TWI258509B - Corrosion resistant powder and coating - Google Patents

Corrosion resistant powder and coating Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI258509B
TWI258509B TW092104296A TW92104296A TWI258509B TW I258509 B TWI258509 B TW I258509B TW 092104296 A TW092104296 A TW 092104296A TW 92104296 A TW92104296 A TW 92104296A TW I258509 B TWI258509 B TW I258509B
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powder
corrosion
chromium
tungsten
coating
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TW092104296A
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TW200303927A (en
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Lewis Benton Temples
William John Crim Jarosinski
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Praxair Technology Inc
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C27/00Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • C22C27/06Alloys based on chromium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C1/00Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/045Alloys based on refractory metals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C27/00Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • C22C27/04Alloys based on tungsten or molybdenum
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06Metallic material
    • C23C4/08Metallic material containing only metal elements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Description

1258509 (1) 政、發明說明 [^明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於一種鉻-鎢或鎢-鉻合金粉末,其可用以 幵多)¾具有腐蝕與磨損性質之卓越組合的塗層或物件。 【先前技術】 硬表面塗層金屬與合金係已知的。例如,許多年來銘^ 金屬已用作爲電鑛塗層以使磨損或受損部分恢復其原始尺 寸’而增加磨損與抗腐蝕性,且可用以降低摩擦。然而, 硬鉻電鍍有許多限制。當零件的組態變得複雜,將難以經 由電沈積而得到均勻的塗層厚度。非均勻塗層厚度須要作 硏磨以得到最終表面組態,針對電鍍鉻這將是困難且昂貴 的。此類缺點係起因於鉻與生倶來的脆性與硬度。此外, 鉻電鍍具有相對低的沈積速率且經常須要相當的資本投資 在電鍍設備上。除此之外,經常必須施用一或更多層底漆 ,或使用昂貴的表面淸洗與蝕刻步驟以準備用於鉻沈積的 基材。處置用過的電鍍浴也將顯著地增加此方法之成本。 一項供選擇的沈積鉻金屬之方法爲經由金屬噴塗,如 使用電漿或爆轟槍。此方法允許塗層施用於幾乎任何金屬 基材上而不使用底漆。其沈積速率非常高,可將資本投資 降低最低。此外’可非常緊密地控制塗層厚度,而使任何 後續的最終處理可保持在最低。且最後’可使溢噴容易地 內含且回收,使可簡單做到污染控制。 遺憾地,電獎沈積鉻在室溫下不如硬電鍍鉻耐磨。此 -6- (2) 1258509 係因爲鉻板的耐磨性不是元素鉻與生倶來的性質, 其大幅地來自雑質及於電鍍期間加入在塗層中的應 漿沈積鉻爲鉻的較純形式,而缺少硬鉻板的耐磨性 保留電鍍硬鉻之耐蝕性特性。 製作改良的塗層,可由在鉻基質之中加入碳化 的分散液,而改良耐磨性。此類型的塗層可由粉末 混合而生產。然而,產自彼的塗層之品質有特定的 電漿與爆轟槍沈積兩者造成帶有重疊、薄的、薄j: 條”之多層結構的塗層。各長條係源自單一的用以 層的粉末顆粒。若有存在任何可能性,其係微小的 ,於塗層沈積方法期間可將二或更多粉末微粒結合 化。此將造成某些該長條完全爲鉻合金,且一些完 化鉻,而有微粒間的間隔,其係經由起始鉻與碳化 微粒的而大小控制。J.F. Pelton ,在 U.S No.3,8 4 6,〇84敘述一種粉末,其中實質上每一顆粒 與碳化鉻之混合物組成。此專利之粉末可製作一種 其中各長條爲鉻與碳化鉻之混合物。 硬表面塗層亦可使用燒結的鈷結構而製作,該 鈷結構將封裝鎢碳化物微粒。然而此類合金具有針 應用上不合意的高孔隙度,且受限於碳化鎢含量。 內含鎢、鉻、及鎳的碳化物之合金已使用於硬 例如,Kruske 等人,在 U.S. Pat. No.4,231,793 中 合金其內含2至1 5重量百分比的鎢、2 5至5 5重 比的鉻、〇. 5至5重量百分比的碳、且鐵、硼、矽 但據信 力。電 ;但其 鉻微粒 之機械 限制。 V或”長 製作塗 可能性 或合金 全爲碳 鉻粉末 ;.Pat. 均由鉻 塗層, 燒結的 對一些 表面。 揭不一· 量百分 、及磷 -7- (3) (3)1258509 之各自用量不超過5重量百分比,以及促成百分比平衡量 的鎳。同樣地,S . C . D u B 〇 i s,在 U · S . P a t. N 〇 . 4,7 3 1,2 5 3 內揭示內含的合金3至14重量百分比的鎢、22至36重 量百分比的鉻、0 . 5至1 . 7重量百分比的碳'0.5至2重量 百分比的硼、1 . 0至2.8重量百分比且促成百分比平衡的 鎳。 S. C. DuBo 在 U.S. Pat. No.5,141,571 中敘述另一硬 表面,其內含鎢與鉻的合金。在此合金中的鎢含量爲12 至20重量百分比,鉻含量爲13至30重量百分比,且碳 含量爲〇. 5至1重量百分比。此合金亦含有鐵、硼、及矽 各佔2至5百分比,與促成百分比平衡量的鎳。此硬面板 合金含有包埋的碳化鎢及碳化鉻結晶。
Cabot Corporation(目前爲 Haynes Inti.)在其 1 982 題 目爲,'Stellite Surfacing Alloy Powders'’(Stellite 爲 Deloro S I e 11 i t e公司的註冊商標)的商品小冊之中發表一組耐蝕性 合金稱爲"Stellite Alloys”。於此揭示參考的 Stellite alloy組成物含有〇至15百分比的鎢,19至30重量百分 比的絡,0.1至2·5重量百分比的碳,至高達22重量百分 比的鎳,且鐵、硼及矽之各自用量不超過3重量百分比, 與促成百分比平衡量的鈷。 【發明內容】 本發明爲一種耐蝕性粉末’經由熱噴霧裝置而用於沈 積。以重量百分比計’此粉末實質上含有約3 0至6 0的鎢 -8- (4) (4)1258509 、約2 7至60的鉻、約].5至6的碳,總量約]0至4〇的 鈷加上鎳與偶發性的雜質,加上熔點抑制劑。此耐鈾性粉 末用於形成帶有相同組成的塗層。 【實施方式】 詳細描述 此合金依靠高濃度的鉻及鎢以發揮卓越的腐蝕及耐磨 性。有利地,此合金至少含有約2 7重量百分比的鉻。除 非特別另外說明,本發明意指對所有組成物的重量百分比 。內含少於27重量百分比的鉻之粉末在許多用途上有不 充分的抗腐鈾性。一般而言,增加鉻可提高抗腐蝕性。但 超過約6 0重量百分比的鉻含量將傾向於降低塗層的耐磨 性,因爲塗層變得太脆。 同樣地,鎢含量至少在約3 0重量百分比將可增加硬 度,且可貢獻於耐磨性,且在不同的環境下可增進抗腐蝕 性。但若鎢濃度超過6 0重量百分比,此粉末可能形成具 有不充分抗腐鈾性的塗層。 碳的濃度將控制由此粉末形成的塗層之硬度及磨損性 質。須要最小在約1 · 5重量百分比的碳以給予塗層足夠的 硬度。然而,若碳超過6重量百分比碳,則此粉末的熔融 溫度變得太尚,且將變得太難以霧化此粉末。基於此,最 有利者在於限制碳含量在5重量百分比。 此基質中鈷與鎳的最小總含量至少約1 0重量百分比 。此可增進鉻/鎢/碳組合物的熔融,若使其單獨存在,將 -9- (5) (5)1258509 形成碳化物而具有針對霧化太高的熔融溫度。提高鈷與鎳 之濃度亦傾向增加粉末熱噴塗的沈積效率。因爲,鈷加上 鎳之總含量若高於此濃度,將傾向於使此塗層軟化且限制 塗覆層的耐磨性,然而,鈷與鎳之總濃度最佳可維持低於 約4 0重量百分比。此外,此合金可僅含有鎳或鈷,因爲 僅含有鎳(即約10至30百分比鎳)或僅含有鈷(即約10至 3 0百分比鈷)的塗層可用以形成粉末,而帶有針對特定應 用訂做的抗腐蝕性。但針對大部分應用,鈷與鎳係可交換 的。 有趣地,此鉻與鎢(強的碳化物前驅物)及約1 . 5至6 重量百分比碳之組合物,典型地不會形成使用掃描電子顯 微鏡可偵測的尺寸之碳化物。此耐蝕性粉末典型的形態中 ,缺少平均橫切寬度超過1 〇 // m的碳化物。有利地,此 耐蝕性粉末缺少碳化物缺少平均橫切寬度超過1 0 // m的 碳化物,且最有利地少於2 // m。此粉末在意料之外可維 持其顯著部分的鉻在基質中,而不是大的碳化物沈源物, 顯現進一步的貢獻於塗層的抗腐蝕性。但儘管缺乏經由光 學顯微鏡可偵測的碳化物,此粉末具有卓越的抗磨損性。 有利地,製作本發明的粉末的,係經由以惰性氣體將 在此所述比例的元素之混合物作霧化的方式。在約1 6 0 0 °C之溫度將的此類粉末合金典型地熔融,且然後在保護氣 體下作霧化。最有利地此氣體爲氬。爲促進針對霧化的熔 融,此合金可視需要而含有熔融點抑制劑如硼、矽及錳。 然而,過度的熔點抑制劑傾向於降低腐鈾與磨損性質兩者 -10- (6) (6)1258509 供選擇地,燒結與壓碎,燒結與噴霧乾燥,燒結與電 组緻抬化爲_造此粉末的可詎方法。然而氣體霧化代表製 造此粉末最有效的方法。氣體霧化技藝典型地製作出尺寸 分佈在約1至1 〇 〇微米的粉末。 下表”大約”代表此粉末寬、中、及窄的組成,與自該 粉末形成的塗層。 表 1 元素 寬 中 ----- 窄 鎢 30-60 30-55 — 1 鉻 27-60 27-55 -- ------ 30-S0 碳 1.5-6 1.5-6 -------- —1.5-5 —_〇:3-— ____10-30 熔點抑制劑總量 ----~ 0-5 銘與鏡的總量* 10-40** 10-35
加上偶發性的雜質 *加上熔點抑制齊1J 表2含有二種特別化學品的組成範圍,該化學品所:开^ 成的塗層具有卓越的腐蝕及磨損性質。 -11 - (7)1258509 元素 範圍1 範圍2 鎢 ___ 3 5»45 3 0-40 鉻 3 0-40 40-50 碳 3-5 1.5-5 站與鎳的總量 15-25 15-25 範圍 3 0-40 45-50 10-15
可使用本發明的合金,經由在此技藝中熟知的各種方 法而製作此類塗層。此類方法包含下列者:熱噴霧、電漿 、H VOF(高速氧燃料)、爆轟槍等;雷射鍍層;及電漿轉 移電弧(ΡΤΑ)。 實施例 以下實施例代表特定的本發明較佳具體實施例之說明 ,且未意味著任何限制。表3中各粉末可經由作霧化於 1 5 00 °C之溫度在氬中而製備。此類粉末可進一步的離析 爲1 0至5 0微米的尺寸分佈。 12- (8) 1258509 表3 組成物(重量。) 粉末 Cr W CO Ni C 1 40 43 13 0.5 4.0 — 2 3 6 40 20 0 3.9 3 48 3 6 12 0 4.0 4 48 3 1 17 0 3.9 5 27 47 22 0 4.5 6 45 34 0.5 19 1.9 — 7 4 5 34 0 ]8 3.6 A 28 4.5 6 1 2.5 1 .3 B 3 . 8 8 1 1 0 0 5.2
附註:粉末 A與B代表比較例。粉末 a代表 S t e 11 i t e ® 6組成物,且粉末B代表一種W C耐磨粉末。 然後,使用JP_5〇〇〇®HVOF系統將表3中的各粉末噴 霧在鋼基材上,其操作條件如下:氧氣流1 9 0 0 scfh( 5 3. 8 m3/h),煤油流 5.7 gph(21.6 1/h),載體氣流 22 scfh(0.62 m 3 / h ),粉末進料8 0 g /分鐘,噴灑距離1 5 i η · ( 3 8 . 1 c m), 火炬桶長度8 i η . ( 2 0.3 cm )以形成表4中的各塗層。 -13 - (9) 1258509 表4 粉末 HV 300 沈積效率(%) 1 840 46 2 1040 5 8 3 950 5 5 4 860 60 5 950 5 1 6 750 7 1000 5 1 A 600 66 B 1240 40
表4數據可闡明比較沈積效率,將適合於粉末B典型 WC粉末。此外,圖1的柱狀圖顯示卓越的硬度係由本發 明的粉末所達成。 經由多重試驗的耐磨性測量,代表不同可能的磨損應 用。此類測試方法包含以下者:測試方法ASTM G-6 5 (乾 燥砂/橡膠輪);及測試方法ASTM G- 76 (3 0與9〇度腐触’ a m姻Μ氬化鋁)。針對平均摩擦力測試,在盤上測試測 使用細傲# # ,棚哲),使用10Ν負載,測定摩擦係數。如下表5包 量球(鋼負^ 含經由此類測試方法所得到的數據。 -14- (10) 1258509 表5 粉末 砂的體積損失 (mm3/1000 rev.) 腐鈾度 (/^ni/g) 腐鈾90度 ("m/g) 平均摩擦 1 4.0 21 121 - 2 5.5 30.3 107 0.62 3 3.0 22 115 •— 4 5.4 26.9 103 0.64 5 4.0 25 115 寿 6 19.8 35.8 120 0.69 7 6.7 29.6 97 0.59 A 56.5 32.6 69 0.69 B 0.9 11 75 0.61
圖2的柱狀圖闡明卓越的抗砂磨耗性’係由在此製作 塗層而達成。圖3繪出碳百分比對圖2中各塗層的體積損 失百分比之關係。此闡明介於碳化物相體積百分比與耐磨 性之間有強的關聯。 於loot,在鹽酸(HC1)與磷酸(H3P〇4)之中將粉末加 熱1小時,而測定由加速侵襲造成的重量損失。於重量損 失測量之後’於1〇〇 將粉末放置在硝酸鹽(ΗΝ03)中另 時’以測試第一局度腐蝕環境。如下表6提供測量當 於第〜L — /人水解’第二次水解之後的百分比重量損失,且提 供總重鼇損失百分比。 -15- (11) !2585〇9 表6 -^末 _____一·- 第-* 第二次腐鈾 總腐蝕 2.4____ 1 . 8 4.1 4 _ ---—-- 4 1.9 6.3 3.9 13.6 ^ —7 ---— 1.8 6.3 S----J ~~~~^___ Δ 9 0.6______ 47.0 95.0 〆 ——--- 8^6__ <1.0 8.6
相較於Stellite 6粉末-一種熟知有卓越抗腐齡性的 組成物,此類粉末有較佳抗腐触性。 總而言之,本發明提供一種粉末’其可形成具有各性 蓂的獨特組合之塗層。此類塗層帶有抗磨損性與抗腐触性 之組合,其係由慣常的粉末所無法達成者。此外,此塗層 可有利地抑制形成大的內含鉻的碳化物’以進一步改良耐 磨性,此塗層對於配對表面有較少侵鈾性。 本發明的其它變化且改良將顯見於那些熟悉此技藝的 專業人士。本發明不限制於除了如敘述於申請專利範圍者 【圖示簡單說明】 圖1爲威克(V i c k e r,s)硬度Η V 3 0 〇的柱狀圖,比較本 發明塗層與先前的耐蝕性塗層。 -16- (12)1258509 圖2爲耐磨性數據的柱狀圖,比較本發明塗層與比較 腐蝕及耐磨塗層。 圖3爲碳百分比相對於本發明塗層體積損失的繪圖。
- 17 -

Claims (1)

  1. (1) (1)1258509 拾、申請專利範圍 ].一種耐蝕性粉末,其可經由熱噴霧裝置而用於沈 積,以重量百分比計,此粉末實質上係由朽3 〇至6 〇的鎢 ,約2 7至6 0的鉻,約1 . 5至6的碳,總量約1 〇至4 0之 鈷加上鎳與偶發性的雜質加上熔點抑制劑所組成。 2.如申請專利範圍第1項之耐蝕性粉末,其中該粉 末的形態中不含平均橫切寬度超過1 0 # m的碳化物。 3 . —種耐蝕性粉末,其可經由熱噴霧裝置而用於沈 β 積,以重量百分比計,此粉末實質上係由約3 0至5 0的鎢 ,約3 0至5 0的鉻,約1 . 5至5的碳,總量約1 0至3 0 之鈷加上鎳與偶發性的雜質,及0至3的熔點抑制劑所組 ^ 成。 . 4 ·如申請專利範圍第3項之耐蝕性粉末,其中該粉 末含有約1 〇至3 0的鈷。 5 如申請專利範圍第3項之耐蝕性粉末,其中該粉 末含有約1 0至3 0的鎳。 着 6 ·如申請專利範圍第3項之耐蝕性粉末,其中該粉 末的形態中不含平均橫切寬度超過2 // m的碳化物。 7,如申請專利範圍第3項之耐蝕性粉末,其中該粉 末含有約3 5至45的鎢,約3 〇至40的鉻,約3至5的碳 _ ,且鈷加上鎳的總量約1 5至2 5。 8 ·如申S靑專利範圍第3項之耐蝕性粉末,其中該粉 不含有約3 0至4 0的鎢,約4 0至5 0的鉻,約1 . 5至5的 碳,且鈷加上鎳的總量約]5至2 5。 -18- (2) (2)1258509 9 如申請專利範圍第3項之耐蝕性粉末,其中粉末 含有約3 0至4 0的錫,約4 5至5 0的銘,約3至5的碳, 且鈷加上鎳的總量約1 〇至1 5。 10 一種耐蝕性塗層 > 其具有良好的耐磨性,以重量 百分比計,此塗層實質上係由約3 0至60的鎢,約27至 6 0的鉻,約1 . 5至6的碳,總量約1 0至4 0的鈷加上鎳與 偶發性的雜質及熔點抑制劑所組成。
    -19-
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