010-05-19 |
EP2185661B1 (de) | 2015-04-15 |
DE102007041722A1 (de) | 2009-03-05 |
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