TWI464911B - 光電半導體晶片之製造方法 - Google Patents

光電半導體晶片之製造方法 Download PDF

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TWI464911B
TWI464911B TW101106636A TW101106636A TWI464911B TW I464911 B TWI464911 B TW I464911B TW 101106636 A TW101106636 A TW 101106636A TW 101106636 A TW101106636 A TW 101106636A TW I464911 B TWI464911 B TW I464911B
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structured surface
intermediate layer
manufacturing
epitaxial
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Christian Leirer
Anton Vogl
Andreas Biebersdorf
Joachim Hertkorn
Tetsuya Taki
Rainer Butendeich
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Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh
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Description

光電半導體晶片之製造方法
本發明涉及一種光電半導體晶片。
例如,在以GaN為主之發光二極體晶片,特別是以InGaN為主之發光二極體晶片中,會發生以下的效應:光發射量隨著用來操作該發光二極體晶片的電流之變大的電流密度而以小於線性關係的比率上升。若該發光二極體晶片應有效率地操作,則其須以小的電流密度來操作。
本發明的目的是提供一種光電半導體晶片,其在高的電流密度時能以較高的效率來操作。
本發明亦提供一種光電半導體晶片之製造方法。此光電半導體晶片可以是一種產生輻射的半導體晶片,例如,發光二極體晶片。此外,其可以是一種偵測輻射之半導體晶片,例如,光二極體。
依據本方法之至少一實施形式,首先在磊晶設備中製備一種生長基板。該生長基板是一種基板晶圓,其上能以磊晶方式生長即將製造之該光電半導體晶片的半導體材料。例如,該生長基板是以藍寶石、GaN、SiC或矽來形成。該生長基板特別是亦可由這些材料構成。
在磊晶設備中製備該生長基板,隨後進行光電半導體晶片之製造。例如,該磊晶設備是一種MOVPE(金屬有機化學氣相磊晶)反應器,其中可藉由金屬有機氣相磊 晶來製造該光電半導體晶片之至少一部份。
依據本方法之至少一實施形式,至少一中間層以磊晶方式沈積在生長基板上。磊晶方式的沈積因此是在磊晶設備中進行。該至少一中間層例如是摻雜的半導體層,例如,其是一種沈積在生長基板上的n-摻雜的半導體層。
依據本方法之至少一實施形式,在該中間層之遠離該生長基板之側上產生一已結構化之表面。此一已結構化之表面例如可以是一已結構化之層之表面,其產生在該中間層之遠離該生長基板之側上。此外,該中間層之遠離該生長基板之側,即,該中間層本身之表面,改變成一已結構化之表面。
所謂已結構化之表面此處是指一種具有結構之表面,使該表面就MOVPE生長時一般的準則而言不能稱為平滑。即,已結構化之表面例如具有凹處和凸起,其中該已結構化之表面之凸起至少較該已結構化之表面之凹處高出數個單層之半導體材料。
橫向中二個凸起之間的平均距離例如至少50奈米及/或最多50微米,特別是至少500奈米及/或最多1500奈米。一凹處和一相鄰的凸起之間的距離在垂直方向中是以多角形平面之側面角大約60度時對應地求得。
依據本方法之至少一實施形式,在隨後的步驟中在該已結構化之表面上進行活性層之磊晶沈積。即,例如在光電半導體晶片操作時用來產生或偵測電磁輻射之活性層係以磊晶方式沈積在該已結構化之表面上。因此, 在該已結構化之表面和該活性層之間亦可存在其它的層,其同樣以磊晶方式沈積在該已結構化之表面上。該活性層另外可包含多個層,即,該活性層特別是可為一種活性層序列。例如,該活性層包含單一或多重式量子膜。
依據本方法之至少一實施形式,該已結構化之表面產生於磊晶設備中。即,該已結構化之表面例如不是藉由在磊晶設備外部進行之蝕刻所造成之粗糙化而產生、或亦不是在磊晶設備外部之生長基板上施加多個遮罩層而產生,反之,該已結構化之表面是在磊晶過程期間當場(in situ)產生。
依據本方法之至少一實施形式,須沈積該活性層,使該活性層在外形上至少依位置而與該已結構化之表面之結構為同形(conform)或至少依位置而基本上保持同形。即,該活性層超過該已結構化之表面而生長,使該已結構化之表面之結構不是單純地被覆蓋,而是該活性層至少依據位置追隨著該已結構化之表面的外形或該活性層基本上追隨著該外形。“基本上”此處是指,該活性層之外形可偏離該已結構化之表面之嚴格同形的影像。然而,若該已結構化之面例如具有凹處和凸起,則該活性層之凹處應位於該已結構化之表面的凹處之區域中且該活性層之凸起應位於該已結構化之表面的凸起之區域中。此情況須至少以區段方式達成,使該活性層至少以區段方式具有一種類似於該已結構化之表面的結構。
依據光電半導體晶片之製造方法之至少一實施形式,此方法包括以下各步驟:-在磊晶設備中製備生長基板,-在該生長基板上磊晶沈積至少一個中間層,-在該中間層之遠離該生長基板之側上產生遠離該生長基板之已結構化之表面,-在該已結構化之表面上磊晶沈積一活性層,其中-該已結構化之表面產生於該磊晶設備中,且-該活性層至少依位置而與該已結構化之表面之結構為同形或至少依位置而基本上保持同形。
本方法另外以下述的認知為基準:可藉由形成一已結構化之活性層而設置一活性層,其在與一種未結構化地生長在一平坦表面上之活性層比較下具有較大的外表面且因此具有較大的輻射面或較大的偵測面。藉由該活性層之較大的面,則在相同的晶片數值(即,相同的晶片橫切面及相同的電流)時例如可使發出輻射之光電半導體晶片之效率提高。或是,亦可使用橫切面較小的晶片,其由於活性層之較大的面而具有一種與未具有結構化的表面之晶片同等級的效率。活性表面上的結構例如是一種理想的六角形稜錐體,該活性層之面積因此可大約放大1.4倍。上述效率因此可提高10%。即,效率之此提高量至少為5%或更多。
依據光電半導體晶片之至少一實施形式,半導體晶片之以磊晶製成的層的至少一部份或全部是以氮化物-化合物半導體材料為主。
“以氮化物-化合物半導體材料為主”在此處之意義是指,半導體層序列20或其中至少一部份具有氮化物-化合物半導體材料,較佳是Aln Gam In1-n-m N,或由其所構成,其中0≦n≦1,0≦m≦1且n+m≦1。因此,此材料未必具有上述形式之以數學所表示之準確的組成。反之,此材料可具有一種或多種摻雜物質以及其它成份。然而,為了簡單之故,上述形式只含有晶格(Al,Ga,In,N)之主要成份,這些主要成份之一部份亦可由少量的其它物質來取代及/或補充。
例如,上述的層是以InGaN及/或GaN-半導體材料為主。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,已結構化之表面藉由生長條件之適當的改變而產生於磊晶設備中。即,藉由調整例如生長溫度或磊晶設備中的流動速率之類的生長條件,以生長或產生一已結構化之表面。其它來自外部的介入(例如,施加額外的蝕刻劑)因此已不需要。於是,生長條件中可以只改變一參數或生長條件中可同時改變多個參數,以產生該已結構化之表面。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,該已結構化之表面藉由磊晶設備中溫度之適當的改變而產生。磊晶設備中的溫度因此可升高或下降以產生該已結構化之表面。於是,例如該中間層之外表面可被結構化成已結構化之表面、或磊晶設備中可改變的溫度在已結構化之層之生長期間是在中間層之外表面上調整,以便在該已結構化之層上形成該已結構化之表面。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,該已結構化之表面藉由磊晶設備中前驅物(precursor)及/或載體氣體之流動速率之適當的改變而產生。所謂流動速率的改變例如是指前驅物及/或載體氣體之流動之減少或中斷。同時,另一前驅物及/或另一載體氣體之流動速率可提高。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,為了形成該已結構化之表面,磊晶設備中的溫度須降低,以形成所謂V-缺陷。V-缺陷在氮化物-化合物半導體材料中例如具有一種在生長方向中開口的反稜錐體的形式,其例如具有六角形的基面。此缺陷在橫切面中具有V的形式。V-缺陷在氮化物-化合物半導體材料中可藉由生長參數(特別是生長溫度)的調整而例如產生於一種以GaN為主或由此半導體材料構成之層中。V-缺陷的大小因此與產生有V-缺陷的該層之厚度有關。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,該中間層包括線偏位(dislocation),其中V-缺陷的大部份分別形成在一線偏位處。所述線偏位例如在中間層之半導體材料之異質磊晶中形成在該生長基板上,該生長基板具有一與半導體材料不同之晶格常數。例如,該中間層生長在一由藍寶石構成的生長基板上,其對該中間層之氮化物-化合物半導體材料可具有一種大約14%之晶格不匹配(mismatching)。藉由該生長基板及生長條件(特別是生長溫度)之選擇,則可調整V-缺陷之密度。V-缺陷之密度決定該已結構化之表面的粗糙度,例如,凹處之深度及其相互之間的距離。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,該中間層以GaN為主,例如,以n-摻雜之GaN為主,且V-缺陷在溫度小於900℃時生長於磊晶設備中。此種生長條件對V-缺陷而言顯示成特別有利。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,該中間層以GaN為主且為了形成該已結構化之表面,NH3-前驅物之流量須於特定時間下降或受到抑制。因此,磊晶設備中的溫度亦可同時下降。在該中間層之生長結束之後且在活性層的生長之前,由於已減少或已消失之氮-成份而會造成該中間層之以GaN為主之遠離該生長基板之表面的分解。這樣會使該表面粗糙化且因此形成該已結構化之表面。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,在該中間層之遠離該生長基板之表面上施加一遮罩層,其具有多個朝向中間層之開口,且藉由該遮罩層之磊晶式過生長(overgrowth)而形成該已結構化之表面。即,在磊晶製成的中間層上例如施加一以氮化矽為主之層,其例如以微影術而被結構化,使其具有開口,開口中可使該中間層之至少一部份裸露出來。在該遮罩層之隨後的過生長中,特別是對以GaN為主之半導體材料可形成六角形之稜錐體結構或梯形結構。以此方式而產生一已結構化之層,其在其遠離該生長基板之側上具有該已結構化之表面。
依據上述方法之至少一實施形式,在該遮罩層之磊晶過生長中將材料施加至該遮罩層之開口中,使磊晶生 長之材料的一部份直接與該中間層接觸。
以下,依據實施例和所附的圖式來詳述此處所述之方法。
各圖式和實施例中相同、相同形式或作用相同的各組件分別設有相同的元件符號。各圖式和各圖式中所示的各元件之間的大小比例未必依比例繪出。反之,為了清楚及/或易於理解,各別的元件已予放大地顯示出。
圖1之切面圖顯示一種光電半導體晶片,其例如是發光二極體晶片。此光電半導體晶片包括一個生長基板1。該生長基板1例如可以是藍寶石基板。在該生長基板1上施加中間層2。此中間層2例如以n-摻雜之GaN來形成。由於該生長基板1和中間層2之間的晶格差異,則會在中間層2中形成線偏位2,其可經由中間層2而延伸。
在該中間層2之遠離該生長基板1之側上,在生長條件改變下磊晶生長已結構化之層21。此種磊晶生長因此是在與製造該中間層2相同的磊晶設備中進行。例如,已結構化之層21是在磊晶設備中的溫度小於900℃時生長。以此方式而產生具有規則之大小的V-缺陷7,其分別形成線偏位6。V-缺陷7之密度例如至少可為5×107 /cm2 ,例如,至少為108 /cm2 。須以大型方式生長V-缺陷,使其幾乎相接觸。這例如可藉由該已結構化之層21之厚度d來調整。此厚度d因此與V-缺陷之密度有關,其可藉由溫度之選擇來調整。
V-缺陷7產生該已結構化之表面3,其在V-缺陷7之區域中具有凹處。在各凹處之間配置著凸起,其例如可具有六角形之稜錐體的形式。
然後,使生長條件改變,即,隨後形成之目前可由多個層構成的活性層4係以不同材料及/或不同溫度生長而成。
這樣所產生的活性層4在結構上儘可能與該已結構化之表面3之結構保持同形。以此方式,則可產生一種波狀的活性層,其具有較一種直接生長在平滑的或平坦的中間層2之外表面上的活性層還大的外表面。因此,可達成上述的效率提升。
最後,生長一覆蓋層5,其例如能以p-導電之半導體材料來形成,此半導體材料以GaN為主。
在下一步驟中,例如可將生長基板1剝除且可產生對應的金屬接觸區以與光電半導體晶片形成接觸。
請參閱圖2,其依據所製成的上述光電半導體晶片來詳細顯示此處所述方法之另一實施例。與圖1之光電半導體晶片不同,此方法之實施例中未形成V-缺陷。即,該生長溫度(其為磊晶設備中的溫度)不必下降。反之,在該中間層2之遠離該生長基板1之平滑表面上施加一遮罩層8,其例如由SiN構成且具有朝向該中間層2之開口81。
由於該遮罩層8例如藉由n-導電之GaN為主之半導體材料而橫向地過生長,則在對應的半導體材料之磊晶沈積時會形成一已結構化之層21。此已結構化之層21 在其遠離該生長基板1之側上具有已結構化之表面3。然後,如上所述,在該已結構化之表面3上生長該活性層4,其可與該已結構化之表面3之結構形成為同形。最後,施加一種例如由p-摻雜的半導體材料構成之覆蓋層5。
於此,當各開口81就其大小及/或其位置以隨機方式配置在該遮罩層8中時已顯示是特別有利的。於是,該已結構化之表面3可達成特別適當的粗糙度。
請參閱圖3,其依據切面圖而詳細顯示此處所述方法之另一實施例,其顯示一以本方法所製成的光電半導體晶片。
與先前的各實施例不同,本實施例中該已結構化之表面3形成在該中間層2之遠離該生長基板1之側上,使該中間層2亦成為已結構化之層21。這至少能以二種方式來達成。
其中一種方式為,在該中間層2之生長已結束且磊晶設備中的溫度下降之後,使NH3-前驅物之流量下降或完全受到抑制。藉由氮成份之下降或消失,則可使該中間層2之以GaN為主之表面分解且因此造成該層之粗糙化。然後,在該已結構化之表面3上以同形方式沈積該活性層4,其可由覆蓋層5所覆蓋。
另一種方式為,粗糙度亦可藉由磊晶設備中的載體氣體(例如,氫)之流率(rate)來調整。若氫的流率提高,則該已結構化之表面3之粗糙度亦提高。同樣結果亦適用於溫度提高時的情況。
此外,NH3-前驅物之流量亦可在高溫(大約至少50K,例如,200K,其高於該活性層4之生長時一般生長條件所需的溫度)時於特定時間受到抑制。亦能以此方式而形成所期望的粗糙度。
藉由上述的所有方法,可使活性層的面(即,活性的外表面)提高大約1.4倍,該活性層在操作時電磁輻射由該活性層發出。以此方式,可使效率提高10%。
本發明當然不限於依據各實施例中所作的描述。反之,本發明包含每一新的特徵和各特徵的每一種組合,特別是包含各申請專利範圍或不同實施例之各別特徵之每一種組合,當相關的特徵或相關的組合本身未明顯地顯示在各申請專利範圍中或各實施例中時亦屬本發明。
本專利申請案主張德國專利申請案10 2011 012 925.1之優先權,其已揭示的整個內容在此一併作為參考。
1‧‧‧生長基板
2‧‧‧中間層
21‧‧‧已結構化之層
3‧‧‧已結構化之表面
4‧‧‧活性層
5‧‧‧覆蓋層
6‧‧‧線偏位
7‧‧‧V-缺陷
8‧‧‧遮罩層
81‧‧‧開口
D‧‧‧厚度
圖1至圖3顯示以此處所述方法之不同實施例製成的光電半導體晶片之切面圖。
1‧‧‧生長基板
2‧‧‧中間層
21‧‧‧已結構化之層
3‧‧‧已結構化之表面
4‧‧‧活性層
5‧‧‧覆蓋層
6‧‧‧線偏位
7‧‧‧V-缺陷
d‧‧‧厚度

Claims (13)

  1. 一種光電半導體晶片之製造方法,包括以下步驟:- 在磊晶設備中製備生長基板(1),- 在該生長基板(1)上磊晶沈積至少一個中間層(2),- 在該中間層(2)之遠離該生長基板(1)之側上產生遠離該生長基板(1)之已結構化之表面(3),其中在該中間層(2)之遠離該生長基板(1)的表面上施加一遮罩層(8),其具有朝向該中間層(2)之多個開口(81)且該已結構化之表面(3)藉由該遮罩層(8)之磊晶過生長而形成,- 在該已結構化之表面(3)上磊晶沈積一活性層(4),其中- 該已結構化之表面(3)產生於該磊晶設備中,且- 該活性層(4)至少依位置而與該已結構化之表面(3)之結構保持為同形(conform)或實質上同形。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該中間層(2)以GaN為主,且為了形成該已結構化之表面(3)須使NH3-前驅物之流量在特定時間下降或受到抑制。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項之製造方法,其中該NH3-前驅物之流量在該中間層(2)之生長結束之後下降或完全受到抑制,且由於氮成份之下降或消失而使該中間層(2)之以GaN為主之表面的一部份分解,因此造成該中間層(2)之遠離該生長基板(1)之側的粗糙化且形成該已結構化之表面(3)。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第3項之製造方法,其中在該NH3-前 驅物之流量下降或受到抑制之前或期間使該磊晶設備中之溫度下降,特別是低於900℃。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中為了形成該已結構化之表面(3),須使該磊晶設備中之溫度下降,以形成V-缺陷(7)。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第5項之製造方法,其中該中間層(2)包含線偏位(6)且上述V-缺陷(7)之大部份分別形成在線偏位(6)上。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該中間層(2)以GaN為主,且上述V-缺陷(7)在溫度小於900℃時生長於該磊晶設備中。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該中間層(2)由GaN構成且為了形成該已結構化之表面(3),須使該NH3-前驅物之流量在特定時間下降或受到抑制。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該中間層(2)裸露在上述開口(81)中且在該磊晶過生長(over growth)時對上述開口(81)的一部份進行填充。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該已結構化之表面(3)藉由生長條件之適當的改變而產生於該磊晶設備中。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該已結構化之表面(3)藉由溫度之適當的改變而產生於該磊晶設備中。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該已結構化之表面(3)藉由前驅物之流量之適當的改變而產生於該 磊晶設備中。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中該已結構化之表面(3)藉由載體氣體之流量之適當的改變而產生於該磊晶設備中。
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WO2012116893A1 (de) 2012-09-07
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