TW550926B - Method and apparatus for security in a data processing system - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for security in a data processing system Download PDFInfo
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- TW550926B TW550926B TW091106162A TW91106162A TW550926B TW 550926 B TW550926 B TW 550926B TW 091106162 A TW091106162 A TW 091106162A TW 91106162 A TW91106162 A TW 91106162A TW 550926 B TW550926 B TW 550926B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/04—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks
- H04L63/0428—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for providing a confidential data exchange among entities communicating through data packet networks wherein the data content is protected, e.g. by encrypting or encapsulating the payload
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
- H04W12/08—Access security
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/606—Protecting data by securing the transmission between two devices or processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/02—Details
- H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
- H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
- H04L12/1863—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast comprising mechanisms for improved reliability, e.g. status reports
- H04L12/1877—Measures taken prior to transmission
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/06—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network
- H04L63/061—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network for key exchange, e.g. in peer-to-peer networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/06—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network
- H04L63/068—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for supporting key management in a packet data network using time-dependent keys, e.g. periodically changing keys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/16—Implementing security features at a particular protocol layer
- H04L63/164—Implementing security features at a particular protocol layer at the network layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/1066—Session management
- H04L65/1101—Session protocols
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
- H04L65/61—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio
- H04L65/611—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio for multicast or broadcast
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
- H04L65/65—Network streaming protocols, e.g. real-time transport protocol [RTP] or real-time control protocol [RTCP]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
- H04L65/70—Media network packetisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/04—Protocols specially adapted for terminals or networks with limited capabilities; specially adapted for terminal portability
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/14—Session management
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/50—Network services
- H04L67/535—Tracking the activity of the user
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/04—Protocols for data compression, e.g. ROHC
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
- H04L69/161—Implementation details of TCP/IP or UDP/IP stack architecture; Specification of modified or new header fields
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
- H04L69/164—Adaptation or special uses of UDP protocol
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/22—Parsing or analysis of headers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0891—Revocation or update of secret information, e.g. encryption key update or rekeying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/40—Network security protocols
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
- H04W12/03—Protecting confidentiality, e.g. by encryption
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
- H04W12/04—Key management, e.g. using generic bootstrapping architecture [GBA]
- H04W12/041—Key generation or derivation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F2221/2107—File encryption
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/02—Details
- H04L12/16—Arrangements for providing special services to substations
- H04L12/18—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
- H04L12/189—Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast in combination with wireless systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
- H04L2209/60—Digital content management, e.g. content distribution
- H04L2209/601—Broadcast encryption
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
- H04L2209/80—Wireless
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2463/00—Additional details relating to network architectures or network communication protocols for network security covered by H04L63/00
- H04L2463/062—Additional details relating to network architectures or network communication protocols for network security covered by H04L63/00 applying encryption of the keys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L2463/00—Additional details relating to network architectures or network communication protocols for network security covered by H04L63/00
- H04L2463/101—Additional details relating to network architectures or network communication protocols for network security covered by H04L63/00 applying security measures for digital rights management
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
- H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/30—Public key, i.e. encryption algorithm being computationally infeasible to invert or user's encryption keys not requiring secrecy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W8/00—Network data management
- H04W8/18—Processing of user or subscriber data, e.g. subscribed services, user preferences or user profiles; Transfer of user or subscriber data
- H04W8/186—Processing of subscriber group data
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computing Systems (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Software Systems (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Bioethics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
- Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
Description
550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(1 ) 發明背景 申請屬於35 U.S.C. &120之專利優先權 本專利申請案申請美國暫行專利申請案號60/279,970、於 公元2001年3月28日送件、且已移轉予本案申請人之專利申 請優先權,在此以全文引用的方式納入本文中作為參考。 相關專利申請案之參考文獻 本發明和以下向美國專利商標局提出之專利申請案有 關: 由Nikolai Leung所著、且同時送件之”在一無線通訊系統 中加覆頭端訊息之方法及裝置”,其委託代理申請人案號 010439,並已移轉予本案申請人,在此以全文引用的方式納 入本文中作為參考; 由Nikolai Leung所著、且同時送件之”在一無線通訊系統 中用於廣播服務之外頻傳輸之方法及裝置”,其委託代理申 請人案號010437,並已移轉予本案申請人,在此以全文引用 的方式納入本文中作為參考; 由Nikolai Leung所著、且同時送件之’’在一無線通訊系統 中播送訊號之方法及裝置”,其委託代理申請人案號 010438,並已移轉予本案申請人,在此以全文引用的方式納 入本文中作為參考; 由Raymond Hsu所著、且同時送件之”在一無線通訊系統 中傳輸訊框之方法及裝置’’,其委託代理申請人案號 010498,並已移轉予本案申請人,在此以全文引用的方式納 入本文中作為參考; 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 550926 五、發明説明(2 由Raymond HSU所著、且同時送件之,,在一無線通訊系統 中加覆頭端訊息之方法及裝置”,其委託代理申請人案號 010499,並已移轉予本封請人,在此以全文引用的方式納 入本文中作為參考;以及 由Raymond Hsu所著、且同時送件之,,在—無線通訊系統 中用於訊頭壓縮之方法及裝置”,其委託代理申請人案號 010500亚已移轉予本案申請人,在此以全文引用的方式納 入本文中作為參考。 發明領域 本發月叙而s和資料處理系統有關,且特別的是和用 於一資料處理系統中之防護方法及裝置有關。 發明背景 訂 貝料處理及資訊系統(包括通訊系統)中之防護在於確保責 任分工、公平性、正確性、私密性、可運作性及其他諸般 所欲之“準。加搶(或密碼術之一般領域)已用於電子商務、 無2通訊、廣播且具有廣泛之應用領域,在電子商務中, 加密係用於防止詐編並認註財務交易,而在資料處理系統 中丄加密係用於確認使用者之身份,加密作業亦可用於防 止侵入、保護網頁並防止對於私密資料之存取。 一對稱性加密系統(通稱為密碼系統·crypt〇system )使用一 相同金鑰(亦即秘密金鑰)對一訊息進行加密及解密,而一非 對稱性加密系統使用一第一金鑰(亦即公開金鑰)對一訊息加 密且使用-不同金鑰(亦即私密金餘)對其解密,非對稱㈣ 螞糸統亦稱之為公開金鑰密碼系統。就傳送者對一接收者 本紙張尺度適用中國國家樣準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 550926 A7
,送㈣金餘之安全考量而言,稱性密碼系統有破淀存 在,再者’當該等錢或其他加密機制經常變更時, :產”疑。在-資料處理系統中,安全更新金錄之方法 會導致處理時間、記憶體容量及其他處理之負冑,而在一 無線通訊系統中,金繪之更新則會佔用寶貴之傳輸頻寬。 在早期技術中’並未對-大群行動站台提供更新金餘之 方法以存取-加密廣播’因此資料處理系統虽需發展更新 金錄之安全及有效之方法,且在_無線通訊系統中亦需要 更新金鑰之安全及有效之方法。 發明摘要 在此揭示之具體實施例藉由提供資料處理系統中防護之 方法以說明上述需求。 在一方面,一用於安全傳輸之方法包含:針對一傳輸參 與者決定一登錄金鑰、決定一第一金鑰、以 該第-金錄加密、決定一第二金錄、以該第—二= 二金鑰加密並更新第一及第二金鑰。 在另一方面,傳輸中用於安全接收之方法包含:針對一 傳輸參與者接收一登錄金鑰、接收一第一金鑰、以該登錄 金鑰將該第一金鑰解密、接收一第二金鑰、以該第一金镑 將該第二鑰解密、接收一廣播訊息串流、並使用該第二金 鑰將該廣播訊息串流解密。 在另一方面,一支援廣播服務功能之無線通訊系統具有 内部架構元件’其包含· 一接收電路、一使用者識別單 元(其運作回復一短期金鑰以解密一廣播訊息)、以及一應用 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 550926 五、發明説明(4 短期金鑰解密該廣播訊息之行動裝置。該使用者識別單元 包含一處理單元用於解密金鑰訊息,且包含一用於儲存登 錄金鑰之記憶儲存單元。 圖示概要描述 圖1A為"一岔碼糸統圖示。 圖1B為一對稱性密碼系統圖示。 圖1 C為一非對稱性密碼系統圖示。 圖1D為一 PGP加密系統圖示。 圖1E為一 PGP解密系統圖示。 圖2為一展頻通訊系統圖,其可服務複數個使用者。 圖3為用於廣播通訊之通訊系統方塊圖。 圖4為一無線通祝糸統之行動站台方塊圖。 圖5為位於一控制廣播訊息存取之行動站台内更新金鑰之 模式描述。 ' 圖6為一模式,其描述位於一 UIM内之密碼作業。 圖7A-7D說明位於一支援廣播訊息傳輸之無線通訊系統 内以應用安全加密之方法。 ' 圖7E為位於一支援廣播訊息傳輸之無線通訊系統内之防 護選項之金鑰更新週期時序圖。 圖8A-8D說明位於一支援廣播訊息傳輸之無線通訊系統 内一防護加密之應用。 痒細描述 語詞"範例"在此僅用於代表"作為_例子、表徵或說明" ,在此作為”範例"所描述之任何具體實施例不代表其優於 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(2ι〇χ297公釐) 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(5 ) 其他具體實施例。 無線通訊系統正廣泛地設置俾提供諸如語音、資料等等 之各式通訊服務,這些系統可基於分碼多重存取(CDMA)、 分時多重存取(TDMA)或某些其他調制技術運作。一 CDMA 系統具有較其他型式系統為佳之優點,其中之一為系統容 量之增加。 一系統可設計用於支援一或多項標準,像是:”用於雙模 式寬頻段展頻行動電話系統之TIA/EIA/IS-95-B行動站台·基 地台相容標準”,在此稱之為IS-95標準,該標準由稱之為 ’’第三代合作關係專案”之國際協會(在此稱之為3GPP)所提 出,且具體說明於一組文件中,包含文件編號3G TS 25.211、3G TS 25.212、3G TS 25.213、及 3G TS 25.214 ; 3G TS 25.302,在此稱之為W-CDMA標準,該標準由稱之為”第 三代合作關係專案2”之國際協會(在此稱之為3GPP2)所提 出;以及TR-45.5,在此稱之為cdma2000標準(正式名稱為 IS-2000 MC)。上述標準在此以全文引用的方式納入本文中 作為參考。 每一標準各別定義了自基地台傳輸至行動站台(或類似)之 資料處理,在一作為範例之具體實施例中,下述討論係有 關於一和cdma2000系統相容之展頻通訊系統,其他具體實 施例可引用另一標準/系統,且尚有其他具體實施例可將在 此描述之防護方法應用於一使用密碼系統之任何型式之資 料處理系統。 一密碼系統為偽裝訊息以使得一指定使用者群得以擷取 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) A7
裝 。訊心之方法。圖1A說明一基本密碼系統10。密碼術為建 術、':用岔碼系統之技術,密碼分析為破解密碼系統之技 V〜^明§吾人非屬於可存取該訊息之指定使用者群時 進仃接收亚了解該訊息。原始訊息稱之為明文訊息或明 文密之訊息則稱為密文,其中加密包含任何將明文轉 換為ά文之方^,解密包含任何㈣文轉換為明文之方式 (亦广回復原始訊息)。如說明於圖1Α,明文訊息加密後形 成山文該岔文然後被接收並解密以回復明文,字詞明文 及山文般皆為育料,而加密之觀念可應用於任何數位資 料,包含以數位型式存在之聲訊及視訊資料。本發明在此 I用之解捡係使用和密碼學領域一致之字詞明文及密 文,些字詞並未將其他數位通訊型式排除在外。 在碼系統係基於秘密而設,一實體群共同分享一秘 訂
密,若一實體在此群體之外,其將需要極大量之資源方得 獲取該秘密,吾人可稱此秘密在該實體群間扮演一防護聯 盟。 在碼系統可以為一群演算法之組合,其中每一演算法 =有一標記,且該標記稱之為金鑰。一對稱性加密系統(通 常稱為密碼系統)使用相同金鑰(亦即秘密金鑰)對一訊息進 行加密及解密,圖1Β說明一對稱性加密系統2〇,其加=及 解岔使用相同私密金餘。 相較之下,一非對稱性加密系統使用第一金鑰(即為公開 金鑰)對一訊息加密並使用一不同金鑰(即為私密金鑰)進行 解密,圖1C說明一非對稱性加密系統30,其中一金绩用於 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210 X 297公釐) 550926 A7
加密,而-第二金顧於解密。非對稱性㈣系統亦稱為 公開金❹m其將公開㈣公佈且用於加密任何訊 息,然而僅有私密金_可_對以該公開金餘 進行解密。 心 就自一傳送者傳送秘密金鑰至一接收者之安全考量下, 對稱性密碼系統存有破缓,而解決方法之_為㈣遞送者 傳遞訊息,或者一更有效率且更可靠之方法為使用一公開 金繪密碼系、、統,像是由Rivest、Shamir及Adle職⑽A)等人 所疋義之公開金鑰密碼系統,將於下述討論。rsa系統用於 普遍之防護工具中,其稱之為絕佳私密(pmty GQGdpi ⑽):將進—步詳述於下。舉例而言,—原始記錄之密瑪 系統藉由將明文中之每一字母移動11字母以使其改變,其中 η”為預設之常整數,在此情況下,一字母” A"將由"d,·取 代(以此類推),其中一指定加密方式可結合數個不同之η 值,在此加密方式中,11即為金鑰。所指定之接收者在接收 一密文之前會知悉加密方式,在此情況下,僅有知悉金鑰 之接收者方能將密文解密成明文。然而,藉由加密資訊而 計异金鑰將使外來者可攔截密文並解密進而導致安全漏 洞0 更複雜且細密之密碼系統使用戰略金鑰,其可防制外來 者之攔截及解密,一典型之密碼系統使用加密函式Ε及解密 函式D其關係為: D—K(EJC(P)) = ρ,ρ為任何明文。 ⑴ 在一公開金鑰密碼系統中,Ε — κ可輕易自一已知”公開金 ____ -10- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(8 鑰” Y計算得知,其係由金鑰K所計算,因為丫是公開的,故 任何人可利用其加遂、訊息。解密函式D一κ自公開金鑰γ計 异,但其僅依賴私密金鑰尺之資訊,若無私密金鑰反,外來 接收者無法將密文解密,在此情況下,僅有知悉金鑰尺之接 收者可解密訊息。 RSA為Rivest ' Shamir及Adleman(RSA)等人所定義之公開 金鑰密碼系統,舉例而言,設明文為最大值公!2正整數,金 鑰為四個一組(尸,《,^),其中P為256位元質數,《為258 位元質數,且^/及^為大型數其特性為(d。”可由 整除’進而定義加密函式為·· E—K(P) = pe m()d pq,D—K(c) = cd m〇d 柯。⑺ 儘官E —K可輕易自數對(M,e)算出,現今並無簡易方式 可自(M,〇求得D —K,目此,具有κ之接收者可公開⑽ e),且將一秘密訊息傳送至接收者是可行的,因其可解讀該 訊息。 p G Ρ |σ合對稱性及非對稱性加密方式,圖! D及1 E說明一 PGP松碼系統50,其對一明文訊息進行加密並回復。在圖 1 D中,該明文訊息已經壓縮俾節省數據機傳輸時間及磁碟 空間,壓縮藉由將另一層級之傳輸加諸加密及解密作業而 增強密碼術之安全性,大部份之密碼分析技術使用明文内 之圖譜以破解密文,而壓縮可使這些圖譜減少出現於明 文因此增加了對於密碼分析之防制力。請注意在一具體 實施例中㈣於過短之明文及無法具有良好壓縮率之訊息 並不進行壓縮程序。
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550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(9 ) PGP然後產生一通訊金鍮(session key),其為僅使用乙次 之秘密金鑰,此金鑰為一隨機數其可自任何隨機事件產 生,像是滑氣之隨機移動或鍵盤之隨機鍵入。此通訊金鑰 (session key)配合一防護加密演算法作業以將明文加密進而 產生密文,一旦資料已加密,該通訊金錄(session key)然後 加密至接收者之公開金錄,此公開金餘-加密通訊金餘 (session key)接著和該密文一起傳送予接收者。 在解密時,如圖1E所述,接收者使用一私密金鑰取得 PGP複本並求得暫行通訊金餘(session key),而PGP接著用 於將原加密密文解密,此加密方法之結合具有公開金鑰加 密之便利性及對稱性加密之速度,對稱性加密法一般較公 開金鑰加密法為快,公開金鑰加密則提供了對於金鑰分送 及資料傳輸問題之解決方案,在兩者結合後,其效率及金 鑰分送皆獲得改進且不影響安全性。 一金鑰為一數值,其配合密碼術演算法運作以產生一特 定密文,該等金鑰基本上為非常大之整數,金鑰大小係以 位元數衡量。在公開金鑰密碼術中,安全性將隨金鑰大小 之增加而遞增,然而公開金鑰大小及對稱性加密私密金鑰 大小一般並不相關,儘管公開公鑰及私密金鑰在數學上是 相關的,但是僅利用公開金鑰推導私密金鑰是有困難的。 由於金鑰之推導需有充份時間及計算能量支援,使得金鑰 大小之選擇成為一重要安全課題,吾人目標在於選取一安 全之大型金鑰,而同時能將金鑰大小維持夠小以便快速處 理。另一附加考量為針對防制攔戴者,吾人需考量一訊息 -1 2 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 550926 A7
對外來者之重要程度以及㈣者需❹多少制以破解密 碼。 較大型金㈣保有較長時期之密碼安純,金餘係以加 &型式儲存’ PGP將金餘儲存於兩檔案内: 矯,…用於私密金輪,這些槽案稱為、 (keynngs)。在應用時,一 pGp加密系統將目標接收者之公 開金鑰加入傳送者之公開金鑰環中,傳送者之私密金鑰則 館存於傳送者之私密金鑰環内。 如上述所討論之範例,用於加密及解密之分送金鑰之方 法可變得十分複雜,此”金鑰交換問題”包含:首先須確 在金鑰交換過程中,傳送者及接收者兩者可分別進行加密 及解密,且在雙向通訊時,傳送者及接收者兩者皆可對訊 息加密及解密;再者,金鑰之交換須能防制未經授權之第 三者攔截;最後,一附加考量為認証機制之提供,俾使接 收者確認一訊息係由指定之傳送者加密而非第三者。在一 私密金鑰交換系統中,該等金鑰以秘密方式交換,俾增加 金餘成功交換之安全性及有效之認証,請注意,私密金輪 加密設計暗含認証之提供。在一私密金鑰加密系統中所依 據之假设為僅有指定傳送者將具有金鑰俾能將訊息加密送 予指定接收者。公開金鑰密碼方法解決了,,金鑰交換問題” 之關鍵點’特別是該等方法在交換金鑰時縱有竊聽者出現 仍可防制密碼遭破解,但是該等方法並未解決金鑰交換有 關之所有問題,特別的是,因為金鑰係為”公開訊息”(特別 是針對R S A方法而言),其需要某些其他機制以進行認証, -13- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
550926 A7
僅擁有金錄(能對訊息加密)無法ti明傳送者特定且准一之身 份’且擁錢密金㈣無法充份”接㈣之身份。 解決方式之-為發展—切分送_,以確保所列之該 等金餘係真正地送至指定途:牌/ ^ ^疋只體(有時稱之為可信賴權威機 構、证明榷威機構或第三信賴委託人)。該權威機構通常並 裝 玎
不真正產生錢’而是確保該等金鑰表列及其相關人員身 份得以保持並提供傳送者及接收者參考以確認其正確且益 損。另-方法則仰賴使用者分送並追縱使用者間之金錄且 以非正式且分散方式構建信任機制。在RSA方法下,若 :使用者希望其身份註明汽寸加於加密訊息上—齊傳送,一 簽早須以私密金鑰加密,而接收者可利用rsa演算法反推 俾驗証資訊之解密,故僅有傳送者可藉由使用秘密金鑰將 明文加密。一般而言,加密之”簽章”為一”訊息摘要"其包 3該秘密訊息之唯一數學”摘要”(若各個訊息之簽章皆相 同,則先前接收者一旦知悉將可濫用其詐騙),在此方式 下,理論上僅有訊息之傳送者可對該訊息產生一有效簽 章,並將其供接收者認証。 一訊息摘要經常使用一密碼術雜凑函式進行計算,一密 碼術雜湊函式對任何輸入值計算一數值(以固定數目之位元 行之)’並不考慮輸入值之長度,一密瑪術雜湊函式特性如 下··產生一輸出值,且在計算上藉由決定能產生該輸出值 之輸入值是困難的。密碼術雜湊函式之例子為SHA-1,其描 述於聯邦資訊處理標準期刊(FIPS PUB )公告之M安全雜凑標 準” FIPS PUB 180-1内,由國家標準及技術局發行。 一 _ - 14 - 本紙張尺度逋用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(12 ) 圖2為一通訊系統1 〇 〇之範例,其支援複數個使用者且能 夠實踐本發明之至少某些特性及具體實施例。各類演算法 及方法可用於在糸統1 0 0内進行排程傳輸,系統1 〇 〇和複數 個單元102A至102G通訊’每一單元由相關之基地台i〇4A 至1 0 4 G進行服務,在該具體實施範例中,部份基地台1 〇 4 具有夕重接收天線而其餘則僅有單一接收天線,同樣地, 部份基地台104具有多重傳輸天線,而其餘則具有單一傳輸 天線,對於傳輸天線及接收天線之組合並無限制,因此, 對一基地台104而言,其可能具有多重傳輸天線及單一接收 裝 天線,或具有多重接收天線及單一傳輸天線,或是皆具有 單一或多重之傳輸及接收天線。 訂
位於涵蓋區域内之終端點106可為固定(亦即固定式)或行 動式,如圖2所示,各類終端點1〇6散佈於系統内,每一端 點106在任何時點可藉由向下鏈路及向上鏈路和至少單一或 可能多個基地台104通訊,其基於是否使用軟遞交(s〇ft handoff)或是否該終端點之設計及運作(同時或依序)可自多 重基地台接收多重傳輸。在CDMA通訊系統内之軟遞交在 本領域内是廣為人知的,且描述於美國專利案號5,ι〇ι,5〇ι 案名為’’在一 C D Μ A行動電話系統内提供軟遞交之方法及系 統’’,其權利已移轉予本發明之申請人。 ’' 向下鏈路為自基地台傳輸至終端點之傳輸,而向上鍵路 為自該終端點傳輸至基地台之傳輸。在該具體實施範例 中’部份終端點1()6具有多重接收天線,而其餘則僅呈有單 -接收天線。在圖2中’基地台104A於向下鏈路傳輸資料
550926 A7 B7 至終端點106八及1〇6了、基地台1〇43傳輸資料至終端點 106B至106J、基地台104C傳輸資料至終端點i〇6c,以此 類推。 藉由無線通訊技術進行無線資料通訊及擴增服務之需求 曰增已促使特定資料服務之發展,此類服務之一為高資料 速率(HDR),一 HDR服務範例係登錄於”eia/tia_IS856 cdma2000高速率封包資料空中介面規格”稱之為,,HDR規格,, ,HDR服務通常為一語音通訊系統之延展,其提供在無線 通訊系統内有效傳輸封包之方法,隨著資料傳輸量及傳輸 次數增加,用於無線傳輸之有限可用頻寬將成為重要資 源,因此,吾人亟需一有效及公平之方法將一通訊系統内 之傳輸排程以使可用頻寬之使用得以最佳化。在該具體實 施範例中,說明於圖2内之系統1 〇 〇屬於具有η D R服務之 CDMA型式系統。 依據一具體實施例,系統1 0 0支援高速多媒體廣播服務, 其稱之為高速廣播服務(HSBS),有關HSBS之一應用例為電 影、運動比赛等之視訊串流。HSBS為基於網際網路協定(ip) 之封包資料服務。依據該具體實施範例,一服務提供者對 使用者群指示此類高速廣播服務之可用範圍,該等使用者 將所需之HSBS服務送出以接收該服務,且可透過廣告、短 期管理系統(SMS)、無線應用協定(WAP)等獲知該廣播服務 時間表。行動裝置使用者稱之為行動站台(MSs),基地台 (BSs)傳輸和HSBS有關之參數於覆頭訊息内,當一 MS希望 接收廣播節目時,該MS讀取該覆頭訊息並獲悉適當組態, _ · 16 _ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 550926 A7 p______Β7 五、發明説明(14 ) 該MS然後轉換至包含該HSBS頻道之頻段並接收廣播服務 内容。 所使用之該服務為一高速多媒體廣播服務,此服務在本 文中稱之為高速廣播服務(HSBS ),此類範例之一為電影 及運動比赛等之視訊串流,此服務可為基於網際網路協定 (IP)之一封包資料服務。 該服務提供者將對使用者群指出此等高速廣播服務之可 用範圍,希望獲得此類服務之該等行動站台使用者可將訂 閱需求傳出以接收此服務且可透過廣告、SMS、WAp等了 解廣播服務時間表。基地台將傳輸和廣播服務相關之參數 於覆頭訊息内,而希望獲取該廣播節目之行動站台將讀取 這些訊息以決定適當組態,並調至包含該高速廣播頻道之 頻段進而開始接收該廣播服務内容。 對於HSBS服務而言,存在有數種可能之訂閱/收入模 式,包含:自由存取、控制存取、及部份控制存取。就自 由存取而言’其無需由行動站台訂閱以接收該項服務,該 BS廣播該内容無需加密,且有興趣之行動站台可接收該項 内容,該服務提供者之收入可透過廣告營收,而廣告可傳 輸於廣播頻道中,例如,其可傳送即將上映之電影剪輯, 而電影院將付費予該服務提供者。 就控制存取而言,該!^5使用者遞送對該服務之訂閱需 求,並給付相關費用以接收該廣播服務,未訂閱之使用者 無法接收該項HSBS服務。控制存取可藉由將HSBS傳輸/内 容加密俾僅令遞送訂閱需求之使用者得以解密其内容,此 -1 7 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公爱) "~"" "~' — 550926 A7 ______B7 五、發明説明(15 ) 可利用空中加密金鑰交換程序達成,此種方式提供了高度 安全性並可防制服務遭竊。 一稱之為部份控制存取之混合存取方式提供H s B S服務作 為以訂閱為出發點之服務,該服務配合間歇未加密廣告傳 輸進行加密,這些廣告可用於激勵使用者對HSbs服務送出 訂閱需求’這些未加密片段之時間表可透過外部裝置而為 MS所得知。 圖3說明一無線通訊系統2〇〇,其中視訊及聲訊藉由内容 伺服器(CS) 201以封包式資料服務網路(PDSN) 2〇2提供,該 視訊及聲訊可自電視節目或廣播節目傳送,該等訊息以封 包式(像是IP封包)資料提供。PDSN 202處理該IP封包以在 一存取網路(AN)内散播,如圖中所說明的,an定義為包含
BS 204 (其和多重MS 206通訊)之系統之一部份。PDSN 202 和BS 204連接。就HSBS服務而言,BS 204接收來自PDSN 202之資訊串流並將該資訊提供至指定之頻道上供系統2 〇 〇 之訂閱者接收,為控制該存取,該内容在提供至PDSN 202 前已藉由CS 201加密,而提出訂閱需求之使用者則會配賦予 解密金鑰以將IP封包解密。 圖4詳述一 MS 300,其類似於圖3之MS 206,MS 300具有 一天線302連接至接收電路304,MS 300自類同於圖3BS 204之BS (未顯示)接收傳輸,MS 300包含一使用者辨識模 組(UIM) 308及一行動裝備(ME) 3〇6,該接收電路和UIM 308 及ME 306連接,該UIM308使用認証程序以保護HSBS傳輸 並提供各類金鑰予ME 306。ME 306可和處理單元3 1 2相 -1 8 · I紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) " 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(16 ) 連,ME 306執行實際處理,包含(但不限於)對HSBS内容串 流之解碼,ME 306包含一記憶儲存單元MEM 310,在該具 體實施範例中,對在ME 306進行處理之資料(未顯示)及在 ME記憶體儲存單元内之資料,MEM 310可輕易地由非訂閱 者以有限資源進行存取,且因此ME 306是不安全的,任何 傳遞至ME 306或由Μ E 3 0 6處理之資訊僅能維持短暫之安全 秘密性,吾人因此希望和ME 306共享之任何諸如金錄之秘 密資訊能經常更換。 UIM 308可安全地儲存並處理秘密資訊(像是加密金鑰)其 應可長時期保持秘密性,因為UIM 308為一安全單元,儲存 其内之秘密無需系統經常變換秘密資訊。UIM 308包含一處 理單元稱之為防護UIM處理器單元(SUPU) 316及記憶體儲存 單元稱之為防護UIM記憶體單元(SUMU) 314,吾人可視其 為安全的。在UIM 308内,SUMU 3 14儲存秘密資訊以使對 該資訊之未經授權存取能知難而退,若該秘密資訊係UIM 308獲得,則存取將需要大量之資源,而在UIM 308之内, SUPU 316執行各數值之運算,該等數值可位於UIM 308外 部及/或内部,運算結果可儲存於SUMU 3 14或傳遞至ME 306,由SUPU 3 16執行之運算僅可自UIM 308由一實體藉由 大量資源而獲得,同樣地,指定儲存於SUMU 314内(但並非 輸出至ME 306)之SUPU 3 16輸出可加以設計使得未經授權攔 截者需耗用大量資源方能竊取。在一具體實施例中,UIM 308為一固定單元其位於MS 300内,請注意,UIM 308内除 了防護記憶體及處理單元外,UIM 308亦可包含非防護記憶 -19- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(17 ) 體及處理單元(未顯示)以儲存包含電話號碼、電子信箱資 訊、網頁或URL位址資訊及/或排程函式等資訊。 另一具體實施例可提供一可移除式及/或可重程式化之 UIM ’在該具體實施範例中,supu 316並不具有顯著處理 能力以進行防護及金鑰處理程序等功能,像是允許 播内容之加密等。另一具體實施例可使用一具有較強處理 能力之UIM。 該UIM和特疋使用者有關,且主要用於驗註是否該Ms 300屬於該使用者以行使相關優先權,像是對行動電話網路 之存取,因此,一使用者和UIM 3〇8有關而非ms ,該相 同使用者可和多個UIM 308相關聯。 廣播服務面臨了決定如何將該等金鑰分送予訂戶使用者 之難題,為將該廣播内容在一特定時間解密,該ME必須知 悉現行解密金鑰,為避免服務遭竊,該解密金鑰應經常變 換,像是每分鐘變換,這些解密金鑰稱之為短期金鑰 (SK) , δ亥SK用於將該廣播内容於短暫時間解密,故吾人可 假設該SK對一使用者具有原生貨幣價值。舉例而言,此原 生:k幣價值可作為登錄成本之一部份,假設非訂閱用戶自 訂戶之記憶體儲存單元MEM 310獲得SK之成本超越了該SK 之原生貨幣價值,亦即(非法)獲取SK之成本超過了報酬, 故其不存在任何利益,因此,無需對在記憶體儲存單元 MEM 310内之SK進行保護,然而,若一秘密金鑰具有較一 SK為長之生命週期,則(非法)獲取此秘密金鑰之成本將較 報酬為少,在此情況下,自記憶體儲存單元MEM310獲取此 L_____-20 -_ 本紙張尺度逋用中S @家料(CNS) Μ規格⑼㈣的公羡) — -— 550926 A7
550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(19 ) 分送稱之為SK資訊(SKI)之資料(其在UIM 308内和B AK名士 合)以推導SK ’ UIM 308然後將SK傳送至ME 306,在此種 方式下,該CS可有效將新SK值傳送至訂戶使用者群之 ME。 以下段落更詳細地討論登錄作業。當一使用者以一配賦 CS登錄時,UIM 308及該CS(未顯示)構建一防護關聯,亦 即UIM 308及該CS認同一秘密金繪rk,該RK對每一UIM 308為唯一’若一使用者具有多重υΐΜ之情況下,這些UIM 可基於该CS之政朿而共旱相同RK,登錄可發生於該使用者 對該CS提供之廣播頻道遞送訂閱需求或可發生於發送訂閱 耑求之刚’單一 CS可提供多重廣播頻道,cs可選擇在所有 頻道以相同RK笸使用者相關聯或要求使用者對每一頻道進 行登錄並將相同使用者關聯於不同頻道上之不同RK,多重 CS可選擇使用相同登錄鍵或要求使用者登錄以對每一 獲 取不同之RK。 用於構建此安全關聯有兩種通用方法,包括··認証金餘 協定(AKA)方法(使用於3GPP)及使用Klpsec之網際網路金 鑰交換(IKE)方法,在上述任一方法中,UIM記憶體單元 SUMU 314包含一稱之為A-Key之秘密金鑰,在此舉例說明 AKA之方法,在該AKA方法中,A-Key為秘密的,且僅由 UIM及可信賴第三者(TTP)知悉:該ττρ可由一實體以上組 成,該ΤΤΡ—般為該使用者所登錄之行動服務提供者,所有 介於cs及ττρ間之通訊皆為安全的,且該cs信賴該ττρ將 不會協助對廣播服務之未經授權存取,當使用者登錄時, ____ _ - 22 - 本纸張尺度適財g g家標準(CNS) Α4規格(21()χ297公爱) ----
裝 % 550926 A7 ____ B7 五、發明説明(2〇 ) 該CS知會該TTP有關該使用者希望登錄該服務且提供對於 使用者要求之驗証。TTP使用一函式(類似於密碼術雜湊函 式)由A-Key計算出RK及稱之為登錄金鑰資訊(RKI)之附加 訊息,TTP將RK、RKI以及其他和該遞送無關之資料藉由 安全防護頻道傳送至CS,CS傳送RKI至MS 300。接收電路 304將RKI傳送至UIM 308且可能將RKI傳送至me 306, UIM 308自RKI及A-Key計算RK並儲於UIM記憶體單元 811^4!;314,11尺儲存於1;11^記憶體單元5111^1;314且並不直 接提供予ME 306。另一具體實施例可使用一 IKE方法或某 些其他方法以構建RK,RK係作為在CS及UIM 3 08間之安全 防護關聯。 在AKA方法中,RK由CS、UIM及TTP秘密共享,因此 如在此所使用的,AKA方法暗指介於CS及UIΜ間之任何安 全關聯皆隱含ΤΤΡ,將ΤΤΡ納於任何安全關聯中並不會破壞 安全性,因為CS信任ΤΤΡ不會協助對於廣播頻道之未經授 權存取。如上述,若一金餘和Μ Ε 3 0 6共享,其將必須經常 變換金鍮’此乃因為存在著非訂閱用戶存取儲存於記憶體 儲存單元MEM 3 10資訊之危險性,而進而得以存取一控制或 部份控制服務。ME 306將SK(用於解密廣播内容之金鑰資 訊)錯存於記憶體儲存單元MEM 310,CS必需傳送足夠資訊 以供訂閱使用者計算SK,若一訂閱使用者之me 306可自此 資訊計算出SK,則需用於計算SK之其他附加資訊將不再是 秘始、’在此情況下,假設一非訂閱使用者之ME 306亦可自 此資訊計算出SK,因此,SK之數值必需於SUPU 316内使用 ____ - 23 - 本紙缺度適財S目家料(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公爱)~-- 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(21 ) CS及SUMU 314共享之秘密金鑰進行計算,CS及SUMU 314 共享數值RK,然而每一使用者擁有唯一 RK數值,CS並無 足夠時間使用每一RK數值將SK加密並將該等加密後數值傳 送予每一訂閱使用者,吾人必須使用其他方法。 以下段落更詳細地討論訂閱需求遞送作業。為確保能有 效率地分送秘密資訊SK,CS定期將一共通廣播存取金鑰 (BAK)分送予每一訂閱者UIM 308。對每一訂戶,CS使用 相關之RK加密BAK以獲得一稱之為BAKI(BAK資訊)之數 值,CS將該相關之BAKI傳送至訂閱使用者之MS 300。舉 例而言,B AK可利用和每一 M S有關之RK以將IP封包加密 之型式進行傳送,在該具體實施範例中,ΒΑΚΙ為一 IPSec 封包,在該具體實施範例中,BAKI為一内含BAK之IPSec 封包,其使用RK作為加密金鑰。因為RK因使用者而不同, CS必需將BAK個別傳送至每一訂閱者,因此,BAK並不利 用廣播頻道傳送。MS 300將B AKI傳送至UIM 308,SUPU 316使用儲存於SUMU 314内之RK數值及BAKI數值計算 BAK,該BAK值然後儲存於SUMU。在該具體實施範例 中,BAKI包含一防護參數索引(SPI)值,其指示MS 300將 BAKI傳送至UIM 308,並指示UIM 308使用RK以解密 BAKI。 更新BAK之時間必須足夠以允許CS將BAK分別傳送至每 一訂閱者,而不會導致重大負荷,因為ME 306無法長時期 保持秘密,UIM 308不會將BAK提供予ME 306,BAK在CS 及HSBS服務之訂閱群體間扮演著防護關聯之角色。 -2 4 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 550926 A7 B7
以下段落討論SK如何依循一成功之訂閱需求傳送以進行 更新。在每一更新BAK期間,當SK於廣播頻道上分送時, 將產生一短期間隔,c S使用一加密函數以決定s κ及 SKI(SK資訊)兩數值,使得SK可由BAK及SKI求得。舉例 而言,SKI可使用BAK作為金鑰以加密SK,在一具體實施 範例中,SKI為一内含Sk之IPSec封包,其使用BAK作為加 岔金繪,另一種方式為SK可為將密碼術雜湊函式應用至方 塊SKI及BAK連結之結果。 s KI某些部份是可預測的,例如s KI之一部份可於s KI仍 為有效時自系統時序進行推導,該部份稱為SKI一A無需傳 送至MS 300作為廣播服務之一部份,而稱為SKI_BiSKI 其餘部份則是無法預測的,SKI一B無需傳送至MS 300作為 廣播服務之一部份,MS 300自SKI-A及SKI-B重建SKI並 將SKI提供至UIM 308,SKI可在UIM 308内重建,SKI之 數值必須針對每一新s K作出改變,因此當計算一新s K時, SKI —A及/或SKI-B必須改變。CS傳送SKI-B予BS進行廣 播傳輸’ BS播送SKI —B,其由天線3 02感測並傳送至接收 電路304,接收電路304將SKI —B提供予MS 300,其中MS 3〇〇 重建SKI,MS 300 將 SKI提供予 UIM 308,其中 UIM 308 使用儲存於SUMU 314内之BAK獲取SK,該SK然後由UIM 3〇8提供至ME 306,ME 306將SK儲存於記憶體儲存單元 MEM 310,ME 306使用SK將接收自CS之廣播傳輸進行解 密0 在該具體實施範例中,S KI亦包含防護參數索引(s PI)值 I____ · 25 · 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
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550926 A7 ____B7 五、發明説明(23~~) ^ 以指示MS 300將SKI傳送至UIM 308,並指示UIM 308使用 BAK以解密SKI,在解密後,UIM 308將SK傳送至ME 306,其中ME 306使用SK解密廣播内容。 CS及BS在何時應傳送SKI — B之議題上有共同認定之某些 才示準’ C S可糟由經常改變s K以減少每一 s K内之原生貨幣 如、值,在此情況下,在改變SKI — B資料及將可用頻寬最佳 化兩者間可取得平衡。SKI 一 B可在除了廣播頻道外之頻道 進行傳送,g使用者调至該廣播頻道時,接收電路304自 一 ”控制頻道”獲取資訊以發現該廣播頻道,此需要“£ 3〇6 在一短時間内獲取SKI,ME 306已知ski — a之值,然而 BS必須將SKI-B在短時間内提供予me 300。舉例而言,BS 可經常性地在控制頻道上傳輸SKI — B(伴隨用以發現該廣播 頻迢之育訊傳送),或經常性地在廣播頻道上傳送SKI_B, 只要BS更加頻繁地”更新” SKI — B之值,Ms 3〇〇則能更快 速地存取該廣播訊息。更新SKI — B資料之必要性將和可用 頻I之最佳化間取得平衡,若過度頻繁地傳送s K丨B資 料,將導致過度使用控制頻道或廣播頻道内之頻寬。 本段落討論廣播内容之加密及傳輸。cs使用現行5反將廣 播内容加密,該具體實施範例利用一諸如先進加密標準 (AES) Cipher演算法作為加密演算法,在該具體實施範例 中,加密後之内容然後以一丨匕“封包依據封裝防護酬載 (ESP)傳輸模式進行傳送,該IPsec封包亦包含spi數值,其 指示ME 3 06使用現行SK將接收之廣播訊息解密,加密後 之内容藉由廣播頻道傳送。 -26 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公爱) ------- 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(24 ) 接收電路304直接將RKI及BAKI傳送至UIM 308,並且接 收電路3 04·將S KI_B提供至MS 300之適當部位以於該處和 SKI_A結合俾獲取SKI,SKI藉由MS 300之相關部位傳送至 UIM 308,UIM 308 自 RKI 及 A-Key 計算 RK、利用該 RK 解 密BAKI以獲取BAK、並使用SKI及BAK計算SK,以產生 該SK供ME 306使用,ME 306使用SK解密廣播内容,該具 體實施範例中UIM 308之能力並無法將廣播内容即時解密, 故將SK傳送至ME 306進行廣播内容解密。 圖5說明依據一具體實施範例有關金鑰RK、BAK及SK之 傳輸,如圖示,在登錄階段時MS 300接收RKI並將其傳送 至1;而308,其中51^11316使用11尺1及八467計算11〖,並 將RK儲存於UIM記憶體儲存區SUMU 314内。MS 300定期 接收BAKI,其包含使用和UIM 308相關RK值加密之 BAK,加密後之BAKI藉由SUPU 316解密以復原BAK,該 8八尺儲存於1111^記憶體儲存區51;1^1;314内。1^5 300進一步 定期接收一 SKI —B,其和SKI —A結合以形成SKI,SUPU 316自SKI及BAK計算SK,該SK提供予ME 306以解密廣播 内容。 在該具體實施範例中,CS金鑰並不一定須予加密並傳送 至MSs,該CS可使用另一種方法,由CS產生以傳輸至每一 MS之金鑰資訊提供了充份之訊息予MS以計算金鑰,如圖6 所示之系統350,雖然CS產生RK,但是RK資訊(RKI)傳送 至MS。該CS傳送充資訊以供UIM推導RK,其中一預定函 式用於自CS所傳輸之訊息中推導RK。RKI包含充份資訊以 -27 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(21〇 X 297公釐)
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線 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(25 ) 供MS自A_key及其他數值(像是系統時序)藉由利用一預設 公開函式d 1以決定RK,其中: RK = dl(A-Key,RKI)。 (3) 在該具體實施範例中,函式dl定義一密碼術型式函式。 依據一具體實施例’ RK以下式決定: RK = SHA,(A-Key||RKI), (4) 其中ΊΓ表示包含A-Key及RKI之關聯、且SHA’(X)表示 具有輸入值X之安全雜湊演算法SHA-1輸出之後端128位 元。在另一具體實施例中,RK由下式決定: RK = AES(A-Key,RKI), (5) 其中AES(X,Y)表示使用128位元A-Key加密之128方塊 RKI。在基於AKA協定之進一步具體實施例中,RK係由 3GPP金鑰產生函式f3之輸出決定,其中RKI包含RAND之 數值及AMF及SQN之適切值,如該標準所定義。 BAK會以不同方式進行處理,因為具有不同RK值之各使 用者必須計算相同之BAK值,CS可使用任何技術以決定 BAK,然而,和一特定UIM 308有關之BAKI值必須是以 UIM 308唯一 RK加密後之BAK,SUPU 316使用儲存於 SUMU134内之RK依據下列函式d2解密BAKI: BAK = d2(BAKI,RK)。 (9) 在另一具體實施例中,CS可使用RK將一解密作業加諸於 6八艮以計算8八尺1,且51^1;316藉由使用11尺將加密作業加 諸於BAKI以獲得BAK,此作業同等於CS加密BAK及SUPU 316解密BAKI。另一具體實施例可應用任何數目之金鑰組 -28 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家樣準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(26 ) 合以附加於或取代圖6所示之相關部份。 SK係以相同於RK處理方式進行處理,首先SKI由SKI A 及SKI — B(SKI-B為由CS傳輸至MS之資訊),接著一預設 函式(13用於自5【1及6八〖(儲存於51;1\41;314)推導51^,依 據· SK = d3(BAK,SKI) 〇 (6) 在一具體實施例中,函式d3定義一密碼術型式函式。在 一具體實施例中,SK由下式計算: SK = SHA(BAK||SKI), ⑺ 而在另一具體實施例中,s K由下式求得: SK = AES(BAK,SKI), (8) 圖7A-7D說明一廣播訊息之防護方法。圖7A說明登錄作 業400,其中一訂閱者於步驟402和CS進行聯繫,登錄作業 在步驟404將一個殊RK值提供予UIM,該UIM在步驟406 將RK儲存於防護記憶體單元(SUMU)内。圖7B說明介於一 CS及MS間之訂閱需求傳送處理作業420 ;於步驟422,CS 對一 BAK時序間期TI產生一 BAK,該BAK在該BAK時序 間期T 1内皆為有效,而B A K將定期更新;在步驟4 2 4時, CS授權UIM於BAK時序間期T1内對廣播内容(BC)進行存 取;於步驟426,CS使用每一訂閱者之個別rk將BAK加 密,加密後之BAK稱為BAKI,CS然後於步驟428將BAKI 傳送至UIM,UIM於步驟430接收BAKI並和用RK進行解 密,解密後之BAKI產生原始產生之BAK ;於步驟432 ,該 UIM儲存BAK於SUMU内,UIM然後接收廣播内容並藉由 -29 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 550926 A7
將BAK應用至加密後之廣播(EBC)而得以存取BC。 圖7C說明在一支援廣播服務之無線通訊系統中用於防護 加密之金鑰更新方法,該方法44〇以圖7E之時序間期進 行,BAK以時序間期丁!定期更新,一計時器ίl在BAκ已完 成計算及τι期滿時重新啟始,一變數SK一RAND用於計算 SK,其以T2之時序間期更新,一計時器12在]5八反已產生及 T2期滿時重新啟始。在一具體實施例中,sk進一步以時序 間期T3定期更新,_計時器丨3在每_化產生及以期滿時重 新啟始。SK —RAND於CS產生,並定期提供至⑽,該Ms 及CS使用SK — RAND以產生SK ,詳述如下。 當可用值BAK更新時,第一計時器u重設,介於兩βΑκ 更新間之k序長度為ΒΑΚ更新間期,在該具體實施例中, 該ΒΑΚ更新間期為乙月,然而其他具體實施例可應用任何 所欲之間期以使系統運作最佳化,或滿足不同系統之標 準。 持、$圖7C ,方法440於步驟442啟動計時器α以開始 SK —REG時序間期丁2,於步驟444,cs產生並 將該值提供予傳輸電路傳經該线:計時於步驟446啟 動以㈣化時序間期T3,該CS然後於步驟448使用現行 SK加山BC加在後之結果為EBC,其中提供予 傳輸電路以於系統内傳輸;若計時以2在決策菱形區450期 滿’處理作業即返回步驟442,而當t2小於別,若計時 iit3於決策菱形區452期滿,處理作業返回步賴6,否則 處理作業返回450。 -30 -
550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(28 圖7D說明MS存取廣播服務之作業,該方法46〇首先於步 驟462將計.時器t2及t3依據cs之數值予以同步, 於步驟464接收CS產生之SK—RAND,於步驟466時, 使用SK-RAND、BAK及時間量度值產生SK,UIM將3尺傳 遞予MS之ME,UIM然後於步驟468使用SK將接收2EBC 予以解密以獲取原始BC,當計時器12於步驟47〇期滿時, 處理作業返回步驟4 62,當計時器t2小於T2時,若計時器t3 於步驟472期滿,計時lt3於步驟474重新啟始並返回 466 ° 當使用將訂閱需求於一特定BAK更新間期傳送至廣播服 務時,CS則傳送適當資訊BAKI(即為以RK加密之BAK), 此通常發生於該BAK更新間期開始之前或發生於當^;^在該 BAK更新間期内首次調回廣播頻道時,此可藉由MS4CS 依據各式標準啟始,複數個BAKI可同時進行傳輸及解密。 請注意’當BAK更新間期即將屆滿時,若ms已遞交對於 下一BAK更新間期之要求,Ms可請求cs更新BAK。在另 一具體實施例中,第一計時器tl由CS使用,以在該計時器 屆滿(亦即B AK更新間期期滿)時,由c s傳送B AK。 請注意’一使用者可能在Bak更新間期内接收一BAK, 其中(例如)當BAK每月進行更新時,一訂閱者於月中加入 服務存取行列,再者,BAK及SK之時序間期更新可予同 步,使得所有訂閱用戶在一指定時間進行更新。 圖8A說明依據該具體實施例於一無線通訊系統5〇〇内之 登錄作業,CS 5 02和每一訂戶協調(亦即MS 5 12)以產生 -3 1 - t紙張尺度適财S @家標準(CNS)规格(蒙297公楚)
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線 550926 A7 _ B7五、發明説明(29 ) 每一訂戶之特殊RK,該RK然後提供予每一 MSiUIM内之 SUMU單元,如圖中所示,CS 502產生RKi並儲存於贝吣 512内SUMR 510,同樣地,CS 502產生RK2至RKn並儲存 於 UIM2 522 内 SUMU2 520 至 UIMN 532 内 SUMUN 530。 圖8B說明系統500内之訂閱需求傳送處理,cs 502進一 步包含複數個編碼器504,每一編碼器504接收CS 502產生 之特殊RKS及BAK值,每一編碼器504之輸出為針對一訂閱 者編碼BAKI,該BAKI於母一 MS之UIM處接收(像是uiMi 512),每一 UIM 包含一 SUPU 及一 SUMU,像是 UIM! 512 之 SUPUi 514及SUMW 510。S U P U包含一解碼器(像是解碼器 5 16) ’其藉由使用UIM之rK以復原BAK,此處理過程會 在每一訂閱者處重覆進行。 圖8C說明金鑰管理及更新,其中cS使用一函式5〇8以產 生數值SK一RAND,該數值為中介數值由cs及MS所用以計 算SK,特別的是,函式508使用baK值、SK—RAND值及時 序參數。儘管說明於圖8C之具體實施例使用一計時器以決 定何時更新SK,其他具體實施例可使用另一種衡量方式以 疋期進行更新’例如使用一錯誤發生率或其他事件。cs將 SK—RAND值提供予每一訂戶,其中位於每_UIIVI内之函式 5 1 8係和C S之函式5 0 8相同,函式5 1 8處理SK—RAND、 BAK、及時序值以產生一 SK,其儲存於me内之記憶體位 置内,像是ME! 540之MEMi 542。 圖8D說明在登錄及訂閱需求傳送後之bc處理作業,cs 5 02包含一編碼器56〇,其使用現行5κ將Bc編碼以產生 -32 - 本纸張尺度適用中s國家標準(CNS) A4規格(21G χ 297公爱) 一
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線 550926 A7
EBC,該EBC然後傳送至訂戶處,每一奶包含一編 (像是編碼器544)以使用SK|EB(:擷取Bc。 ·益 儘管本發明已經藉由_支援單—方向廣播服務、加密方 法及金鑰管理之無線通訊系統具體實施例進行說明,上述 可進一步應用至其他資料處理作業系統,包含一多重傳= 型式廣播系統,再者,本發明可應用於任何資料處理系 統,其中多重訂戶透過一非安全頻道存取安全資訊單一 輸。 熟知本領域之人士應了解資訊及訊號可藉由使用各類不 同之科技及技術表示,舉例而言,透過前述所參考之資 料、指令、命令、資訊、訊號、位元、符號及晶元可由^ 壓、電流、電磁波、磁場或磁粒子、光域或光粒子或上述 任何組合組成。 熟知本領域之人士應進一步了解伴隨上述具體實施例所 介紹之各類邏輯方塊、模組、電路、及演算法步驟可使用 於電子硬體、電腦軟體、或兩者之組合,為清楚地說明硬 體及軟體之可互換性,說明之各式元件、方塊、模組、電 路及步驟已依其功能性進行描述,而此類功能性係以硬體 或軟體進行應用端視加諸系統之特定應用項目及設計限制 而定,熟知本領域之人士可對每一特定應用以各類方式使 用所述之功能,而此一使用決定不應被視為會偏離本發明 範圍。 伴隨上述具體實施例所說明之各式邏輯方塊、模組及電 路可藉由設計用以執行上述功能之通用處理器、數位訊號 -33 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公爱)
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線 550926 A7 B7 五、發明説明(3 1 處理益(DSP)、一個殊應用積體電路(ASIC)、一場效可程 式化閘極陣列(FPGA)或其他可程式化邏輯裝置、離散閘極 或電晶體邏極、離散硬體元件、或任何上述之組合加以應 用或實踐。一通用處理器可為一微處理器,然該處理器亦 可為任何傳統處理器、控制器、微控制器或狀態機。一處 理為亦可以计异裝置之組合加以應用,例如一 D s p及一微 處理器之組合、複數個微處理器、結合一Dsp核心之一或 多個微處理器、或任此其他此類設計。 伴隨具體實施例描述之演算法方法及步驟可直接具體實 踐於硬體、由一處理器所執行之軟體模組或兩者之組合之 内。一軟體模組可建置於RAM記憶體、快閃記憶體、r〇m 記憶體、EPROM記憶體、EEPR0M記憶體、暫存器、硬 碟、一可移除式磁碟、一 CD-R0M、或任何在本領域中已 知之儲存媒體型式。在一範例中,一儲存媒體和處理器相 連,使得處理器可自儲存媒體讀取並寫入資訊,而另一實 施例為該健存媒體可和處理器合而為一,該處理器及儲存 媒體可建置於一 AS 1C内,該AS 1C可建置於一使用者終端機内。在另一實施例中,該處理器及儲存媒體可以分離式 元件建置於使用者終端機内。 以上具體實施例之描述係用以促使熟知本領域之人士得 以實踐或使用本發明,這些具體實施例之各式修訂對於熟 知本領域之人士將是十分明顯的,且在此定義之原創原則 可應用於其他具體實施例而不會偏離本發明之範圍,因 此’本發明並非党限於上述所示之具體實施,而是應依上 -34 -
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線 550926 A7 B7 五 發明説明(32 ) 述所揭示之原則及新式特性之最廣範圍予以考量。
線 -35 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
Claims (1)
- 550926 A8 B8 C8 D8 、申請專利範圍 1. 一種用於安全傳輸方法,該方法包含: 針對傳輸中之參與者決定一登錄金鑰; 決定第一金餘; 以該登錄金鑰將該第一金鑰加密; 決定第二金鑰; 以該第一金鑰將該第二金鑰加密;以及 更新該第一及第二金鑰。 2·如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中之更新進一步包含: 依據一第一時序間期以更新該第一金鑰;以及 依據一第二時序間期以更新該第二金鑰,其中該第二 時序間期小於該第一時序間期。 3. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中更新作業進一步包 含: 以該登錄金鑰將一更新後第一金鑰加密;以及 以該更新後第一金鑰將更新後之第二金鑰加密。 4. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,進一步包含: 使用該第二金鑰將一廣播資訊串流加密;以及 傳輸加密後之廣播資訊串流。 5. 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中該廣播資訊串流包括 視訊資訊。 6. 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中該廣播資訊串流包含 網際網路協定封包。 7. 如申請專利範圍第3項之方法,進一步包含: 計算一登錄金鑰資訊訊息;以及 -36 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝550926 A8 B8 C8 D8 六、申請專利範圍 傳輸該登錄金餘肓訊訊息。 8·如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,進一步包含: 計算和該更新後及加密後第一金鑰相關之第一金鑰資 訊訊息,以及 傳輸該第一金鑰資訊訊息。 9. 如申請專利範圍第8項之方法,進一步包含: 計算和該更新後及加密後第二金鑰相關之第二金鑰資 訊訊息;以及 傳輸該第二金鑰資訊訊息。 10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,進一步包含: 傳輸該加密後第一金餘;以及 傳輸該加密後第二金输。 11. 一種用於傳輸之安全接收之方法,該方法包含: 針對一傳輸中之參與者接收一登錄金鑰; 接收第一金鑰; 以該登錄金鑰將該第一金鑰解密; 接收第二金鑰; 以該第一金鑰將該第二金鑰解密; 接收一廣播資訊串流;以及 使用該第二金鑰將該廣播資訊串流解密。 12. 如申請專利範圍第1 1項之方法,進一步包含: 將該第一金鑰儲存於一防護記憶體儲存單元;以及 將該第二金鑰儲存於一記憶體儲存單元。 13. 如申請專利範圍第1 1項之方法,進一步包含: -37 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 550926 A8 B8 C8自該f一金鑰資訊訊息回復該第一金鑰;以及 自該第一金鑰資訊訊息回復該第二金鑰。 14.如申請專利範圍第"項之方法,進一步包含: 依據-第-時序間期更新該第一金餘;以及 依據一第二時序間期更新該第二金鑰。 種基礎架構凡件用於一無線通訊系統中支援一廣播服 務選項,包含: 一接收電路; 使用者辨識單元,用於回復一短期金鑰以將一廣播 說息解密,包含: 用於解密金鑰資訊之處理單元; 用於儲存一登錄金鑰之記憶體儲存單元;以及 一行動裝備單元,其運用該短期金鑰以將該廣播訊息 解密。 &如申請專利範圍第15項之基礎架構元件’其中該短期金 鑰由該使用者辨識單元處王里,且將其傳遞至該行動裝備 單元。 17·如申巧專利犯圍第i 5項之基礎架構元件,纟中該記憶體 儲存單元為一防護記憶體儲存單元。 18. 如申,專利範圍第15項之基礙架構元件,其中該記憶體 儲存單元儲存一廣播存取金鑰,且其中該處理單元使用 該廣播存取金鑰將該短期金鑰解密。 19. 如申請專利範圍第18項之基礎架構元件,其中該短期金 餘以第一頻率更新。 -38 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)裝 訂 A B c D 550926 々、申請專利範圍 20·如申請專利範圍第i9項之基礎架構元件,其中該廣播存 取金鑰以小於該第一頻率之第二頻率進行更新。 21. 如申請專利範圍第15項之基礎架構元件,其中該廣播服 務選項為一視訊服務。 22. —種無線通訊系統,包含: 針對一傳輸中參與者決定一登錄金鑰之裝置; 決定第一金鑰之裝置; 以該登錄金鑰將該第一金鑰加密之裝置; 決定第二金鑰之裝置; 以該第一金鑰將該第二金鑰加密之裝置;以及 用於更新該第一及第二金鑰之裝置。 23. —種内部架構元件,包含: 針對一傳輸中之參與者接收一登錄金鑰之裝置; 接收第一金鑰之裝置; 以該登錄金鑰將該第一金鑰解密之裝置; 接收第二金鑰之裝置; 以該第一金鑰將該第二金鑰解密之裝置; 接收一廣播資訊率流之裝置;以及 使用該第二金鑰將該廣播資訊串流解密之裝置。 24. —種數位訊號儲存裝置,包含: 針對一傳輸中之參與者接收一登錄金鑰之第一指令 集; 接收第一金鑰之第二指令集; 以該登錄金鑰將該第一金鑰解密之第三指令集; -3 9 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 8 8 8 8 A B c D 550926 六、申請專利範圍 接收第二金鑰之第四指令集; 以該第一金鑰將該第二金鑰解密之第五指令集; 接收一廣播資訊串流之第六指令集;以及 使用該第二金鑰將該廣播資訊串流解密之第七指令 集0 -40 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐)
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JP2004532554A (ja) | 2004-10-21 |
KR20030086617A (ko) | 2003-11-10 |
US8121296B2 (en) | 2012-02-21 |
EP1374477B1 (en) | 2017-03-08 |
MXPA03008923A (es) | 2004-06-30 |
EP2360888A1 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
CN101860860B (zh) | 2014-03-12 |
CN1531800A (zh) | 2004-09-22 |
CN101860860A (zh) | 2010-10-13 |
CA2442656C (en) | 2012-02-07 |
BRPI0208498B1 (pt) | 2016-06-21 |
EP1374477A1 (en) | 2004-01-02 |
KR100886592B1 (ko) | 2009-03-05 |
WO2002080449A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
HK1149673A1 (zh) | 2011-10-07 |
BR0208498A (pt) | 2006-05-23 |
US20020141591A1 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
JP4282992B2 (ja) | 2009-06-24 |
CA2442656A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
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