TW202216161A - 氧合膽固醇硫酸酯於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型(eb病毒)相關之癌和非癌的轉化之用途 - Google Patents
氧合膽固醇硫酸酯於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型(eb病毒)相關之癌和非癌的轉化之用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本揭示之態樣包括用於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型(EB病毒)相關之癌和非癌的轉化中至少一者之方法,該相關之癌和非癌的轉化係諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、軟組織肉瘤(soft tissue sarcoma)、平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma)、鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma)、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌中至少一者。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。於實施該方法時,對個體投予有效量之至少一種選自下列的化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS) 及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。
Description
本申請案關於氧合膽固醇硫酸酯於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型(EB病毒)相關之癌和非癌的轉化之用途。
相關申請案之交叉引用
本申請案根據35 U.S.C.§119(e)主張下列臨時申請案之優先權:2020年6月26日提交之美國臨時申請案63/044,631號、2020年12月18日提交之臨時申請案63/ 127,905號、2021年1月25日提交之臨時申請案63/141,382號、2021年2月5日提交之臨時申請案63/146,559號、2021年2月5日提交之臨時申請案63/146,563號、2021年2月5日提交之臨時申請案63/146,565號、2021年2月5日提交之臨時申請案63/146,566號、2021年2月5日提交之臨時申請案63/146,568號、2021年2月16日提交之臨時申請案63/ 149,977號、2021年2月16日提交之臨時申請案63/149,993號,其全文以引用方式被明確地併入本文。
聯邦資助之研究和研發聲明
本發明有一部分係在退伍軍人事務部授予之VA Merit Review Grant(撥款編號1I01BX003656)的政府支持下完成。政府具有本發明之某些權利。
長期以來,氧固醇據信為核受體之配體,諸如肝x受體(LXR)且其在脂質穩態和免疫系統中發揮重要作用,其中它們同時涉及轉錄和轉錄後機制。氧固醇為膽固醇之氧化形式。在體內,固醇經酶促轉化成氧固醇係為了生物合成細胞、血液和組織中重要的生物產品,諸如類固醇激素、膽汁酸和維生素D。氧固醇參與許多生物過程,包括膽固醇穩態、三酸甘油酯代謝、發炎反應、細胞增殖、血小板聚集和細胞凋亡。氧固醇亦牽涉許多疾病,諸如代謝症候群和神經退化性疾病。氧固醇可藉由磺基轉移酶2B1b(SULT2B1b)在膽固醇之環A的位置3被硫酸化成氧固醇3-硫酸酯,包括5-膽固烯-3β-25-二醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、5-膽固烯-3β-24-二醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、5-膽固烯-3β-27-二醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)以及Xol3S(膽固醇 3-硫酸酯)。
先前已表明膽固醇代謝物,5-膽固烯-3β-25-二醇-3-硫酸酯會減少脂質生物合成並增加膽固醇分泌和降解,且可能用於治療和預防高膽固醇血症、高三酸甘油酯血症和與脂肪堆積和發炎相關之病況(例如非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、酒精性肝炎、急性腎損傷(AKI)、牛皮癬和動脈粥樣硬化)。氧固醇亦牽涉多種疾病,諸如代謝症候群。氧固醇可被硫酸化,且該硫酸化之氧固醇以不同方向作用:它們減少脂質生物合成、抑制發炎反應並促進細胞存活。
本揭示提供用於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化中至少一者之方法,該相關之癌和非癌的轉化係諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、軟組織肉瘤(soft tissue sarcoma)、平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma)、鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma)、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。於實施該方法時,對個體投予有效量之至少一種選自下列的氧固醇活性劑化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。
本揭示之態樣包括:
1. 一種治療有治療需要之個體的與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之非癌的轉化中至少一者之方法,其包含:
對個體投予有效量之至少一種選自下列之化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。
2. 如態樣1之方法,其中該至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之非癌的轉化為至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌。
3. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含下列至少一者:霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。
4. 如態樣3之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含下列至少一者:胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。
5. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含霍奇金氏淋巴瘤。
6. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含軟組織肉瘤。
7. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含平滑肌肉瘤。
8. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含鼻咽癌。
9. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含伯基特氏淋巴瘤。
10. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含T-細胞淋巴瘤。
11. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含胃癌。
12. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含侵襲性乳癌。
13. 如態樣2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含分級組織化癌。
14. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含胰臟導管腺癌。
15. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含膀胱上皮癌。
16. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含結腸直腸癌。
17. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含頭頸癌。
18. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含非小細胞肺癌。
19. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含食道癌。
20. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含乳癌。
21. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含甲狀腺癌。
22. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含口腔癌。
23. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含子宮頸癌。
24. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含卵巢癌。
25. 如態樣13之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含肝癌。
26. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)或其鹽。
27. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)或其鹽。
28. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)或其鹽。
29. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)或其鹽。
30. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)或其鹽。
31. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)或其鹽。
32. 如態樣1至25中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或其鹽。
33. 如態樣1至32中任一項之方法,其中該至少一種化合物係以0.001 mg/kg/天至100 mg/kg/天之範圍的量投予。
34. 如態樣1至33中任一項之方法,其中該至少一種化合物係以基於該個體之體重的0.1 mg/kg至100 mg/kg之範圍的量投予。
35. 如態樣1至33中任一項之方法,其中該至少一種化合物係以基於該個體之體重的1 mg/kg至10 mg/kg之範圍的量投予。
36. 如態樣1至35中任一項之方法,其中該投予係每天實施1次至3次。
37. 如態樣1至36中任一項之方法,其中該投予包含下列至少一者:口服投予、腸內投予、舌下投予、透皮投予、靜脈內投予、腹膜投予、腸胃道外投予、注射投予、皮下注射和肌肉內注射。
38. 如態樣1至37中任一項之方法,其中該投予包含投予醫藥組成物,該醫藥組成物包含該至少一種化合物和生理學上可接受之賦形劑、稀釋劑或載體。
39. 如態樣38之方法,其中該醫藥組成物係配製成單位劑型。
40. 如態樣38或39之方法,其中該醫藥組成物呈固體形式。
41. 如態樣38至40中任一項之方法,其中該醫藥組成物呈粉劑、片劑、膠囊或錠劑形式。
42. 如態樣38至41中任一項之方法,其中該醫藥組成物包含至少一種呈凍乾形式之化合物及填充劑。
43. 如態樣38至42中任一項之方法,其中該醫藥組成物係在密封之小瓶、安瓿、注射器或袋中。
44. 如態樣38或43之方法,其中該醫藥組成物包含呈液體之載體。
45. 如態樣44之方法,其中該至少一種化合物係溶解在該液體中或分散在該液體中。
46. 如態樣44和45中任一項之方法,其中該液體為水性的。
47. 如態樣44至46中任一項之方法,其中該液體為注射用無菌水或磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水。
48. 如態樣38和44至47中任一項之方法,其中該醫藥組成物係在密封之小瓶、安瓿、注射器或袋中。
49. 至少一種選自下列之化合物於製備藥物之用途:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽,該藥物係用於治療有治療需要之個體中至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之非癌的轉化。
50. 如態樣49之用途,其中該治療為如態樣1至48中任一項之治療方法。
51. 至少一種選自下列之化合物,其係用於治療至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之非癌的轉化之方法中:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。
52. 至少一種用於態樣51之化合物,其中該方法為如態樣1至48中任一項之方法。
本揭示提供用於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化中至少一者之方法,該相關之癌和非癌的轉化係諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。
如本文所使用之非癌的轉化係指非癌性、良性和/或非惡性的變化。非癌的轉化之實例包括但不限於傳染性單核白血球增多症(mononucleosis)、慢性活動性EBV感染、EBV相關之噬血球性淋巴組織細胞增生症(EBV-HLH)和其他全身性自體免疫疾病,諸如全身性紅斑狼瘡、類風濕性關節炎和薛格連氏症候群(Sjogren's syndrome)。
於實施本發明方法時,對個體(例如人類個體)投予一或多種選自下列之氧固醇活性劑化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24,25-EC3S)或彼等之鹽。如本文所描述者,化合物25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)係指具有下列化學結構之化合物:
根據某些實例,氧固醇可藉由磺基轉移酶2B1b(SULT2B1b)在膽固醇之環A的位置3被硫酸化成氧固醇3-硫酸酯類,包括如第6圖中概述之25HC3S、24HC3S、27HC3S、以及Xol3S(膽固醇-3-硫酸酯)。該氧固醇硫酸酯可藉由磺基轉移酶2A1(SULT2A1)進一步被硫酸化為氧固醇二硫酸酯。例如,25-羥基膽固醇 3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)可藉由SULT2A1被進一步硫酸化成5-膽固烯-3β, 25-二醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)。25HC3S和25HCDS為體內已被鑑定出之肝細胞核中唯一的氧固醇硫酸酯,而27HC3S係在人血清中且24HC3S係在尿液中。25HC3S和25HCDS亦為強效調控劑,但以與其前體25HC不同之方向發揮功能。
膽固醇可在線粒體中被CYP27A1羥基化為25HC或27HC,及在內質網中被CYP3A4或被膽固醇25-羥化酶(CH25HL)羥基化為25HC。膽固醇亦可在腦組織中被膽固醇 24-羥基酶羥基化為24HC。此膽固醇前體亦可用於經由甲羥戊酸(mevalonate)途徑之分流合成鏈固醇(desmosterol)。鏈固醇可藉由CYP46A1氧合以形成24,25-環氧膽固醇(24,25EC)。25HC、27HC、24HC和膽固醇可隨後被SULT2B1b在3β-位置處硫酸化以分別形成25HC3S、27HC3S、24HC3S和Xol3S。24,25EC可被硫酸化為24,25EC3S。
不受理論之束縛,25HC和25HC3S在整體調控中之功能表明它們為表觀遺傳調控子。DNA啟動子區中之胞嘧啶的位置5處之甲基化(5-甲基胞嘧啶,
5mC)為調節基因表現和基因體之其他功能的重要表觀遺傳修飾。啟動子區中CpG之胞嘧啶甲基化與相關基因之轉錄活性呈負相關,因其導致染色質凝聚和基因靜默。CpG甲基化和基因表現之失調影響代謝、組織功能和代謝狀態。胞嘧啶甲基化係由DNA甲基轉移酶(DNMT-1、3a/3b)催化,在一些情況下,其在DNA甲基化/去甲基化之調控中起作用。25HC和25HC3S為DNA甲基轉移酶-1(DNMT-1)之配體。在一些情況下,本文描述之氧固醇活性劑化合物為細胞調控分子,其經由DNA CpG甲基化和
5mCpG去甲基化而在表觀遺傳上調控脂質代謝、細胞存活/死亡和發炎反應。在一些情況下,高葡萄糖培育經由增加核25HC量來增加啟動子區中之CpG甲基化,這會使參與PI3K-Akt、cAMP、NAFLD、第II型糖尿病和胰島素分泌信號傳導途徑之關鍵基因的表現靜默。在某些情況下,本文揭示之氧固醇活性劑化合物(例如25HC3S)將這些啟動子中之
5mCpG去甲基化,增加基因表現,並上調這些信號傳導途徑。在一些情況下,該氧固醇活性劑化合物以與前體25HC相反之方向調控該信號傳導途徑。在一些情況下,該一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物調控細胞信號傳導途徑以回應刺激反應。在某些情況下,該一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物影響調控細胞功能之蛋白質磷酸化、肌醇磷酸化和神經鞘胺醇磷酸化。在某些情況下,該一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物調控轉錄層級之基因表現。第7圖中描繪說明性機制。在某些情況下,該一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物(例如25HC3S)藉由增加基因表現來減少脂質累積、抗發炎反應和抗細胞凋亡,基因表現之增加係透過將涉及MAPK-ERK和鈣-AMPK信號傳導途徑之關鍵基因,諸如CREB5(CAMP反應元素結合蛋白5)、BAD(BCL2相關之細胞死亡激動劑)和ERK(有絲分裂原活之化蛋白激酶1)的啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化來進行。
LMP1表現在大多數與EBV相關之各種非癌、癌前和癌性淋巴組織增生、或非淋巴組織增生性病症、或疾病(LPD或非LPD)中,且其對發病機制和疾病表型(諸如,但不限於霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌)具有重要貢獻。EBV LMP1直接誘導DNMT1之啟動子活性,導致E-鈣黏蛋白基因表現之高甲基化和靜默。LMP1亦經由活化MAPK/NF-kB途徑上調PD-L1之表現。從正常細胞到癌前細胞再到癌細胞之轉化涉及幹細胞表觀遺傳下調(DNA超甲基化)成癌幹細胞。不受理論之束縛,藉由本申請案之化合物抑制DNMT可用於治療與EBV相關之各種非癌、癌前和癌性淋巴組織增生或非淋巴組織增生病症。
在一些情況下,本文所使用之術語“治療”係指對人類個體投予至少一種選自下列之氧固醇活性劑化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽,該人類個體:(1)已表現出至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化之至少一種症狀,該與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化係諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌中至少一者。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌;和/或(2)被診斷為患有與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化中至少一者,該相關之癌和非癌的轉化為諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。在一些情況下,“治療”涉及減輕或減弱,或在一些情況下,徹底根除至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關的癌和非癌的轉化中至少一者之症狀,該相關之癌和非癌的轉化為諸如霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。該分級組織化癌包括但不限於在投予至少一種選自下列之氧固醇活性劑化合物之前或投予當時已存在的胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。在一些情況下,根據本揭示之治療足以改善該個體之臨床指標。在某些情況下,該個體之臨床指標改善使得該個體被認為不再具有至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化,諸如下列至少一者:霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。
於實施本發明之方法中,對個體投予有效量之至少一種選自下列之氧固醇活性劑化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。在一些情況下,對個體投予劑量為0.00001 mg/kg/天至500 mg/kg/天之氧固醇活性劑化合物,諸如0.00005 mg/kg/天至450 mg/kg/天,諸如0.0001 mg/kg/天至400 mg/kg/天,諸如0.0005 mg/kg/天至350 mg/kg/天,諸如0.001 mg/kg/天至300 mg/kg/天,諸如0.005 mg/kg/天至250 mg/kg/天,諸如0.01 mg/kg/天至200 mg/kg/天,諸如0.05 mg/kg/天至150 mg/kg/天,且包括0.001 mg/kg/天至100 mg/kg/天。在某些情況下,對個體投予劑量為0.001 mg/kg/天至100 mg/kg/天之氧固醇活性劑化合物。在某些情況下,對個體投予劑量為0.1 mg/kg/天至100 mg/kg/天之氧固醇活性劑化合物。在某些情況下,對個體投予劑量為1 mg/kg/天至100 mg/kg/天之氧固醇活性劑化合物。
在一些情況下,對個人投予之該至少一種氧固醇活性劑化合物,諸如25-羥基-3-硫酸酯或25-羥基-3-硫酸鈉的各個每日劑量之量為0.5 mg至5 mg、5 mg至10 mg、10 mg至15 mg、15 mg至20 mg、20 mg至25 mg、20 mg至50 mg、25 mg至50 mg、50 mg至75 mg、50 mg至100 mg、75 mg至100 mg、100 mg至125 mg、125 mg至150 mg、150 mg至175 mg、175 mg至200 mg、200 mg至225 mg、225 mg至250 mg、250 mg至300 mg、300 mg至350 mg、350 mg至400 mg、400 mg至450 mg或450 mg至500 mg。在一些情況下,以有效量(例如,單位劑型)對該個人投予之氧固醇活性劑化合物的量係在0.5 mg至500 mg之範圍內,諸如1 mg至450 mg,諸如2 mg至400 mg,諸如5 mg至300 mg,諸如10 mg至200 mg,或諸如20 mg至100 mg。
可每天對個體投予1次或更多次之該氧固醇活性劑化合物,諸如每天二次或更多次,諸如每天三次或更多次,且包括每天四次或更多次。例如,該氧固醇活性劑化合物可每天投予二次、每天投予1次、每隔一天投予1次、每三天投予1次、每週投予1次或每月投予1次。在一些情況下,每天對個體投予1次該氧固醇活性劑化合物。在一些情況下,每天對個體投予二次該氧固醇活性劑化合物。在一些情況下,在一個週期中每天對個體投予1次或2次該氧固醇活性劑化合物,該週期持續之期間為1天至10天、1天至30天、7天至30天、7天至90天、10天至180天或30天至1年、30天至5年、90天至5年或1年至10年。在一些情況下,每天對個體投予1次該氧固醇活性劑化合物並持續1天至30天,諸如每天1次並持續1天至28天、1天至21天、7天至14天。在一些情況下,每天對個體投予二次該氧固醇活性劑化合物並持續1天至30天,諸如每天二次並持續1天至28天、1天至21天、7天至14天。在一些情況下,每天對個體投予三次該氧固醇活性劑化合物並持續1天至30天,諸如每天三次並持續1天至28天、1天至21天、7天至14天。
在一些情況下,該用藥係在氧固醇活性劑化合物之投予週期中投予。在一些情況下,該週期為1天或更久,諸如2天或更久、諸如3天或更久、諸如4天或更久、諸如5天或更久、諸如6天或更久、諸如7天或更久、諸如14天或或更久、諸如21天或更久、諸如28天或更久,且在一些情況下,該週期為30天或更久。該藥物投予之週期可重複1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8或超過8個用藥週期,總期間為6個月、1年、2年、3年或4年以上。各醫藥組成物可在延長之期間內(諸如在維持療法期間)投予,諸如一個月至長達七年。在一些情況下,該氧固醇活性劑化合物可在約2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、18、24、30、36、48、60、72或84個月其中任一者之期間內投予。在其他情況下,該個體之餘生中持續投予該氧固醇活性劑化合物。
該方法之實施通常涉及鑑定(例如診斷)罹患至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化,或處於罹患至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化之風險中的患者,該與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和非癌的轉化為諸如下列至少一者:霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、軟組織肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、鼻咽癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。分級組織化癌包括但不限於胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。欲投予之確切劑量可能根據個別患者之年齡、性別、體重和整體健康狀況,以及該疾病之準確病因而變化。該劑量將隨著投予途徑、生物可利用度、和投予之特定調配物,以及根據接受預防或治療之疾病的性質而變化。此外,該有效劑量可根據,諸如該患者之性別、年齡、和其他病況,以及正接愛治療之疾病狀況的程度或進展等因素而變化。在一些情況下,該氧固醇活性劑化合物的每個劑量係在0.1小時至12小時之期間內投予個體(例如藉由靜脈內投予),諸如在0.5小時至10小時,諸如1小時至8小時,且包括在2小時至6小時之期間內。
投予可為口服或經由腸胃道外,包括靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下、皮內注射、腹膜內注射,等,或藉由其他途徑(例如透皮、舌下、直腸和口腔遞送、吸入氣霧劑、陰道內、鼻內、局部(為眼藥水形式)、經由噴霧劑,等)。在某些情況下,該氧固醇活性劑化合物係藉由下列一或多者投予個體:口服投予、腸道投予、舌下投予、透皮投予、靜脈內投予、腹膜投予、腸胃道外投予、注射投予、皮下注射,和肌肉內注射。投予途徑將取決於正接受治療之疾病的性質或病況,例如取決於該疾病之類型或程度,和該治療是否為預防性或意圖治癒。此外,藉由任何方式投予該化合物時可以單一療法之模式進行,或與其他療法和治療模式,例如飲食方案,等聯合進行。
在一些情況下,該組成物之投予係根據影響該個體之疾病而與其他治療方式,諸如各種鎮痛藥劑、抗關節炎藥劑、化學治療藥劑、抗生素藥劑、抗神經退化藥劑、抗成癮藥劑、抗病毒藥、抗體、放射治療、切除術,等聯合投予。“聯合”係指亦投予該一或多種另外之藥劑的單獨製劑,且亦指在本揭示之組成物中包含該一或多種另外之藥劑。
例如,該氧固醇活性劑可與至少一種抗病毒劑聯合投予,諸如下列至少一者:阿昔洛韋(acyclovir)、地昔洛韋(desciclovir)、更昔洛韋(ganciclovir)、纈更昔洛韋(valgancyclovir)、奧昔洛韋(omaciclovir)、伐昔洛韋(valomaciclovir)、馬利巴韋(maribavir)、西多福韋(cidofovir)、胸苷(thymidine)衍生物、干擾素-α、干擾素-γ、腺嘌呤阿拉伯糖苷(adenine arabinoside)和膦醯醋酸(phosphonoacetic acid)及其鹽。例如,該氧固醇活性劑可與至少一種抗癌劑和/或癌症療法聯合投予,諸如下列至少一者:MEK抑制劑(例如MEK1、MEK2、或MEK1和MEK2)(例如XL518、CI-1040、PD035901、司美替尼(selumetinib)/AZD6244、GSK1120212/托美替尼(trametinib)、GDC-0973、ARRY-162、ARRY-300、AZD8330、PD0325901、U0126、PD98059、TAK-733、PD318088、AS703026、BAY 869766)、烷化劑(例如環磷醯胺、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、白消安(busulfan)、美法崙(melphalan)、二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、烏拉莫司汀(uramustine)、塞替派(Thiotepa)、亞硝基脲、氮芥(例如二氯甲基二乙胺、環磷醯胺、苯丁酸氮芥、美法崙)、乙烯亞胺和甲基三聚氰胺(例如六甲基三聚氰胺(hexamethlymelamine)、塞替派)、烷基磺酸酯(例如白消安)、亞硝基脲(例如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、塞莫司訂(Semustin)、鏈佐星(streptozocin))、三氮烯(triazene)(達卡巴嗪(decarbazine)))、抗代謝物(例如5-硫唑嘌呤(5-azathioprine)、亞葉酸(leucovorin)、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、培美曲塞(pemetrexed)、雷替曲塞(raltitrexed)、葉酸類似物(例如胺甲喋呤(methotrexate))或嘧啶類似物(例如氟類似物)、氟尿苷(Floxouridine)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine))、嘌呤類似物(例如、巰基嘌呤(mercaptopurine)、硫鳥嘌呤、噴司他汀(Pentostatin))、等)、植物生物鹼(例如長春新鹼(vincristine)、長春鹼(vinblastine)、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、長春地辛
(vindesine)、鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin)、太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、多西紫杉醇(docetaxel),等)、拓撲異構酶抑制劑(例如伊立替康(irinotecan)、拓撲替康(topotecan)、安吖啶(amsacrine)、依托泊苷(etoposide)(VP16)、磷酸依托泊苷、替尼泊星(teniposicin)(如艾黴素(Adriamycin)、柔紅黴素(daunorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、放線菌素(actinomycin)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、絲裂黴素
(mitomycin)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、普卡黴素
(plicamycin),等)、鉑基化合物(例如順鉑、奧沙洛鉑(Oxaloplatin)、卡鉑(carboplatin))、蒽醌(例如米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone))、經取代之脲(例如羥基脲)、甲基肼衍生物(例如丙卡巴肼(procarbazine))、腎上腺皮質抑制劑(例如米托坦(mitotane)、胺魯米特(aminoglutethimide))、表鬼臼毒素(例如依托泊苷)、抗生素(例如柔紅黴素、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、博來黴素)、酶(例如L-天冬醯胺酶)、絲裂原活化之蛋白激酶信號傳輸抑制劑(例如U0126、PD98059、PD184352、PD0325901、ARRY-142886、SB239063、SP600125、BAY43-9006、渥曼青黴素(Wortmannin)或LY294002、Syk抑制劑、mTOR抑制劑、抗體(如Rituxan利妥昔單抗(rituximab))、棉酚(Gossyphol)、根納三思(Genasense)、多酚E、氯熔菌素(chlorofusin)、全反式視黃酸(ATRA)、苔蘚抑素(bryostatin)、與腫瘤壞死因子相關之凋亡誘導配體(TRAIL)、5-氮雜-2'-脫氧胞苷、全反式-視黃酸、多柔比星、長春新鹼、依托泊苷、吉西他濱、伊馬替尼(格列衛®(Gleevec®))、格爾德黴素(geldanamycin)、17-N-烯丙胺基-17-去甲氧基格爾德黴素(17-AAG)、黃酮吡醇(Flavopiridol)LY294002、硼替佐米(Bortezomib)、曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)、BAY 11-7082、PKC412、PD184352、20-表-1,25-二羥基維生素D3;5-乙炔尿嘧啶;阿比特龍(Abiraterone);阿柔比星(Aclarubicin);醯基富烯
(Acylfulvene);癸烯醇(Adecypenol);阿多來辛
(Adozelesin);阿爾德介白素(Aldesleukin);ALL-TK拮抗劑;六甲蜜胺(Altretamine);安巴莫司汀(Ambamustine);Amidox;胺磷汀(Amifostine);胺基乙醯丙酸(Aminolevulinic acid);胺柔比星(Amrubicin);安吖啶;阿那格雷(Anagrelide);阿那曲唑(Anastrozole);穿心蓮內酯(Andrographolide);血管生成抑制劑;拮抗劑D;拮抗劑G;安塔瑞克斯(Antarelix);抗背側塑型蛋白-1 (antidorsal morphogenic protein-1);抗雄激素,前列腺癌;抗雌激素;抗腫瘤藥;反義寡核苷酸;甘胺酸阿非迪黴素(Aphidicol glycinate);凋亡基因調節劑;細胞凋亡調節劑;Apuric acid;ara-CDP-DL-PTBA;精胺酸脫胺酶;奧沙拉寧(Asulacrine);阿他美斯坦(Atamestane);阿特珠單抗(Atezolizumab);阿曲莫司汀(Atrimustine);阿昔他汀 1(Axinastatin 1);阿昔他汀 2;阿昔他汀 3;阿扎司瓊(Azasetron);氮雜毒素(Azatoxin);氮雜酪胺酸(Azatyrosine);漿果赤黴素III(Baccatin III)衍生物;巴拉諾(Balanol);巴馬司他(Batimastat);BCR/ABL拮抗劑;苯氯(Benzochlorine);苯甲醯基星形孢菌素
(Benzoylstaurosporine);β-內醯胺衍生物;β-阿萊索恩(Beta alethine);倍克拉黴素B(Betaclamycin B);樺木酸(Betulinic acid);貝伐單抗(Bevacizumab);bFGF抑制劑;比卡魯胺(Bicalutamide);比桑特倫(Bisantren);雙氮雜精胺(Bisaziridinylspermine);Bisnafid;Bistrates A;比澤萊辛(Bizelesin);布雷夫特(Breflat);溴吡胺(Bropirimine);布多坦(Budotitan);丁硫胺酸磺醯亞胺(Buthionine
sulfoximine);卡泊三醇(Calcipotriol);鈣磷蛋白C
(Calphostin C);喜樹鹼(Camptothecin)衍生物;金絲雀痘IL-2(Canarypox IL-2);卡培他濱(Capecitabine);羧醯胺基胺基三唑(Carboxamidaminotriazole);羧胺三唑
(Carboxyamidotriazole);CaRest M3;CARN 700;軟骨衍生抑制劑;卡澤萊辛(Carzelesin);酪蛋白激酶抑制劑(ICOS);栗精胺(Castanospermine);天蠶素 B(Cecropin B);西曲瑞克(Cetrorelix);二氫卟吩(Chlorins);氯喹喔啉磺胺(Chloroquinoxalinesulfonamide);西卡前列素
(Cicaprost);環卟啉(Cisporphyrin);克拉屈濱(Cladribine);氯米芬(Clomiphene)類似物;克黴唑(Clotrimazole);柯里斯黴素(Collismycin)A;柯里斯黴素B;考布他汀A4(Combretastatin A4);考布他汀類似物;康納寧
(Conagenin);卡那貝西定(Crambescidin)816;克里斯那托爾(Crisnatol);隱黴素8(Cryptophycin 8);隱黴素A衍生物;箭毒素A(Curacin A);環戊蒽醌(Cyclopentanthraquinones);環普蘭姆(Cycloplatam);賽普黴素(Cypemycin);阿糖胞苷十八烷基磷酸鹽(Cytarabinocfosfate);細胞溶解因子;細胞生長抑制素(Cytostatin);達利昔單抗(Dacliximab);達雷木單抗(Daratumumab);地西他濱(Decitabine);脫氫膜海鞘素B(Dehydrodidemnin B);地洛瑞林(Deslorelin);地塞米松(Dexamethasone);右環磷醯胺(Dexifosfamide);右雷佐生(Dexrazoxane);右維拉帕米(Dexverapamil);地阿巴隆(Diaziquone);膜海鞘素B;Didox;二乙基去甲精胺(Diethylnorspermin);二氫-5-氮雜胞苷;9-二噁黴素(9-dioxamycin);二苯基螺莫司汀(Diphenylspiromustine);二十二烷醇;多拉司瓊(Dolasetron);多西氟啶
(Doxifluridine);屈洛昔芬(Droloxifene);屈大麻酚
(Dronabinol);倍癌黴素(Duocarmycin SA);伊布硒
(Ebselen);伊考莫司汀(Ecomustine);Noble fosine;埃德可洛單抗(Edrecolomab);依氟鳥胺酸(Eflornithine);元素;艾米特(Emitefur);恩雜魯胺(Enzalutamide);表柔比星(Epirubicin);埃普列特(Epristerid);雌莫司汀
(Estramustine)類似物;雌激素激動劑;雌激素拮抗劑;依他硝唑(Etanidazole);磷酸依托泊苷;依西美坦(Exemestane);法卓唑(Fadrozole);法扎拉賓(Fazarabine);芬瑞替尼(Fenretinide);非格司亭(Filgrastim);非那雄胺(Finasteride);氟吡多(Flavopiridol);氟卓司汀
(Flezelastine);氟固酮(Fluasterone);氟達拉濱
(Fludarabine);氟柔紅黴素鹽酸鹽(Fluorodaunorubicin hydrochloride);福芬尼姆(Forfenimex);福美斯坦
(Formestane);福斯瑞星(Fostriecin);福莫司汀
(Fotemustin);特沙弗林釓(Gadolinium texaphyrin);硝酸鎵(Gallium nitrate);加洛西他濱(Galocitabine);加尼瑞克(Ganirelix);明膠酶(Gelatinase)抑制劑;吉西他濱
(Gemcitabine);麩胱甘肽抑制劑;Hepsulfame;調蛋白(Heregulin);六亞甲基雙乙醯胺;金絲桃素(Hypericin);伊班膦酸(Ibandronic acid);依魯替尼(Ibrutinib);伊達比星(Idarubicin);艾多昔芬(Idoxifene);伊德拉曼頓
(Idramanton);伊莫福新(Ilmofosin);伊洛馬司他
(Ilomastat);咪唑吖啶酮(Imidazoacridones);咪喹莫特(Imiquimod);免疫刺激肽;胰島素樣生長因子-1 受體抑制劑;干擾素激動劑;干擾素;介白素;洛本關
(lobenguan);洛多柔比星(lododoxorubicin);4-薯醇(Ipomeanol,4-);伊諾普拉特(Iroplact);伊索格拉丁
(Irsogladin);異苯唑(Isobengazole);異高軟海綿素
B(Isohomohalicondrin B);Itasetron;茉莉花內酯
(Jasplakinolide);卡哈拉利德 F(Kahalalid F);層狀菌素-N-三醋酸酯(Lamellarin-N-triacetate);蘭瑞肽(Lanreotide);萊黴素(Leinamycin);來那度胺(Lenalidomide);來諾司亭(Lenograstim);香菇多醣硫酸鹽(Lentinan sulfate);來普司他汀(Leptolstatin);來曲唑(Letrozole);白血病抑制因子;白血球α干擾素;柳菩林+雌激素+黃體酮
(Leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone);亮丙瑞林
(Leuprorelin);左旋咪唑(Levamisole);利洛唑(Liarozole);線性多胺類似物;親脂性雙醣肽;親油性鉑化合物;利索林醯胺 7(Lissoclinamide 7);洛鉑(Lobaplatin);龍血鹼(Lombricine);洛美曲醇(Lometrexol);氯尼達明
(Lonidamine);洛索蒽醌(Losoxantrone);洛伐他汀
(Lovastatin);洛索立濱(Loxoribine);樂托替康
(Lurtotecan);特沙弗林鎦(Lutetium texaphyrin);來蘇茶鹼(Lysofylline);裂解肽;邁坦辛(Maitansine);甘露素A(Mannostatin A);馬里馬司他(Marimastat);馬索普-洛爾(Masoprocol);馬斯平(Maspin);基質溶素(Matrilysin)抑制劑;基質金屬蛋白酶抑制劑;梅諾加里爾(Menogaril);梅巴隆(Merbaron);米特林(Meterelin);蛋胺酸酶(Methioninase);甲氧氯普胺(Metoclopramide);MIF抑制劑;米非司酮(Mifepristone);米替福新(Miltefosine);米立司亭(Mirimostim);錯配之雙股RNA;米托瓜松
(Mitoguazone);二溴衛矛醇(Mitolactol);絲裂黴素類似物;米托那非(Mitonafid);絲裂毒素成纖維細胞生長因子皂草素(Mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor saporin);米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone);莫法羅特(Mofarotes);莫格司亭(Molgramostim);單株抗體;人絨毛膜促性腺激素;單磷醯脂質A+分枝桿菌細胞壁SK;莫匹達莫(Mopidamol);多重耐藥基因抑制劑;多種腫瘤抑制因子1療法;氮芥抗癌劑;Mycaperoxide B;分枝桿菌細胞壁萃取物;米瑞波隆(Myriaporone);N-乙醯地那林(N-acetyldinaline);N-取代之苯甲醯胺;納法瑞林(Nafarelin);納格雷斯提普(Nagrestip);納洛酮+噴他佐辛(Naloxone+pentazocine);納帕文(Napavin);萘普生(Naphterpine);那托司亭
(Nartograstim);奈達鉑(Nedaplatin);奈莫柔比星
(Nemorubicin);奈立膦酸(Neridronic acid);中性內肽酶;尼魯米特(Nilutamide);尼沙黴素(Nisamycin);一氧化氮調節劑;氧化亞氮抗氧化劑;尼特林(Nitrullyn);尼魯單抗(Nivolumab);06-苄基鳥嘌呤;奧比妥珠單抗(Obinutuzumab);奧曲肽(Octreotide);茴香酮(Okicenone);寡核苷酸;奧那司酮(Onapristone);恩丹司酮(Ondansetron);恩丹司酮;奧拉辛(Oracin);口服細胞因子誘導劑;奧馬鉑(Ormaplatin);奧沙酮(Osaterone);奧希替尼(Osimertinib);奧沙利鉑(Oxaliplatin);氧雜宇乃黴素(Oxaunomycin);帕勞阿明(Palauamine);帕博西布(Palbocicib);棕櫚醯根黴(Palmitoyl rhizoxin);帕米膦酸(Pamidronic acid);人參炔三醇(Panaxytriol);帕羅米芬(Panomiphene);副球菌素(Parabactin);Pacelliptin;培門冬酶(Pegaspargase);佩德辛(Peldesin);派姆單抗(Pembrolizumab);戊聚醣多硫酸鈉(Pentosan polysulfate sodium);噴司他丁(Pentostatin);噴曲唑(Pentrozole);全氟布隆(Perflubron);過磷醯胺(Perfosfamide);紫蘇醇(Perillyl alcohol);帕妥珠單抗(Pertuzumab);吩嗪黴素(Phenazinomycin);醋酸苯酯;磷酸酶抑制劑;哌替巴尼(Picibanil);鹽酸毛果芸香鹼(Pilocarpine hydrochloride);吡柔比星(Pirarubicin);吡曲辛(Piritrexim);胎盤素A;胎盤素 B;纖溶酶原活化因子抑制劑;鉑複合物;鉑化合物;三胺鉑複合物;卟啉鈉(Porfimer sodium);卟啉黴素(Porfiromycin);強的松(Prednisone);丙基雙吖啶酮
(Propyl bisacridone);前列腺素 J2(Prostaglandin J2);蛋白酶體抑制劑;基於蛋白A之免疫調節劑;蛋白激酶C抑制劑;來自微藻之蛋白激酶C抑制劑;蛋白酪胺酸磷酸酶抑制劑;嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制劑;紅紫素;吡唑吖啶(Pyrazoloacridine);吡啶氧化血紅蛋白-聚氧乙烯共軛物;Raf拮抗劑;雷替曲塞(Raltitrexed);雷莫司酮(Ramosetron);Ras法呢基蛋白轉移酶抑制劑;Ras抑制劑;Ras-GAP抑制劑;去甲基化之Retelliptin;依替膦酸錸Re-186(Rhenium Re-186 etidronate);根黴毒素(Rhizoxin);核酶;RII視黃胺(RII retinamide);羅格萊胺
(Rogletimide);羅希吐鹼(Rohitukin);羅莫肽(Romurtide);羅奎尼姆(Roquinimex);茜草酮 B1(Rubiginone B1);魯泊塞(Ruboxyl);魯索替尼(Ruxolitinib);薩芬格爾
(Safingol);聖托平(Saintopin);SarCNU;Sarcophytol A;沙格司亭(Sargramostim);Sdi-1模擬物;塞莫斯汀(Semustine);衰老衍生抑制劑1;有義寡核苷酸;信號轉導抑制劑;信號轉導調節劑;單鏈抗原結合蛋白;西佐呋喃(Sizofuran);索布唑嗪(Sobuzoxan);硼烷酸鈉(Sodium borocaptate);苯醋酸鈉(Sodium phenyl acetate);索佛羅(Solverol);生長調節素結合蛋白;索納敏(Sonermin);膦門冬酸(Sparfosinic acid);穗黴素 D(Spicamycin D);螺莫司汀(Spiromustine);脾臟五肽(splenopentin);海綿抑素 1(Spongistatin 1);角鯊胺(Squalamine);幹細胞抑制劑;幹細胞分化抑制劑;斯提醯胺(Stipiamide);基質溶素(Stromelysin)抑制劑;索菲辛(Sulfinosine);超活性血管活性腸肽拮抗劑;蘇拉迪斯塔(Suradista);蘇拉明(Suramin);苦豆素(Swainsonine);合成之糖胺聚醣;達莫司汀(Tallimustin);他莫昔芬甲硫醚(Tamoxifen
methiodide);牛磺莫司汀(Tauromustine);他扎羅汀(Tazarotene);替考加蘭鈉(Tecogalan sodium);替加氟(Tegafur);Tellurapyrylium;端粒酶抑制劑(Telomerase inhibitors);替莫泊芬(Temoporfin);替莫唑胺
(Temozolomide);替尼泊苷(Teniposide);四氯脫氧劑(Tetrachlorododeoxide);四唑胺(Tetrazomine);沙利布汀(Thaliblastine);硫珊瑚素(Thiocoralin);血小板生成素(Thrombopoietin);血小板生成素模擬物(Thrombopoietin mimetic);胸腺法新(Thymalfasin);胸腺生成素受體激動劑(Thymopoietin receptor agonists);胸腺素(Thymotrinan);促甲狀腺激素(Thyroid stimulating hormone);乙基紅紫素錫(Tin ethyletiopurpurine);替拉扎明(Tirapazamine);二氯二茂鈦(Titanocene dichloride);托普森汀(Topsentine);托瑞米芬(Toremifene);全能幹細胞因子(totipotent stem cell factor);轉譯抑制劑;維甲酸(Tretinoin);三乙醯尿苷(Triacetyluridine);曲西瑞濱(Triciribine);三甲曲沙(Trimetrexate);曲普瑞林(Triptorelin);托烷司瓊
(Tropisetron);妥羅雄脲(Turosteride);酪胺酸激酶抑制劑;酪胺酸蛋白酶(Tyrphostins);UBC抑制劑;Ubenimex;源自泌尿生殖竇之生長抑制因子;尿激酶受體拮抗劑;伐普肽(Vapreotide);Variolin B;載體系統,紅血球基因療法;維拉索(Velaresol);威尼托克(Venetoclax);維拉明(Veramin);韋爾丁(Verdins);維替泊芬(Verteporfin);長春瑞濱(Vinorelbine);Vinxaltine;Vitaxin;伏洛唑(Vorozol);扎諾特龍(Zanoterone);澤尼鉑(Zeniplatin);亞苄維C(Zilascorb);Zinostatin-stimalamer、阿黴素(adriamycin)、更生黴素(dactinomycin)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、長春鹼(vinblastine)、順鉑(cisplatin)、阿維星(acivicin);阿柔比星(Aclarubicin);鹽酸阿考達唑(Acodazole hydrochloride);阿克羅寧(Acronine);阿多來辛(Adozelesin);阿爾德介白素(Aldesleukin);六甲蜜胺;安黴素;醋酸阿美蒽醌(Ametantrone acetate);胺基魯米特(Aminoglutethimide);安吖啶;阿那曲唑(Anastrozole);蒽黴素(Anthramycin);天冬醯胺酶(Asparaginase);阿斯珀林(Asperline);阿扎胞苷(Azacitidine);阿澤泰帕(Azetepa);唑黴素(Azotomycin);巴馬司他(Batimastat);苯地巴(Benzodepa);比卡魯胺(Bicalutamide);鹽酸比生群(Bisantrene hydrochloride);二甲磺酸雙萘啶(Bisnafid dimesylate);比澤萊辛(Bizelesin);硫酸博來黴素;布雷奎納鈉(Brequina sodium);溴吡胺(Bropirimine);白消安;放線菌素(Cactinomycin);卡魯斯酮(Calusteron);角醯胺(Caracemid);Carbetimer;卡鉑;卡莫司汀(Carmustine);鹽酸卡柔比星(Carubicin hydrochloride);卡澤萊辛(Carzelesin);頭孢胺苄(Cedefingol);氯黴素;西羅里黴素(Cirolemycin);克拉屈濱(Cladribine);克立那托甲磺酸鹽(Crisnatol mesylate);環磷醯胺;阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine);達卡巴嗪(Dacarbazine);鹽酸柔紅黴素(Daunorubicin hydrochloride);地西他濱(Decitabine);去甲鉑
(Dexormaplatin);去氮雜鳥嘌呤(Deazaguanine);甲磺酸去氮雜鳥嘌呤;Diaziquon;多柔比星;鹽酸多柔比星;屈洛昔芬(Droloxifene);檸檬酸屈洛昔芬;丙酸屈他雄酮(Dromostanolone propionate);雙唑黴素(Duazomycin);依達曲沙(Edatrexate);鹽酸依氟鳥胺酸(Eflornithine hydrochloride);依沙蘆星(Elsamitrucine);恩洛鉑
(Enloplatin);恩普羅馬特(Enpromat);表丙啶
(Epipropidin);鹽酸表柔比星(Epirubicin hydrochloride);厄布唑(Erbulozole);鹽酸埃柔比星(Esorubicin
hydrochloride);雌莫司汀(Estramustine);雌莫司汀磷酸鈉;依他硝唑(Etanidazole);依托泊苷;磷酸依托泊苷;依托品(Etoprine);鹽酸法卓唑(Fadrozole hydrochloride);法扎拉賓(Fazarabine);芬維A胺(Fenretinide);氟尿苷(Floxuridine);磷酸氟達拉濱;氟尿嘧啶;氟西他濱(Fluorocitabine);磷喹酮(Fosquidone);福司曲星鈉(Fostriecin sodium);吉西他濱(Gemcitabine);鹽酸吉西他濱;羥基脲;鹽酸伊達比星(Idarubicin hydrochloride);異環磷醯胺(Ifosfamide);利福辛(limofosin);介白素 I1(包括重組介白素II或rlL.sub.2)、干擾素α-2a;干擾素α-2b;干擾素α-n1;干擾素α-n3;干擾素β-1a;干擾素γ-1b;異丙鉑(Iproplatin);鹽酸伊立替康;醋酸蘭瑞肽(Lanreotide acetate);來曲唑(Letrozole);醋酸亮丙瑞林;鹽酸利拉唑(Liarozole hydrochloride);洛美曲醇鈉(Lometrexol sodium);洛莫司汀(Lomustine);鹽酸洛索蒽醌
(Losoxantrone hydrochloride);馬索普洛爾(Masoprocol);美登素(Maytansine);鹽酸甲氯乙胺(Mechlorethamine hydrochloride);醋酸甲地孕酮(Megestrol acetate);醋酸美崙孕酮(Melengestrol acetate);馬法蘭(Melphalan);梅諾加里爾(Menogaril);巰嘌呤(Mercaptopurine);胺甲喋呤;胺甲喋呤鈉;美托品(Metoprine);美圖德帕(Meturedepa);米多胺(Mitindomide);絲裂素(Mitocarcin);米托克羅明(Mitocromine);米托吉林(Mitogillin);絲裂馬菌素(Mitomalcin);絲裂黴素(Mitomycin);絲裂帕菌素(Mitosper);米托坦(Mitotane);鹽酸米托蒽醌
(Mitoxantrone hydrochloride);黴酚酸(Mycophenolic acid);諾考達唑(Nocodazole);諾加黴素(Nogalamycin);奧馬鉑(Ormaplatin);Oxisuran;培門冬酶(Pegaspargase);佩里黴素(Peliomycin);噴莫司汀(Pentamustine);硫酸百黴素(Peplomycin sulfate);過磷醯胺(Perfosfamide);匹布羅曼(Pipobroman);吡硫丹(Piposulfan);鹽酸吡咯蒽醌(Piroxantrone hydrochloride);普利黴素(Plicamycin);普羅美烷(Plomestane);卟啉鈉(Porfimer sodium);卟啉黴素(Porfiromycin);潑尼莫司汀(Prednimustine);鹽酸丙卡巴肼(Procarbazine hydrochloride);嘌呤黴素;鹽酸嘌呤黴素;吡唑啉(Pyrazofurin);Riboprin;羅格萊胺(Rogletimide);薩芬格爾(Safingol);鹽酸薩芬格爾;塞莫斯汀(Semustine);辛特拉森(Simtrazen);司磷鈉(Sparfosate sodium);稀疏黴素(Sparsomycin);鹽酸螺鍺
(Spirogermanium hydrochloride);螺莫司汀(Spiromustine);螺鉑(Spiroplatin);鏈色素(Streptonigrin);鏈脲佐菌素(Streptozocin);磺氯苯脲(Sulofenur);泰利黴素(Talisomycin);替考加蘭鈉(Tecogalan sodium);替加氟(Tegafur);鹽酸替氧蒽醌(Teloxantrone hydrochloride);替莫泊芬(Temoporfin);替尼泊苷(Teniposide);特羅昔酮(Teroxirone);睪酮內酯(Testolactone);硫胺嘧啶(Thiamiprine);硫鳥嘌呤(Thioguanine);噻替巴(Thiotepa);噻唑呋林(Tiazofurin);替拉扎明(Tirapazamine);檸檬酸托瑞米芬(Toremifene citrate);醋酸曲托龍(Trestolone acetate);磷酸曲西立濱(Triciribine phosphate);三甲曲沙(Trimetrexate);葡萄醣醛酸三甲曲沙;曲普瑞林(Triptorelin);鹽酸微管唑(Tubulozole hydrochloride);尿嘧啶氮芥(Uracil mustard);烏瑞德帕(Uredepa);伐普肽(Vapreotide);維替泊芬(Verteporfin);硫酸長春鹼(Vinblastine sulfate);硫酸長春新鹼(Vincristine sulfate);長春花(Vindesine);硫酸長春地辛(Vindesine sulfate);硫酸長春藤鹼(Vinepidine sulfate);硫酸長春甘酯
(Vinglycinate sulfate);硫酸長春羅辛(Vinleurosine
sulfate);酒石酸長春瑞濱(Vinorelbine tartrate);硫酸長春羅定(Vinrosidine sulfate);硫酸長春利定(Vinzolidine sulfate);伏洛唑(Vorozol);澤尼鉑;齊諾他汀
(Zinostatin);鹽酸佐比星(Zorubicin hydrochloride)、將細胞遏止在G2-M期和/或調節微管之形成或穩定性的藥劑(例如Taxol™(即,太平洋紫杉醇)、泰索帝™(Taxotere™)、包含紫杉烷骨架之化合物、艾布唑醇(erbulozol)(即,R-55104)、多拉司他丁10(dolastatin 10)(即,DLS-10和NSC-376128)、羥乙磺酸米沃布林(即CI-980)、長春新鹼、NSC-639829、盤皮海綿內酯(Discodermolide)(即,NVP-XX-A-296)、ABT-751(即,亞培,即,E-7010)、Altorhyrtine(例如Altorhyrtin A和Altorhyrtin C)、海綿抑素(例如海綿抑素1、海綿抑素2、海綿抑素3、海綿抑素4、海綿抑素5、海綿抑素6、海綿抑素7、海綿抑素8和海綿抑制素9)(即,LU-103793和NSC-D-669356)、埃坡黴素(epothilone)(例如埃博黴素A、埃博黴素B、埃博黴素C(即,脫氧埃坡黴素A或dEpoA)、埃坡黴素D(即,KOS-862、dEpoB和脫氧埃坡黴素B)、埃坡黴素E、埃坡黴素F、埃坡黴素BN氧化物、埃坡黴素AN氧化物、16-氮雜埃坡黴素B、21-胺基埃坡黴素B(即,BMS-310705)、21-羥基埃坡黴素D(即,脫氧埃坡黴素F和dEpoF)、26-氟埃坡黴素)、奧立他汀(auristatin) PE(即,NSC-654663)、Soblidotin(即,TZT-1027)、LS-4559-P(Pharmacia,即,LS-4577)、LS-4578(Pharmacia,即,LS-477-P)、LS-4477(Pharmacia)、LS-4559 (Pharmacia)、RPR-112378(Aventis)、硫酸長春新鹼、DZ-3358(Daiichi)、FR-182877(Fujisawa,dh WS-9885B)、GS-164(武田)、GS-198(武田)、KAR-2(匈牙利科學院)、BSF-223651(BASF,即,ILX-651和LU-223651)、SAH-49960(禮來/諾華)、SDZ-268970(禮來/諾華)、AM-97 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko)、AM-132(Armad)、AM-138 (Armad/Kyowa Hakko)、IDN-5005 (Indena)、隱藻素(Cryptophycin)52(即,LY-355703)、AC-7739(味之素,即,AVE-8063A和CS-39.HCI),AC-7700(味之素,即,AVE-8062、AVE-8062A、CS-39-L-Ser.HCI和RPR-258062A)、Vitilevuamid、微管溶素A、Canadensol、Centaureidin(即,NSC-106969)、T-138067(Tularik,即,T-67、TL-138067和TI-138067)、COBRA-1(Parker Hughes研究所,即,DDE-261和WHI-261)、H10(堪薩斯州立大學)、H16(堪薩斯州立大學)、Oncocidin A1(即,BTO-956和DIME)、DDE-313(Parker Hughes研究所)、Fijianolid B、Laulimalid、SPA-2(Parker Hughes研究所)、SPA-1(Parker Hughes研究所,即,SPIKET-P)、3-IAABU(細胞骨架/西奈山醫學院,即,MF-569)、那可辛(Narcosine)(亦稱為NSC-5366)、Nascapin、D-24851(Asta Medica)、A-105972(亞培)、Hemiasterlin、3-BAABU(細胞骨架/西奈山醫學院,即,MF-191)、TMPN(亞利桑那州立大學)、乙醯丙酮酸瓦納多(Vanadocene acetylacetonate)、T-138026 (Tularik)、Monsatrol、Inanocin(即,NSC-698666)、3-IAABE(細胞骨架/西奈山醫學院)、A-204197(亞培)、T-607(Tuiarik,即,T-900607)、RPR-115781(Aventis)、埃柳瑟羅賓(eleutherobin)(諸如去甲基埃柳瑟羅賓、去乙醯埃柳瑟羅賓、異埃柳瑟羅賓A和Z埃柳瑟羅賓)、卡瑞巴斯(caribaeoside)、軟海綿素 B(Halichondrin B)、D-64131 (Asta Medica)、D-68144(Asta Medica)、Diazonamid A、A-293620(亞培)、NPI-2350(Nereus)、箭根薯酮内酯(Taccalonolide)A、TUB-245(Aventis)、A-259754(亞培)、達唑司汀(Diozostatin)、(-)-苯基組蛋白(Phenylahistin)(即,NSCL-96F037)、D-68838(Asta Medica)、D-68836(Asta Medica)、肌基質蛋白(Myoseverin)B、D-43411(Zentaris,即,D-81862)、A-289099(亞培)、A-318315(亞培)、HTI-286(即,SPA-110,三氟醋酸鹽)(惠氏)、D-82317 (Zentaris)、D-82318(Zentaris)、SC-12983(NCI)、磷酸白藜蘆醇鈉、BPR-OY-007(國家健康研究所)和SSR-250411(賽諾菲)、類固醇(例如地塞米松)、非那雄胺、芳香酶抑制劑、促性腺激素釋出激素激動劑(GnRH),諸如戈舍瑞林或亮丙瑞林、腎上腺皮質激素(例如潑尼松)、孕激素(progestin)(例如羥基孕酮己酸鹽(hydroxyprogesteron caproate)、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)、醋酸甲羥孕酮(medroxyprogesterone acetate))、雌激素(例如B.二乙基己烯雌酚、炔雌二醇)、抗雌激素(例如他莫昔芬)、雄激素(例如丙酸睪酮、氟甲睪酮)、抗雄激素(例如氟他胺)、免疫刺激劑(例如卡介苗(BCG)、左旋咪唑、介白素-2、α干擾素,等)、單株抗體(例如抗CD20、抗HER2、抗CD52、抗HLA-DR和抗VEGF單株抗體)、免疫毒素(例如抗CD33單株抗體與加利車黴素之共軛物、抗CD22單株抗體與假單胞菌外毒素之共軛物,等)、放射免疫療法(例如與111 In、90 Y或131 I等共軛結合之抗CD20單株抗體)、雷公藤內酯(triptolide)、高三尖杉酯鹼(homoharringtonine)、更生黴素(dactinomycin)、多柔比星、表柔比星、拓撲替康(topotecan)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、長春地辛、西立伐他汀(cerivastatin)、長春新鹼、脫氧腺苷、舍曲林(sertraline)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)、伊立諾曲巴胺(irinottryibamine)、多尼替康(donyotecan)、長春地辛、disinfectiburafenib、抗癌妥(irinotecan)、多尼布洛芬尼(donyoaburafenib)、吉非替尼(Gefitinib)、EGFR抑制劑、靶向表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)療法或靶向治療劑(例如B. 吉非替尼(Iressa™)、厄洛替尼(Erlotinib)(Tarceva™)、西妥昔單抗(Cetuximab)(Erbitux™)、蘭巴提(Lapatinb) (Tykerb™),帕妥珠單抗(Panitumumab) (Vectibix™)、凡德他尼(Vandetanib)(Caprelsa™)、阿法替尼(Afatinib)/ BIBW2992、CI-1033/卡那替尼(Canertinib)、奈拉替尼(Neratinib)/HKI-272、CP-724714、TAK-285、AST-1306、ARRY334543、ARRY-380、AG-1478、達可替尼
(Dacomitinib)/PF299804、OSI-420/去甲基-厄洛替尼、AZD8931、AEE788、沛立替尼(Pelitinib)/EKB-569、CUDC-101、WZ8040、WZ4002、WZ3146、AG-490、XL647、PD153035、BMS-599626)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、伊馬替尼(imatinib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)和達沙替尼(dasatinib),以及上述抗癌劑和療法之組合。
該氧固醇活性劑化合物可以純的形式或以醫藥上可接受之調配物投予,該醫藥上可接受之調配物包括合適之酏劑、黏合劑,等(通常稱為“載體”),或可以醫藥上可接受之鹽(例如鹼金屬鹽,諸如鈉、鉀、鈣或鋰鹽、銨,等)或其他複合物形式投予。應理解的是,醫藥上可接受之調配物包括常規用於製備可注射之劑型和固體劑型(諸如片劑和膠囊劑),以及霧化劑型之液體和固體材料。此外,該氧固醇活性劑化合物可與水基或油基載體一起配製。可使用水作為載體以用於製備組成物(例如可注射之組成物),其亦可包括常規緩衝液和試劑以使該組成物成為等張性。其他可能之添加劑和其他材料(較佳為那些通常被認為是安全的[GRAS])包括:著色劑;調味劑;表面活性劑(吐溫®、油酸,等);溶劑、安定劑、酏劑和黏合劑或封裝劑(乳糖、脂質體,等)。固體稀釋劑和賦形劑包括乳糖、澱粉、常規崩散劑、塗層,等。亦可使用防腐劑,諸如對羥基苯甲酸甲酯或氯化苯銨。根據該調配物,預期該活性組分(至少一種氧固醇活性劑)將佔該組成物之1%至99%,而該媒介之“載體”將構成該組成物之1%至99%。本揭示之醫藥組成物可包括任何合適之醫藥上可接受的添加劑或佐劑,只要其不妨礙或干擾該至少一種氧固醇活性劑化合物之治療效果。可共同投予或共同配製之其他合適的作用劑亦包括其他作用劑,包括但不限於:甲硫胺酸和/或麩胱甘肽生物合成途徑之代謝物,諸如S-腺苷升半胱胺酸(SAH)、S-甲基甲硫胺酸(SMM)、胱胺酸、甜菜鹼,等,或其各種形式和/或鹽,例如乙醯半胱胺酸(例如靜脈內N-乙醯半胱胺酸)、各種營養品,等。
醫藥組成物可包括一或多種醫藥上可接受之載體。醫藥上可接受之賦形劑已在多種出版物中被充分描述,包括,例如A. Gennaro(2000)“Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”, 20th edition, Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins;Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems(1999)H. C. Ansel et al., eds 7th ed., Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins;和Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Excipients(2000)A. H. Kibbe et al., eds., 3rd ed. Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc。例如,該一或多種賦形劑可包括蔗糖、澱粉、甘露醇、山梨醇、乳糖、葡萄糖、纖維素、滑石、磷酸鈣或碳酸鈣、黏合劑(例如纖維素、甲基纖維素、羥甲基纖維素、聚丙基吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、明膠、阿拉伯膠、聚(乙二醇)、蔗糖或澱粉)、崩散劑(例如澱粉、羧甲基纖維素、羥丙基澱粉、低取代之羥丙基纖維素、碳酸氫鈉、磷酸鈣或檸檬酸鈣)、潤滑劑(例如硬脂酸鎂、輕質無水矽酸、滑石或月桂基硫酸鈉)、調味劑(例如檸檬酸、薄荷醇、甘胺酸或橙粉)、防腐劑(例如苯甲酸鈉、亞硫酸氫鈉、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯或對羥基苯甲酸丙酯)、安定劑(例如檸檬酸、檸檬酸鈉或醋酸)、懸浮劑(例如甲基纖維素、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮或硬脂酸鋁)、分散劑(例如羥丙基甲基纖維素)、稀釋劑(例如水)和基質蠟(例如可可脂、白凡士林或聚乙二醇)。
在一些情況下,所欲之組成物包括水性緩衝液。合適之水性緩衝液包括但不限於強度在5 mM至100 mM變化之醋酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽和磷酸鹽緩衝液。在一些情況下,該水性緩衝液包括提供等張溶液之試劑。該等試劑包括但不限於氯化鈉;和糖類,例如甘露醇、右旋糖、蔗糖,等。在一些情況下,該水性緩衝液進一步包括非離子性表面活性劑,諸如聚山梨醇酯20或80。在一些情況下,所欲之組成物進一步包括防腐劑。合適之防腐劑包括但不限於苯甲醇、苯酚、氯丁醇、氯化苯銨,等。在許多情況下,該組成物係儲存在約4℃下。亦可將調配物凍乾,在該情況下,它們通常包括冷凍保護劑,諸如蔗糖、海藻糖、乳糖、麥芽糖、甘露醇,等。凍乾之調配物可長期儲存,即使在周圍溫度下。
在一些情況下,組成物包括其他添加劑,諸如乳糖、甘露醇、玉米澱粉或馬鈴薯澱粉;加上黏合劑,諸如結晶型纖維素、纖維素衍生物、阿拉伯膠、玉米澱粉或明膠;加上崩散劑,諸如玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉或羧甲基纖維素鈉;及潤滑劑,諸如滑石或硬脂酸鎂;且若需要時,加上稀釋劑、緩衝劑、潤濕劑、防腐劑、和調味劑。
當組成物被配製成供注射用時,該組成物可藉由將該氧固醇活性劑化合物溶解、懸浮、或乳化在水性或非水性溶劑(諸如植物油或其他類似油、合成之脂族酸甘油酯、較高脂族酸之酯類或丙二醇)中來配製;且若需要時,加上常規之添加劑,諸如增溶劑、等張劑、懸浮劑、乳化劑、安定劑和防腐劑。
在一些情況下,當對個體投予氧固醇活性劑化合物時,根據本揭示之方法係針對基於細胞反應來治療個體。在本揭示的一些實例中,表觀遺傳修飾在調控和協調基因表現中起作用。DNA中之胞嘧啶的位置5處甲基化(5-甲基胞嘧啶,5mC)為重要之表觀遺傳修飾,其調控該基因體之其他功能中的基因表現。不受理論束縛,該啟動子區中之CpG的胞嘧啶甲基化與相關基因之轉錄活性呈負相關,因為其導致染色質凝聚,因而導致基因靜默。CpG甲基化和基因表現之失調會影響組織功能和代謝狀態。胞嘧啶甲基化係由DNA甲基轉移酶(DNMT-1、3a/3b)催化,該酶亦在DNA甲基化之調控中起作用。
主要之表觀遺傳調控包括DNA和組蛋白甲基化、去甲基化、乙醯化和去乙醯化。參與該過程之酶為DNA和組蛋白甲基轉移酶/去甲基酶,以及乙醯轉移酶/去乙醯酶。在一些情況下,投予一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物足以作為下列一或多者之表觀遺傳調控劑:DNMT1、DNMT3a、DNMT3b、GCN3(先天性巨型痣)、p300(組蛋白乙醯轉移酶)、Pcaf(KAT2B離胺酸乙醯轉移酶2B)、HDAC1(組蛋白去乙醯酶1)、HDAC2(組蛋白去乙醯酶2)、HDAC3(組蛋白去乙醯酶3)、HDAC6(組蛋白去乙醯酶6)、HDAC10(組蛋白去乙醯酶10)和KDM6B-JMJD3(離胺酸去甲基酶6B),諸如其中25HC3S、27HC和27HC3S或膽固醇(Xol)和膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(Xol3S)為下列一或多者之內源性配體:DNMT1、DNMT3a、DNMT3b、GCN3(先天性巨型痣)、p300(組蛋白乙醯轉移酶)、Pcaf(KAT2B離胺酸乙醯轉移酶2B)、HDAC1(組蛋白去乙醯酶1)、HDAC2(組蛋白去乙醯酶2)、HDAC3(組蛋白去乙醯酶3)、HDAC6(組蛋白去乙醯酶6)、HDAC10(組蛋白去乙醯酶10)和KDM6B-JMJD3(離胺酸去甲基酶6B)。
不受理論束縛,在一些情況下,該一或多種經投予之氧固醇活性劑化合物抑制DNMT-1、3a和3b,其將啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化、增加基因表現和上調主信號傳導途徑,諸如MAPK、鈣、AMPK和CREB信號傳導途徑。在某些情況下,該一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物調控細胞核中轉錄層級之細胞信號傳導途徑。在一些情況下,該一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物係以足以影響調控細胞功能之蛋白質磷酸化、肌醇磷酸化和/或神經鞘胺醇磷酸化之量投予。
在一些情況下,對人肝細胞添加一或多種本發明之氧固醇活性劑化合物足以逆轉由HG誘導之甲基化、增加關鍵基因之啟動子區中低甲基化的CpG和增加靶向基因表現。不受理論束縛,在一些情況下,該氧固醇活性劑化合物將CpG去甲基化為其整體調控功能之機制:減少脂質累積、抗發炎反應、抗氧化劑和抗細胞死亡。
該DUSP家族為蛋白酪胺酸磷酸酶之子集,其中有多種可將有絲分裂原活化之蛋白激酶(MAPK)去磷酸化,因此被稱為MAPK磷酸酶。DUSP8(DUSP家族之獨特成員)在磷酸化介導之MAPK途徑的信號轉導中發揮重要作用,該MAPK途徑調控各種人類疾病中對氧化壓力反應和細胞死亡信號的反應。在一些情況下,投予一或多種氧固醇活性劑化合物足以將DUSP基因(包括DUSP8、DUSP1和DUSP7)及其下游基因CREB5、PRDX、BAD和ERK)之啟動子區中的
5mCpG去甲基化,並增加其表現。不受理論束縛,該從這些基因轉錄之蛋白質負責細胞存活和增殖。在某些情況下,該至少一種氧固醇活性劑化合物對促進細胞存活/增殖和減輕氧化壓力的效果係透過抑制DNMT和增加DUSP家族,尤其是DUSP8及其下游元素之表現發生。
在一些情況下,該治療方法涉及調控至少一種選自下列之基因:ABCC4、AC005264.2、ADCY1、ADCY4、ADCY5、ADH6、ADRB、ADRB1、AFDN、AGTR1、AKAP12、AL671762.1、ALAD、ANKRD1、ANKRD43、ATF3、ATP1A3、BAD、BIRC3、C11orf96、CACNA1A、CACNA1C-AS1、CACNA1D、CACNA1H、CACNB2、CACNG8、CELSR2、CREB5、CTB-186G2.1、CXCL2、CYB5B、CYP24A1、CYP51A1、CYR61、DDIT3、DRD5P2、DUSP基因、DUSP8、DUSP1、DUSP7、CREB5、EDNRB、EDN1、EHHADH、ELOVL6、ERK、FABP1、FDFT1、FRMD3、FMC1、FSTL3、GABBR1、GABBR2、GADD45B、GIPR、GLI3、GNA11、GNAQ、GNAS、GRIN2A、GRIN2C、GRIN3B、HBEGF、HMGCR、HMGCS1、HRAS、HRH1、HSPA6、ICAM1、ID3、ID4、IDI1、IL8、IL11、ITPKB、KANK4、KLB、KLF5、KLLN、KRTAP3-1、MAP2K6、MAP4K1、MAP4K4、MAPK1、MAPK8、MAT1A、MAX、METTL7A、MVK、NAP1L5、NCMAP、NTF3、P2RY8、PAQR8、PAQR9、PCSK9、PDE4D、PDGFB、PLA2G12B、PLCD1、PLPPR1、PMAIP1、PNPLA3、POU2AF1、PPP1CB、PRDX、PRLR、PTCH1、RAB11FIP4、RALGPS1、RAPGEF2、RELA、RHOBTB1、ROCK2、SC4MOL、SCN1A、SEC16B、SERPINE1、SKIL、SLC8A3、SLCO2B1、SLCO4C1、SLC2A14、SOCS2、SORBS2、SPHK1、SPTLC3、SQLE、TAB3、TCIM、TGFB3、THBS1、TMEM170B、TNS1、TNFSF10、TUBB8、UBASH3B、VAV2、VAV3和ZNF385B。
在一些情況下,治療方法涉及調控至少一種選自下列之途徑:cAMP信號轉導途徑、cGMP-PKG信號傳導途徑、晝夜夾帶、麩胺酸能突觸、心肌細胞中之腎上腺素能信號傳導、間隙連接、第II型糖尿病、內吞作用、鈣信號傳導途徑、擴張型心肌病、血管平滑肌收縮、MAPK信號傳導途徑、膽鹼能突觸、Rap1信號傳導途徑、多巴胺能突觸、黏附連接(adherens junction)、致心律失常性右心室心肌病、癌症途徑、GnRH信號傳導途徑、催產素信號傳導途徑、癌症中之轉錄誤調節、雌激素信號傳導途徑、胰島素分泌、逆行內生性大麻信號傳導、長期憂鬱、結腸直腸癌、胰島素信號傳導途徑、軸突導向、酗酒、血小板活化、安非他命成癮、單純皰疹病毒感染、緊密連接、甲狀腺激素信號傳導途徑、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、notch信號傳導途徑和背腹軸形成。
本發明將藉由下列實施例進一步說明。這些實施例為非限制性且不限制本發明之範圍。除非另有說明,實施例中呈現之所有百分比、份數,等均按重量計。提出下列實施例以對本技藝之一般技術人士提供如何製作和使用本發明的完整揭示內容和描述,且不意圖限制本發明者所認定之其發明範圍,亦不意圖代表下列實驗為全部或唯一進行的實驗。已努力確保所使用之數字(例如量、溫度,等)之準確性,但應考慮一些實驗誤差和偏差。除非另有說明,份數為按重量計之份數、分子量為重均分子量、溫度為攝氏溫度、壓力為大氣壓或接近大氣壓。“平均值”意指算術平均值。可以使用標準縮寫,例如bp,鹼基對;kb,千鹼基;pl,微微升;s或sec,秒;min,分鐘;h或hr,小時;aa,胺基酸;kb,千鹼基;bp,鹼基對;nt,核苷酸;im,肌肉內;ip,腹膜內;sc,皮下;等。
實施例 1縮寫
材料和方法
材料
25HC | 25-羥基膽固醇 |
25HC3S | 25-羥基膽固醇 3-硫酸酯 |
27HC | 27-羥基膽固醇 |
27HC3S | 27-羥基膽固醇 3-硫酸酯 |
5mC | 5-甲基胞嘧啶 |
BAD | BCL2相關之細胞死亡激動劑 |
CaV1 | 電位門控式鈣通道次單元α1D,CACNA1D |
CaV2 | 電位門控式鈣通道次單元α1A,CACNA1A |
CaV3 | 電位門控式鈣通道次單元α1H,CACNA1H |
CREB | cAMP反應元件結合蛋白 |
DMEM | Eagle氏最小必需培養基 |
DMG | 差異甲基化基因 |
DMR | 差異甲基化區 |
DNMT | DNA甲基轉移酶 |
DUSP | 雙特異性磷酸酶 |
FAS | 脂肪酸合成酶 |
GCN3 | 先天性巨大型痣 |
HDAC1 | 組蛋白去乙醯酶 1 |
HDAC10 | 組蛋白去乙醯酶 10 |
HDAC2 | 組蛋白去乙醯酶 2 |
HDAC3 | 組蛋白去乙醯酶 3 |
HDAC6 | 組蛋白去乙醯酶 6 |
HG | 高葡萄糖 |
HMGR | 3-羥基-3-甲基戊二醯-輔酶A還原酶 |
KDM6B-JMJD3 | 離胺酸去甲基酶 6B |
KEGG | 京都基因與基因體百科全書 |
LINE | 長散布[胞]核元件 |
LPS | 脂多醣 |
LXR | 核肝氧固醇受體 |
MAPX | 有絲分裂原活化之蛋白激酶 |
NAFLD | 非酒精性脂肪肝病 |
NFκB | 活化之B細胞的核因子κ-輕鏈增強子 |
p300 | 組蛋白乙醯轉移酶 |
Pcaf | KAT2B離胺酸乙醯轉移酶2B |
PGC-1α | Pparg共活化子1α |
PPARγ | 過氧化物酶體增殖物活化受體 |
PRDX6 | 過氧化還原蛋白6 |
RT-PCR | 逆轉錄聚合酶鏈反應 |
SREBP | 固醇調控元件結合蛋白 |
WGBS | 全基因體亞硫酸氫鹽測序 |
Xol | 膽固醇 |
Xol3S | 膽固醇 3-硫酸酯 |
自GIBCO BRL(紐約州Grand Island)購買細胞培養劑和補充品;自美國典型培養物保藏中心獲得Huh-7細胞(馬利蘭州Rockville)。用於實時RT-PCR之試劑係來自AB應用生物系統(Warrington,大英國協)。本研究中所使用之化學品係來自Sigma化學公司(密蘇里州聖路易斯)或Bio-Rad實驗室(加州Hercules)。另外說明,所有溶劑均購自Fisher(紐澤西州Fair Lawn)。
細胞培養
在37℃和5% CO
2加濕之大氣下,將Huh-7和HepG-2細胞培養在補充有10%經熱滅活之胎牛血清(FBS)、高葡萄糖(HG,4.5 g/L)的DMEM培養基中。
萃取和測定 DNA 和 mRNA 量
將Huh-7細胞在含有HG之DMEM培養基中培養72小時,再以25μM 25HC3S處理4小時後,使用QIAamp DNA迷你套組(QIAGEN,德國Hilden)從5,000個細胞中萃取基因體DNA。將2 μg之各樣品送至EpigenDx公司(麻薩諸塞州霍普金頓市)進行整體甲基化亞硫酸氫鹽測序分析。將6 μg之相同樣品送至Novogene有限公司(中國天津)進行全基因體亞硫酸氫鹽測序(WGBS)之分析。使用Promega SV總RNA分離系統(威斯康辛州麥迪遜市),以DNA酶處理將全部RNA分離出。依製造商(Invitrogen,加州Carlsbad)之建議,使用2 μg之各樣品來合成第一股cDNA。在ABI 7500快速實時PCR系統(應用生物系統,加州卡斯巴德)上使用SYBR Green作為指示劑來進行實時RT-PCR。使用擴增之β肌動蛋白或GAPDH作為內部對照。使用表1.1中所示之引物組,藉由比較性循環閾值(Ct)法定量相對信使RNA(mRNA)表現,並表示為2-
ΔΔCt。
固醇硫酸酯、 25HC3S 、 Xol3S 、 27HC3S 之化學合成和表徵
依前述,稍加修飾來合成5-膽固烯-3β,25-二醇3-硫酸酯(25-羥基膽固醇3-硫酸酯,25HC3S);5-膽固烯-3β-醇,3-硫酸酯(膽固醇3-硫酸酯,Xol3S);5-膽固烯-3β,27-二醇3-硫酸酯(27-羥基膽固醇3-硫酸酯,27HC3S)。簡單地說,將25-羥基膽固醇、膽固醇或27-羥基膽固醇(6.5 mg,0.016 mmol)和三乙胺-三氧化硫(3.5 mg,0.019 mmol)之混合物溶解在無水吡啶(300 μl)中,並在室溫下攪拌2小時。將溶劑在40℃,氮氣流下蒸發,並將漿液加入2 ml之50%乙腈(加載緩衝液)中。將產物施加至6cc Oasis柱體(Waters)上,該柱體已使用甲醇(15ml)和水(15ml)促發。依次使用加載緩衝液(15 ml)、水(15 ml)、甲醇(15 ml)、50%甲醇(15 ml)、在10%甲醇溶液中之5%氫氧化氨(15 ml)和在50%甲醇溶液(15 ml)中之5%氫氧化氨洗滌該柱體。以在80%甲醇(10 ml)中之5%氫氧化氨 將保留之硫酸化固醇分別洗提出。以10倍體積之乙腈稀釋後,將溶劑在氮氣流下蒸乾,所得之固醇硫酸酯為白色粉末狀。
5- 膽固烯 -3β,25- 二醇 3- 硫酸酯之酶動力學研究
在DNMT1活性分析方面,使用在50 mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5、50 mM NaCl、5 mM EDTA、5 mM DTT、1 mM PMSF、5% 甘油、0.01% Brij35、1% DMSO中之受質溶液,0.001 mg/ml 聚(dI-dC):聚(dI-dC)。在DNMT3a/3b活性分析方面,使用在50 mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.5、50 mM NaCl、5 mM EDTA、5 mM DTT、1 mM PMSF、5% 甘油、1% DMSO中之0.0075 mg/ml λDNA。將所指明之DNMT1、DNMT3a或DNMT3b加入適當之受質溶液中並輕輕混合。藉由Acoustic技術(Echo550,LabCyte公司,加州桑尼維爾)將在DMSO中之含量在5.08E-09至0.0001 M範圍內的膽固醇(Xol)、25HC、27HC、Xol3S、25HC3S或27HC3S加入反應混合物中。首先將該混合物溫育15分鐘,然後將
3H-SAM加入該反應混合物中以起始反應,並將該混合物在30℃溫育60min。溫育後,最後將該反應混合物轉移至濾紙以供檢測放射性計數。
整體甲基化之分析 ,
長散布核苷酸元件 1(LINE-1) 分析
在整體DNA甲基化分析方面,使用EZ DNA甲基化套組(Zymo Research公司,加州)將500 ng之萃取的基因體DNA進行亞硫酸氫鹽處理。依製造商之方案(GE健康護理生命科學)進行PCR反應和產品純化。在PSQ96 HS系統上,按照製造商之說明書(Pyrosequencing,Qiagen)將10 μl之PCR產物進行測序。使用QCpG軟體
(Pyrosequencing,Qiagen),各CpG位點之甲基化狀態被個別確定為人工C/T SNP。各CpG位點之甲基化程度的計算為甲基化之等位基因除以所有甲基化和未甲基化等位基因之總和的百分比。該平均甲基化程度係使用各基因之標靶區內的所有測量之CpG位點的甲基化程度計算。各實驗包括非CpG胞嘧啶作為內部對照,以檢測該輸入之DNA的不完全亞硫酸氫鹽轉化。此外,各PCR分析中包括一系列未甲基化和甲基化之DNA來作為對照。此外,將未甲基化之對照DNA在體外與不同比例之甲基化DNA(0%、5%、10%、25%、50%、75%和100%)混合以進行PCR偏差測試,再進行亞硫酸氫鹽修飾、PCR和Pyro-測序分析。
全人類基因體亞硫酸氫鹽測序 (WGBS) 之分析
使用Covaris S220,藉由超音波將各樣品,摻入26 ngλDNA之5.2 μg基因體DNA破碎成200-300 bp,再進行末端修復和腺苷酸化。按照製造商之說明,將胞嘧啶甲基化之條帶與經超音波處理之DNA連接。使用EZ DNA甲基化-Gold TM套組(Zymo Research),以亞硫酸氫鹽處理該等DNA片段二次,再使用KAPA HiFi Hot Start Uracil and Ready Mix(2X)將所得之單股DNA片段進行PCR擴增。藉由Qubit® 2.0 螢光計(Life Technologies,美國加州)和定量性PCR來定量集合庫濃度,並在Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100系統上分析該插入片段之大小。
將集合庫製品在Illumina Hiseq 2500/4000或Novaseq
TM平台上定序,並生成125 bp/150 bp雙端序列讀取(paired-end reads)。使用Illumina CASAVA管線進行圖像分析和鹼基判定(base calling)。使用Trimmomatic
(Trimmomatic-0.36)軟體來控制品質。使用Bismark軟體(0.16.3版;Krueger F,2011)來進行亞硫酸氫鹽處理之序列讀取與參考基因體(-X 700--dovetail)的比對。使用DSS軟體(23)來鑑定差別甲基化之區域(DMRS)。使用KOBAS軟體來進行京都基因和基因體百科全書(KEGG)途徑中之DMR相關基因的富集統計檢定。
轉錄剖析和數據分析
使用SV總RNA分離系統(Promega,威斯康辛州Madison)從HepG-2細胞萃取和純化總RNA。依先前之描述,在上海生物技術公司之技術支持下,使用GeneChip® Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array,Affymetrix(Santa Clara,美國)製備和分析cDNA。本研究中之直接標靶基因的選擇係根據在二個樣品中減少超過2倍,且陣列檢測信號超過5。選擇顯示出在至少一個樣品中倍數變化大於2且陣列檢測信號大於7之基因作為差別表現基因。使用DAVID軟體(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/conversion.jsp)來分析差別表現基因之GO富集。
結果
25- 羥基膽固醇 -3- 硫酸酯 (25HC3S) 特異地使 DNMT 失去活性
為了研究固醇硫酸酯對表觀遺傳調控標靶之效果,合成25HS3S、Xol3S和27HC3S(第1A圖),並依第1B圖所示,使用三乙胺硫酸酯複合方法將其純化至95%以上之純度。結果顯示25HC3S僅顯著抑制DNMT-1、3a及3b活性,其IC
50分別=4.04、3.03、和9.05×10
-6M(第1C圖,左圖),而其前體25HC活化DNMT-1,使其活性提高8倍,其EC
50=3.5×10
-6M(第1D圖,左圖)。作為對照組,Xol及Xol3S未顯著影響酶活性,儘管Xol3S稍微抑制DNMT3a,其IC
50=8.2×10
-5M,這很可能沒有生理意義(第1C圖,中圖)。如第1C圖右圖所示,與25HC3S相比較,27HC3S確實抑制DNMT,其IC
50類似,在DNMT1方面,IC
50=3.58×10
-6M、在DNMT3a方面,IC
50=8.88×10
-6M,而在DNMT3b方面,IC
50=2.68×10
-6M。相反地,其前體27HC在活化DNMT-1方面之效力低得多,其EC
50=3.3×10
-5M,且對其他酶無作用(第1D圖,右圖)。相對於該3種DNMT,其他9種表觀遺傳酶不會被該等氧固醇或固醇硫酸酯影響(未顯示數據)。如先前之報導,作為陽性對照組,1 μM之S-腺苷升半胱胺酸(SAH)可抑制95%之DNMT1活性(數據未顯示)。結果證明25HC3S和27HC3S二者為有效之DNMT抑制劑。然而,體內僅在人肝細胞核中發現25HC3S:粒線體膽固醇遞送蛋白,StarD1過度表現後,首先發現之濃度為20 μg/g (~40μM)。該動力學研究表明IC50係介於1至10μM之間。
25- 羥基膽固醇 -3- 硫酸酯 (25HC3S) 降低整體啟動子區中之 5m CpG 量
先前之研究已表明整體DNA甲基化和特定基因之甲基化涉及內臟脂肪組織中之脂肪生成、脂質代謝和發炎,此又與代謝症候群之特定病因有關。為了研究25HC3S對整體啟動子區中之
5mCpG甲基化狀態的效果,首先進行LINE-1分析以估計整體去甲基化。甲基化通常發生在重複元件中,諸如LINE元件。總人類基因體中約有500,000個LINE元件和7.5億個複本。人類LINE-1為逆轉座區(啟動子區)且僅具有700,000個複本,其與約17%之人類基因體相關。該特定序列包括四個CpG二核苷酸(Pos1、2、3、和4),其作為LINE-1中之甲基化/去甲基化標靶。如第2A圖中所示,將Huh-7細胞培養在高葡萄糖培養基(HG)中,Pos3和Pos4具有較高之甲基化,而將細胞培養在乙醇對照組中後所有4個Pos甲基化增加。將細胞與25HC3S一起培育4小時後,Pos 1(-5%)、Pos 3(-10%)和Pos 4(-5.6%)發生甲基化減少(去甲基化)。結果表明,25HC3S顯著減少啟動子區中由HG或乙醇誘導之
5mCpG甲基化。
經 25HC3S 處理之人肝細胞中全基因體 DNA 甲基化之剖析
為了了解經25HC3S處理之Huh-7細胞中
5mCpG去甲基化之可能的細胞功能,收穫該細胞以用於構建經亞硫酸氫鹽處理之基因體DNA集合庫。在總共5個WGBS中,藉由雙端測序分別從二個集合庫中產生3.66億(載劑)和3.7億(經25HC3S處理的)個原始序列讀取。在來自載劑集合庫之3.6億個清楚的序列讀取中,77%(2.77億)獨特映射至“人類參考基因體(hg38)”的參考基因體,而在來自經25HC3S處理之集合庫的3.65億個清楚的序列讀取中,78%(2.86億)獨特映射至參考基因體,顯示出10個平均序列讀取深度分別為22和20。在該二個集合庫中,超過80%之胞嘧啶殘基被“人類參考基因體(hg38)”中至少10個序列讀取涵蓋。該測序之深度和密度對高品質全基因體甲基化分析而言是足夠的。同時,亞硫酸氫鹽轉化成集合庫之效率(由λDNA代表)超過99%,為WGBS提供可靠和準確之結果(表1.2)。
CpG甲基化和去甲基化已被充分記錄為與基因表現有關。在CG之背景下共約有7,136個差別甲基化區(DMR)被鑑定為位於1,106個基因(差別甲基化之基因,DMG中之低甲基化區域。在97%(1,074)之DMG中,該低甲基化區係在其啟動子中鑑定出(第2B圖)。該低甲基化基因高度富集在75條KEGG途徑中(p<0.05)(表1.3)。前20條途徑(從最顯著者開始,p<10
-9)顯示在第2E和2F圖中。在該等途徑中,MAPK-ERK和鈣-cAMP信號傳導被認為是調控細胞存活、抗氧化劑、抗凋亡、能量代謝和脂質穩態的主要途徑。從全基因體鑑定出之途徑顯示於第2E圖中,而從啟動子區中鑑定出之途徑顯示於第2F圖中。來自全基因體或啟動子區之二組途徑非常相似。從啟動子區鑑定出之所有途徑均為低甲基化,其啟動子區中無任何高甲基化之CpG,表明基因表現被上調。
第2B圖中顯示全基因體和差別甲基化區(DMR)中之DNA甲基化程度。為了呈現該二個集合庫之整體DNA甲基化略圖,第2B圖中顯示在CG、CHG(H表示腺苷或胸苷殘基)和CHH之背景下,整個染色體之不均勻的甲基化程度。二個集合庫之間共篩選出6,923個差別甲基化基因(DMG)。再者,1,510個係在CG之背景下鑑定出,420個係在CHG之背景下鑑定出,且3,359個係在CHH之背景下鑑定出、83個係在CG和CHG之背景下鑑定出,481個係在CG和CHH之背景下鑑定出、793個係在CHG和CHH之背景下鑑定出、僅277個係在CG、CHG和CHH之背景下鑑定出。此外,被鑑定為啟動子區的有2,853個,1,413個係在CG之背景下鑑定出,186個係在CHG之背景下鑑定出,且787個係在CHH之背景下鑑定出。在該等DMG方面,59個係在CG和CHG之背景下鑑定出,46個係在CG和CHH之背景下鑑定出,260個係在CHG和CHH之背景下鑑定出,且僅103個係在CG、CHG和CHH之背景下鑑定出。而在該等DMG中,80.93%(5,603)被鑑定為低甲基化且在5個啟動子區中有37.55%(2,104)被鑑定為低甲基化(第2C圖)。
先前報告已表明高葡萄糖培育(HG)(用於研究NAFLD之體外模型)經由增加DNA啟動子甲基化信號傳導來誘導脂質累積。令人注意的是,啟動子區中由HG誘導之高甲基化
5mCpG係藉由25HC3S去甲基化。25HC3S將在MAPK信號傳導途徑中之23個基因(表1.4)、鈣通道中之19個基因(表1.5)及cAMP途徑中之28個基因(表1.6)的啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化。參與信號傳導途徑之基因中未發現高甲基化之DMR。表中比較啟動子區中藉由HG高甲基化之
5mCpG和藉由25HC3S低甲基化之CpG的染色體和序列位置。據觀察,該等基因亦涉及許多其他KEGG途徑,包括胰島素、第II型糖尿病和cGMP-PKG信號傳導途徑。結果表明,25HC3S之整體調控機制係透過參與MAPK-ERK和鈣-cAMP主信號傳導途徑之關鍵基因(諸如DUSP和鈣通道家族)的啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化。
DNA甲基化程度通常在基因體之不同功能區中顯示出不同的分佈。在載劑和25HC3S處理組之間,CGI(CG島)、CGI-島外(距CGI最多2k bp)、啟動子(轉錄起始位點之上游2k bp序列)、5'非翻譯區(UTR5)、外顯子、內含子、3'非翻譯區(UTR3)和重複序列中之甲基化程度係10個顯著不同之差異。有趣的是,25HC3S處理導致低甲基化程度明顯高於載劑(第2D圖)。在總共34,508個之鑑定出的DMR中,3,676個(1,549個高甲基化及2,127個低甲基化的)分佈在CGI中、2206個(627個高甲基化及1,579個低甲基化的)分佈在CGI-島外、3,263個(1,213個高甲基化和2,050個低甲基化的)分佈在外顯子中、9,850個(2,340個高甲基化和7,510個低甲基化)分佈在內含子中、3,696個(1,187個高甲基化和2,509個低甲基化)分佈在啟動子中、8,956個(1,882個高甲基化和7,774個低甲基化)分佈在重複序列區中、61個(16個高甲基化和45個低甲基化)分佈在TES元件中、452個(179個高甲基化和273個低甲基化)分佈在TSS元件中、403個(123個高甲基化和280個低甲基化)分佈在UTR3區中且1245個(432個高甲基化和813個低甲基化)分佈在UTR5區中。在幾乎所有20個DMR中,CpG低甲基化程度明顯高於高甲基化程度。據報導,啟動子區中之CG甲基化在沉默基因表現中具有關鍵作用。
在總共6,923個DMG中,在CG之背景下,基因高度富集在120條KEGG途徑(69條低甲基化和51條高甲基化)中。在CHG之背景下,基因富集在48條途徑(33條低甲基化和15條高甲基化)中,在CHH之背景下,基因富集在136條(101條低甲基化和35條高甲基化)途徑中。啟動子區中之DMG高度富集在114條(31個高甲基化和83個低甲基化)途徑,在CG之背景下,基因富集在75條(0條高甲基化和75條低甲基化)途徑中,在CHG之背景下,基因富集在13條(13條高甲基化和0條低甲基化)途徑中,而在CHH之背景下,基因富集在26條(18條高甲基化和8條低甲基化)途徑中(表1.3)。
表1.4-將Huh-7細胞培養在具有HG之DMEM培養基中72小時後,再使用乙醇(載劑)和25 μM 25HC3S處理4小時,使用QIAamp DNA迷你套組(QIAGEN,德國希爾登)從5,000個細胞萃取基因體DNA。使用6 μg之各樣品進行全基因體亞硫酸氫鹽測序(WGBS)之分析。KEGG分析顯示去甲基化之基因參與MAPK信號傳導途徑(p=0.00087)。在MAPK信號傳導途徑中總共257個基因中,23個基因被25HC3S處理去甲基化。在這23個基因中,發現有10個基因被HG環境甲基化(以粗體顯示)。第一列代表基因名稱,第二列(啟動子區中之DMR位置)顯示染色體中差別甲基化區之位置,第三列(DMR(甲基化%))顯示由高糖(HG)誘導之甲基比率和由25HC3S誘導之去甲基比率。
表1.5-細胞製備和DNA甲基化如表1.1中之描述。KEGG分析顯示該去甲基化基因參與鈣信號傳導途徑(P=0.00066)。在鈣信號傳導途徑中之總共180個基因中,19個被25HC3S處理去甲基化。在該等19個基因中,發現有10個被HG環境甲基化(以粗體顯示)。第一列代表基因名稱,第二列(啟動子區中之DMR位置)顯示染色體中之差別甲基化區的位置,第三列(DMR(甲基化%))顯示由高糖(HG)誘導之甲基化比率和由25HC3S誘導之去甲基化比率。
表1.6-細胞製備方法和DNA甲基化如表1.1中之描述。KEGG分析顯示出該去甲基化之基因明顯參與cAMP信號傳導途徑(P=3.69E-07)。在cAMP信號傳導途徑中之總共200個基因中,28個被25HC3S處理去甲基化。在這28個基因中,發現有13個被HG環境甲基化(以粗體顯示)。第一列代表基因名稱,第二列(啟動子區中之DMR位置)顯示染色體中之差別甲基化區的位置,第三列(DMR(甲基化%))顯示由高糖(HG)誘導之甲基化比率和由25HC3S誘導之去甲基化比率。
啟動子區中之 5m CpG 去甲基化與基因表現之間的關係: 25HC3S 減少啟動子區中由 HG 誘導之 5m CpG 量
為了從KEGG途徑分析之結果探索啟動子
5mCpG去甲基化與基因表現之間的關係,藉由RT-PCR分析測定關鍵基因(DUSP7、8和MAPK1)及其靶基因CREB5、PRDX6和BAD在MAPK途徑中之表現,以及關鍵基因CACNA1D(CaV1)、CACNA1A(CaV2)和CACNA1H(CaV3) (編碼鈣電壓門控通道次單元)及其靶向基因(PGC1A、HMGR和FAS)在鈣-AMK途徑中之表現。DUSP-MAPK信號傳導途徑為參與細胞存活/死亡和抗氧化之主要途徑,且鈣信號傳導途徑控制脂質和能量代謝。如所預期者,25HC3S使DUSP8之表現增加5倍,使其靶向基因CREB5之表現增加高達20倍,其為參與細胞存活和死亡的關鍵元素(第3A和3B圖)。同時,25HC3S處理顯著增加參與鈣信號傳導途徑之關鍵基因及其下游元件PGC1A之表現12倍,同時其降低HMGR和FAS基因之表現約90%,該HMGR和FAS基因編碼控制線粒體中之能量代謝、膽固醇生物合成和脂肪酸生物合成的關鍵酶,如第3C和3D圖所示。
肝細胞中之轉錄陣列分析
為了檢查25HC3S對人肝細胞中之全基因表現的效果,38,500全長基因和EST(表現之序列標籤)簇之人類基因體U133Aplus2.0 Genechip®陣列分析表明在HpG-2細胞中使用25HC3S處理可顯著調節許多基因簇表現。受影響之主要基因簇為參與膽固醇和三酸甘油酯代謝、細胞存活和發炎之基因。如第4圖所示,與膽固醇和三酸甘油酯生物合成相關之基因被顯著下調,而與細胞存活、增殖和抗氧化相關之基因被顯著上調。總之,25HC3S以時間依賴方式調節1,276個基因之轉錄(>1.6倍)。不同GO過程(與特定之生物功能過程相關之基因的集合)之遺傳分析揭露在8小時時大多數上調之途徑涉及細胞存活(第4A和B圖);相反地,大多數下調之基因涉及脂質代謝(第4C和D圖)。與抗凋亡相關之上調的基因(在8小時時增加3至12倍)列於第4E圖;與脂質代謝相關之下調的基因(下降50%至95%)列於第4F圖中。詳細之個別上調基因列於表1.7中;下調基因列於表1.8中。許多研究表明表觀遺傳修飾可整體調控參與重要細胞功能之基因表現,包括代謝、發炎和細胞死亡/增殖。我們的數據證明25HC3S經由啟動子區中之DNA
5mCpG去甲基化在表觀遺傳上調控基因表現。
鈣、AMPK和PPAR信號傳導途徑為涉及能量、脂質和碳水化合物代謝之調節者。Ca
2+/鈣調蛋白(calmodulin)依賴性蛋白激酶(CaMKK)和AMPK信號傳導途徑增加PGC-1α之表現並降低PGC-1α之乙醯化,其調控線粒體生物發生和脂質代謝。實施例1中所示之來自全基因體DNA甲基化(基因體層級)和人類基因體U133Aplus2.0 Genechip®之轉錄陣列(mRNA層級)分析的數據表明25HC3S處理明顯將包括鈣通道之關鍵基因及CaMKK和AMPK之基因的啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化,增加其表現,並調節下游元件。這些結果證明25HC3S主要經由鈣-AMPK信號傳導途徑整體調控代謝途徑,如第5圖所示。25HC和25HC3S為調控DNA甲基化之有效調節因子。25HC將CpG甲基化,25HC3S將
5mCpG去甲基化,同時亦下調和上調該關鍵基因之表現。PGC-1α為線粒體生物發生、氧化磷酸化和線粒體抗氧化防禦之關鍵調控因子,且其亦負責維持代謝穩態。PGC-1α表現被CREB蛋白和AMPK信號傳導途徑上調。目前的發現表明25HC3S經由將其啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化,隨後增加細胞內PGC-1α量來上調CREB和AMPK之表現(第3圖),其提供25HC3S如何發揮作用之詳細機制,如第5圖所示。25HC3S抑制DNMTs活性並將關鍵啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化。去甲基化可上調基因表現並增加MAPK-CREB信號傳導,此可阻斷細胞凋亡,誘導細胞增殖。如第5圖所示,去甲基化亦上調鈣AMPK信號傳導,導致SREBP-1活性受抑制,從而抑制脂肪酸和三酸甘油酯生物合成,並抑制HMGCR表現、降低膽固醇生物合成且增加丙二醯-輔酶A之量。
結論
本實施例中已證明氧固醇硫酸酯,25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)在脂質代謝、發炎反應和細胞存活中發揮重要作用。實施例1提供分子機制之研究,25HC3S藉由該分子機制作為內源性表觀遺傳調控因子。表觀遺傳酶之動力學研究證明25HC3S特異性抑制DNA甲基轉移酶,DNMT1、DNMT3a和DNMT3b,其IC50分別為4.04、3.03和9.05×10
-6M。在人類肝細胞中,高葡萄糖藉由增加涉及非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)發展之關鍵基因的啟動子CpG甲基化來誘導脂質累積。使用該模型,25HC3S將1074個參與79條KEGG途徑的基因之啟動子區中的5mCpG轉化為CpG。參與主要信號傳導途徑(包括MAPK-ERK、鈣-AMPK和第II型糖尿病途徑)之去甲基化基因的表現增加。信使RNA陣列分析表明編碼保持細胞存活之關鍵元素的上調基因和編碼減少脂質生物合成之關鍵酶的下調基因。實施例1中所示之結果表明這些元件和酶之表現被去甲基化之信號傳導途徑調控,而25HC3S將啟動子區中之5mCpG進行DNA去甲基化為有效之調控機制。
實施例 2 目的
本研究之目的是測定雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠中[4-
14C]-25HC3S衍生之放射性的血漿藥代動力學、測定雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠中[4-
14C]-25HC3S衍生之放射性的排除途徑和排泄質量平衡、使用定量全身放射自顯影方法測定在單次靜脈注射(推注)劑量後,雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠和Long Evans大鼠中[4-
14C]-25HC3S衍生之放射性的組織分佈和組織藥代動力學,並提供用於[4-
14C]-25HC3S衍生之放射性的代謝物剖析之血漿、尿液和糞便勻漿樣品。
研究設計
分派9隻雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠(第1組)用於藥代動力學階段,3隻雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠(第2組)用於排泄質量平衡階段,以及7隻雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠(第3組)和9隻雄性Long Evans大鼠(第4組)用於組織分佈階段。所有動物均接受10 mg/kg之[
14C]-25HC3S的單一靜脈內劑量和225 μCi/kg之標的放射性。在給藥後約0.083、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、48和72小時從第1組之所有動物收集血液樣品。定期從第2組之所有動物收集尿液和糞便,直至給藥後168小時。在第3組之給藥後約0.083、0.5、1、4、8、24和168小時,和第4組之給藥後約0.083、0.5、1、4、8、24、168、336和504小時,使用異氟醚,以1隻動物/組/時間點來麻醉動物並收集血液樣品。收集血後,藉由吸入CO
2將動物安樂死,並將屍體在乾冰/己烷浴中冷凍以藉由定量性全身放射自顯影進行處理。藉由液體閃爍計數來分析全血、血漿、尿液、糞便、籠子漂洗液和籠子洗滌液的總放射性。
結果和主要發現
投予大鼠10 mg/kg之[4-
14C]-25HC3S的單次靜脈內(推注)劑量後,平均血漿C
0為25,900 ng-equiv./g,且AUC
last為27,900 h*ng-equiv./g。終末消除階段T
1/2為26.6小時。
根據排泄數據,在10 mg/kg之[4-
14C]-25HC3S的單次靜脈內(推注)劑量後,來自大鼠之尿液、糞便和籠子漂洗液在168小時內可回收該投予之劑量的約100.2%。大部分回收之放射性係在糞便(83.0%)中,此表明膽汁排泄為大鼠排泄的主要途徑。
投予第3組雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠10 mg/kg之[4-
14C]-25HC3S單次靜脈內(推注)劑量後,[4-
14C]-25HC3S及/或其代謝物廣泛分佈並藉由定量性全身放射自顯影檢測除眼睛(晶狀體)以外之所有組織。血漿濃度類似於在藥代動力學階段中所測定者。該全血C
max為8530 ng-equiv./g,且AUC
last為25,200 h*ng-equiv./g。血漿和全血暴露中之差異可忽略,因為所測得之血漿:全血AUC
last比為0.79,此表明25HC3S均等分佈在血漿和血細胞中。血漿中之T
1/2為44.3小時,而全血中之T
1/2為52.2小時;PK階段與QWBA階段之間的血漿T
1/2之差異係由於採血時間點不同。
[4-
14C]-25HC3S衍生之放射性的C
max和AUC
last在肝臟中最高:分別高達87,900 ng-equiv./g和364,000 h·ng/g。腎(所有部分)、小腸(壁)、肺和腎上腺濃度係在43,200 ng-equiv./g至13,600 ng-equiv./g之範圍內,高於12,400 ng-equiv./g之最大血漿濃度。相對於其他組織,胸腺、骨骼(股骨)、葡萄膜、脂肪、睪丸和腦的濃度最低:<5000 ng-equiv./g(約1500ng-equiv./g)。其餘組織之濃度介於5000和10,800 ng-equiv./g之間。T
max最常為給藥後0.083至0.5小時。給藥後168小時,除了腎上腺、副淚腺、肝臟和小腸外,所有組織中之濃度均低於定量限值。當使用AUC
last計算時,肝臟和小腸(壁)之組織:血漿比高,分別為11.4和7.44。在靜脈內劑量之後,肝臟和小腸之高濃度與廣泛的膽汁(糞便)排泄一致。所有其他組織:血漿比表明對其餘組織類型的親和力有限。
投予雄性Long Evans大鼠10 mg/kg之[4-
14C]-25HC3S的單次靜脈內劑量揭露在給藥後之最初168小時內,血漿或全血濃度相對於Sprague Dawley大鼠而言沒有顯著差異;給藥後336小時,著色動物之血漿和全血濃度均低於血漿和全血之定量限值。與著色或非著色之皮膚或葡萄膜的結合似乎沒有差異;給藥後168小時,所有組織中之濃度均低於定量限值。
分析來自大鼠之血漿、尿液和糞便以測定與25HC3S相關之放射性標記物質。使用具有放射檢測之高效液相色層分析法來剖析樣品並使用質譜法和串聯質譜分析進行代謝表徵。
血漿池係從0.083、0.25、0.5和1小時之時間點收集的第1組大鼠的血漿製備。來自該等第1組樣品池和來自第3組之0.083小時的血漿樣品中,存在於0.083和0.25小時收集物中的最大成分係由母25HC3S產生,代表該放射性之約58%至92%。在0.5小時和1小時收集物中,存在之放射性>10%的三種代謝物為M14(高達15%相對觀察強度)、M24(高達13%相對觀察強度)和M28(高達83%相對觀察強度)。在具有用於代謝物剖析和表徵之合適的放射性之時間點中(至多為給藥後1小時),約54%之對25HC3S相關放射性的暴露(AUC)係由25HC3S產生,約34%係由M28產生,其餘係由次要代謝物產生。
在給藥後0至6和6至12小時製備第2組之尿池。存在之最大成分係由母25HC3S產生,代表該放射性之約78%至93%。共鑑定出4種代謝物,雖然沒有代謝物之存在量>1.2%之劑量或>10%相對觀察強度。在至少1個樣品中,存在量<10%相對觀察強度的四種代謝物為M7(<5%相對觀察強度)、M16(<3%相對觀察強度)、M19(<6%相對觀察強度)和M25(<5%相對觀察強度)。
在給藥後0至12、12至24和24至48小時製備第2組之糞便池。
共鑑定出14種代謝物。存在量≥5%劑量的四種代謝物為M1(21%劑量和23%至30%之相對觀察強度)、M2(7%劑量和4%至12%之相對觀察強度)、M3(15%劑量和13%至23%之相對觀察強度)和M4(8%劑量和6%至12%之相對觀察強度)。母25HC3S之存在量為2%劑量(1%至5%之相對觀察強度)。
主要代謝途徑涉及25HC3S之氧化,導致硫酸酯基轉化為羥基,然後進一步氧化以形成與去氧膽酸和膽酸或其異構體相關之膽汁酸結構。此外,去氧膽酸(或去氧膽酸之異構體)的麩胱甘肽共軛作用係由出現具有該結構之對應分子量的代謝物表明。在血漿、尿液或糞便之任一樣本中均未檢測到硫酸鏈固醇(desmosterol),亦未檢測到25-羥基膽固醇。
實施例 3
投予大鼠75 mg/kg之[
14C]-25HC3S的單次口服(管飼)劑量後,血漿C
max為3800 ng equiv./g且AUC
last為96,400 h·ng equiv./g。終末消除階段T
1/2為27.3小時。
根據排泄數據,在單次口服(管飼)75 mg/kg之[
14C]-25HC3S劑量後,從大鼠之尿液、糞便和籠子漂洗液中回收約94.5%之投予劑量。大部分回收之放射性係在糞便中(94.2%),表明膽汁排泄為大鼠中經吸收之25HC3S的主要排泄途徑。
投予雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠75 mg/kg之[
14C]-25HC3S的單次口服(管飼)劑量後,[
14C]-25HC3S及/或其代謝物廣泛分佈在除了眼睛(晶狀體)外的所有組織中並藉由定量性全身放射自顯影檢測。在眼睛(晶狀體)中未檢測至[
14C]-25HC3S衍生之放射性。血漿濃度與藥代動力學階段中所測定者相似且高於定量下限。全血C
max為2850 ng equiv./g且AUC
last為127,000 h·ng equiv./g。血漿和全血暴露中之差異可忽略,因為所測得之血漿:全血AUC
last比為1.12,此表明25HC3S近似均等地分佈在血漿和血細胞中。
在藉由定量性全身放射自顯影分析之組織方面,當可測量時,[
14C]‑25HC3S衍生之放射性的C
max在小腸(壁)中最高,其次為胃(壁):分別為424,000 ng equiv./g和204,000 ng equiv./g。胰臟和肝臟濃度係在23,500 ng equiv./g至28,100 ng equiv./g之範圍內。相對於其他組織,葡萄膜和腦之濃度最低,約為1000 ng equiv./g。皮膚、胸腺、前列腺和垂體組織濃度<3000 ng equiv./g。其餘組織之濃度介於3600 ng-equiv./g和10,700 ng equiv./g之間。T
max為給藥後6小時或更短。給藥後168小時,除了腎上腺和肝臟外,所有組織中之組織濃度接近或低於定量限值。當使用AUC
last計算時,小腸(壁,15.4)之組織:血漿比最高,其次為肝臟和腎上腺,分別為6.96和6.64。肝臟和小腸之高濃度與口服投予和膽汁(糞便)排泄一致。所有其他組織:血漿比證明對其餘組織類型之親和力有限。
使用放射-高效液相色層分析法(HPLC)和高效液相色層分析法/質譜(HPLC/MS)法來剖析和鑑定血漿和糞便萃取物中之放射標記的組分。
沒有尿液樣本含有足夠放射性而需要代謝物剖析和鑑定。
製備在給藥後2、4和6小時收集之第1組(75 mg/kg,[
14C]-25HC3S)樣品的血漿池。在給藥後2小時之血漿中,主要之經放射標記的成分為母25HC3S,其存在量為63%相對觀察強度(ROI)和濃度2090 ng-equiv./g。一種代謝物M29被鑑定為25-羥基膽固醇,其具有37%ROI且濃度為1233 ng-equiv./g。在給藥後4小時和6小時之血漿收集物中並未含有足夠用於放射剖析之濃度。
製備在給藥後0至24、24至48、48至72、72至96、96至120、120至144、和144至168小時收集之第2組(75 mg/kg,[
14C]-25HC3S)樣品的糞便池。共鑑定出11種代謝物。沒有代謝物之存在量≥5%劑量。存在量為2-5%劑量之代謝物為M1(總劑量之4.5%和1%-69%ROI)、M3(總劑量之4.6%和1%-44%ROI)、M4(總劑量之2.0%和0%-10%ROI)、M8(總劑量之3.1%和1%-46%ROI)、M29(總劑量之1.9%和0%-2%ROI)和M30(總劑量之3.3%和0%-5% ROI)。主要之經放射標記的成分為母25HC3S,其存在量為總劑量之71.1%(0%-88%ROI)。
在血漿或糞便之任一樣品中均未發現經放射標記之硫酸鏈固醇。
主要代謝途徑涉及25HC3S之氧化,導致硫酸酯基轉化為羥基,然後進一步氧化以形成與去氧膽酸和膽酸或其異構體相關之膽汁酸結構和25-羥基膽固醇。
雖然上述發明已藉由說明和示例之方式詳細的描述以用於清楚理解之目的,本技藝之一般技術人士鑑於本發明之教示內容可輕易明白能夠在不脫離所附之申請專利範圍的精神或範圍下做出某些改變和修飾。
因此,前述僅說明本發明之原理。應理解的是,本技藝之技術熟習人士將能夠設計出各種佈置,這些佈置儘管在本文中沒有明確描述或顯示出,但其體現本發明之原理且包括在其精神和範圍內。此外,本文中引用之所有實例和條件語言主要旨在協助讀者理解本發明之原理和本發明者為促進本技藝所貢獻之概念,且應被解釋為不受限於該等具體引用之實例和條件。再者,本文引用之原理、態樣和實施態樣及其具體實例的所有陳述旨在同時涵蓋其結構和功能等效物。此外,此類等效物旨在同時包括當前已知之等效物和未來研發之等效物,即,所研發之執行相同功能的任何元件,無論結構如何。此外,不管申請專利範圍中是否明確引用該等揭示內容,本文揭示之任何內容均不意圖奉獻公眾使用。
因此,本發明之範圍並不意圖侷限於本文所顯示和描述之示例性實施態樣。相反地,本發明之範圍和精神係由所附之申請專利範圍體現。在申請專利範圍中,35U.S.C.§112(f)或35U.S.C.§112(6)被明確定義為僅在申請專利範圍中該特性之開頭引用精確短語“方式為”或精確短語“步驟為”時才被援引用於申請專利範圍中之該特性;若申請專利範圍中之特性中未使用該等精確短語,則不會援引35U.S.C.§112(f)或35U.S.C.§112(6)。
[
第 1A 至 1D 圖]
.Xol3S、25HC3S和27HC3S之合成和酶動力學研究。
第 1A 圖顯示在細胞中生物合成 Xol3S、25HC3S和27HC3S。
第 1B 圖顯示純化之25HC3S;Xol3S;和27HC3S之HPLC略圖。25HC3S、27HC3S、Xol3S及其前體,25HC、27HC和膽固醇對DNMT1/3a/3b活性之影響。
第 1C 圖顯示25HC3S、Xol3S和27HC3S對酶活性之濃度依賴性(0-0.001 M(10分))效果。
第 1D 圖顯示25HC與25HC3S、膽固醇與Xol3S,以及27HC與27HC3S之比較。
[
第 2A 至 2F 圖]
.藉由整體甲基化測序分析25HC3S對肝細胞中DNA甲基化的效果。將Huh-7細胞在HG培養基中培養72小時,並使用乙醇(載劑)和在乙醇中之25mM 25HC3S處理4小時。藉由LINE-1分析估計整體甲基化之水準。如
第 2A 圖所示,選擇LINE-1元件之啟動子區中的四個CpG位點作為標靶位置。藉由WGBS測量詳細之整體甲基化。
第 2B 圖顯示染色體中之DMR分佈的Circos譜:第一個圓圈顯示高甲基化DMR之分佈;第二個圓圈顯示轉位元(TE)密度;而第三個圓圈顯示低甲基化DMR之分佈。
第 2C 圖顯示在全基因體(上)及啟動子區(低)之CG、CHG和CHH背景下,25HC3S和載劑集合庫中之低甲基化DMR相關基因(DMG)的文氏(Venn)圖。使用KOBAS軟體來測試京都基因與基因體百科全書(KEGG)途徑中DMR相關基因之統計富集。
第 2D 圖中為全基因體之不同基因體功能區中的DNA甲基化水準,其中x軸代表不同基因體區(CGI、CGI-島岸、啟動子、UTR 5、外顯子、內含子、UTR 3及重複序列),且y軸代表在CG、CHG和CHH之背景下,25HC3S和載劑集合庫中的甲基化水準。
第 2E 圖顯示KEGG途徑中之全基因體中的低甲基化DMR之高富集。
第 2F 圖顯示KEGG途徑中之啟動子區中的低甲基化DMR之高富集。詳細之KEGG途徑顯示於表1.3中。
[
第 3A 至 3D 圖]
.與信號傳導途徑相關之關鍵基因的表現。將Huh-7細胞在HG培養基中培養72小時並使用6.25μM、12.5μM、25μM和50μM之25HC3S處理1小時、2小時、4小時、6小時和8小時。藉由RT-PCR分析測定關鍵基因及其靶向基因表現。
第 3A 圖顯示MAPK信號傳導途徑中之DUSP8(雙特異性磷酸酶8)、DUSP7(雙特異性磷酸酶7)和MAPK1(有絲分裂原(mitogen)活化之蛋白激酶1)的表現;
第 3B 圖顯示其標靶基因,CREB(cAMP反應元件結合蛋白)、PRDX6(過氧化還原酶6)和BAD(BCL2相關之細胞死亡激動劑);
第 3C 圖顯示鈣-AMK途徑中之關鍵基因,CACNA家族(鈣電壓-門控之通道次單元);
第 3D 圖顯示其靶向基因PGC1A(PPARG共同活化子1α)、HMGR(3-羥基-3-甲基戊二醯基-CoA還原酶)和FAS(脂肪酸合成酶)。
[
第 4A 至 4F 圖]
.25HC3S對肝細胞轉錄水準之效果。將HepG-2細胞培養在HG培養基中,並使用25μM之25HC3S處理2小時、4小時和8小時。
第 4A 圖顯示上調之基因(>1.6倍)。
第 4B 圖顯示對基因本體(GO)群富集之上調的基因(8小時)(NRAP:細胞凋亡過程之負調控;NRPCD:程序性細胞死亡之負調控;RS:信號傳導之調控;SP:磷酸化之調控;NRCD:細胞死亡之負調控;RES:對壓力反應;NRPP:蛋白質磷酸化之負調控;CRCS:對化學刺激之細胞反應;NRP:磷酸化之負調控;ST:信號轉導)。
第 4C 圖顯示下調之基因(減少>40%)。
第 4D 圖顯示對GO群富集之下調的基因(8小時)(CLMP:細胞脂質代謝過程;SBP:類固醇生物合成過程;AMP:醇代謝過程;CMP:膽固醇代謝過程;FAMP:脂肪酸代謝過程;TBP:三酸甘油酯生物合成過程;NLBP:中性脂質生物合成過程;ACMP:醯基-CoA代謝過程;OABP:有機酸生物合成過程;BAMP:膽汁酸代謝過程)。
第 4E 圖顯示與此研究相關之上調基因的熱圖;
第 4F 圖顯示下調之基因。
[
第 5 圖]
.作為表觀遺傳調控途徑之25HC的硫酸化。25HC為DNMT-1之內源性激動劑,其可將啟動子區中之CpG甲基化並隨後使基因歹表現,導致細胞死亡和脂肪生成。25HC可經硫酸化成25HC3S,25HC3S作為內源性配體並抑制DNMT之活性。25HC3S使啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化,並依次增加基因表現。該受氧固醇硫酸化調控之主要途徑涉及能量和脂質代謝、MAPK-ERK及鈣-AMPK。25HC3S顯著增加雙特異性磷酸酶(DUSP)和CREB表現,此可活化MAPK/ERK途徑,包括CREB、BAD和ERK,且隨後調控細胞存活和死亡。25HC3S減少脂質生物合成並藉由將啟動子區中之
5mCpG去甲基化來減少脂質積聚,增加涉及鈣通道和AMPK之關鍵基因的表現,並活化對應之信號傳導途徑,此導致游離脂肪酸(FFA)氧化增加和減少膽固醇和FFA之生物合成。藉由氧固醇之硫酸化的整體調控表明該調控機制之生理和病理生理學意義。
[
第 6 圖]
.氧固醇硫酸酯之硫酸化機制和代謝途徑。
[
第 7 圖]
.氧固醇硫酸化之調控途徑。
<![CDATA[<110> 維吉尼亞聯邦大學(Virginia Commonwealth University)]]> 美商杜瑞克公司(Durect Corporation) 美國政府退伍軍人事務部(The United States Government as Represented by the Department of Veterans Affairs) <![CDATA[<120> 氧合膽固醇硫酸酯於治療與人類疱疹病毒第四型(EB病毒)]]> 相關之癌和非癌的轉化之用途 <![CDATA[<160> 28]]> <![CDATA[<140> TW 110123458]]> <![CDATA[<141> 2021-06-25]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/044,631]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2020-06-26]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/127,905]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2020-12-18]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/141,382]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-01-25]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/146,559]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-05]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/146,563]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-05]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/146,565]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-05]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/146,566]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-05]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/146,568]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-05]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/149,977]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-16]]> <![CDATA[<150> US 63/149,993]]> <![CDATA[<151> 2021-02-16]]> <![CDATA[<170> PatentIn 3.5版]]> <![CDATA[<210> 1]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 1]]> tcagctccgt caacatctgc 20 <![CDATA[<210> 2]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 2]]> atatcctcaa tgtcacaccc aa 22 <![CDATA[<210> 3]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 3]]> atggtgtgct ctgcttatga ta 22 <![CDATA[<210> 4]]> <![CDATA[<211> 23]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 4]]> gcaacaagtc atcccagcat aat 23 <![CDATA[<210> 5]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 5]]> tcaatagaca gtgttgagga cc 22 <![CDATA[<210> 6]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 6]]> atgttccaga tcccagagtt tg 22 <![CDATA[<210> 7]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 7]]> aacaacaaac cagaagtcaa cc 22 <![CDATA[<210> 8]]> <![CDATA[<211> 19]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 8]]> cgcttcggag acgagatgc 19 <![CDATA[<210> 9]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 9]]> catgctggta atcatgatca ac 22 <![CDATA[<210> 10]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 10]]> caccagccaa cactcagcta 20 <![CDATA[<210> 11]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 11]]> gtcattccag ccaaggttgt 20 <![CDATA[<210> 12]]> <![CDATA[<211> 19]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 12]]> tgtggacatg gtcacggac 19 <![CDATA[<210> 13]]> <![CDATA[<211> 21]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 13]]> catgtacgtt gctatccagg c 21 <![CDATA[<210> 14]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 14]]> caatgacccc ttcattgacc 20 <![CDATA[<210> 15]]> <![CDATA[<211> 19]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 15]]> cgcgtgctct ggtcataga 19 <![CDATA[<210> 16]]> <![CDATA[<211> 21]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 16]]> atcttctgca tcagataggc c 21 <![CDATA[<210> 17]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 17]]> tctttcattt gctcgatggt tg 22 <![CDATA[<210> 18]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 18]]> aagaatcgga ttcaggtctg tt 22 <![CDATA[<210> 19]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 19]]> cccgattcct atcatcgatg at 22 <![CDATA[<210> 20]]> <![CDATA[<211> 19]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 20]]> atgatggctg ctgctggtt 19 <![CDATA[<210> 21]]> <![CDATA[<211> 22]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 21]]> ctaagaatga agaaagcgct cc 22 <![CDATA[<210> 22]]> <![CDATA[<211> 19]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 22]]> tgcgccattg actgcttgt 19 <![CDATA[<210> 23]]> <![CDATA[<211> 21]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 23]]> cgaaaatgaa ggcgtcaaag g 21 <![CDATA[<210> 24]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 24]]> acgtctttgt ggcttttgct 20 <![CDATA[<210> 25]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 25]]> gggaccactt gcttccatta 20 <![CDATA[<210> 26]]> <![CDATA[<211> 21]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 26]]> ggcatcaaac ctagacaggt c 21 <![CDATA[<210> 27]]> <![CDATA[<211> 21]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 27]]> ctccttaatg tcacgcacga t 21 <![CDATA[<210> 28]]> <![CDATA[<211> 20]]> <![CDATA[<212> DNA]]> <![CDATA[<213> 智人]]> <![CDATA[<400> 28]]> ttgattttgg agggatctcg 20
Claims (16)
- 一種治療有治療需要之個體的與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之非癌的轉化中至少一者之方法,其包含: 對該個體投予有效量之至少一種選自下列之化合物:25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)、25-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(25HCDS)、27-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(27HC3S)、27-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(27HCDS)、24-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(24HC3S)、24-羥基膽固醇-二硫酸酯(24HCDS)及24,25-環氧基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯或彼等之鹽。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌和與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之非癌的轉化中至少一者為至少一種與人類疱疹病毒第四型相關之癌。
- 如請求項2之方法,其中該至少一種癌包含下列至少一者:霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、軟組織肉瘤(soft tissue sarcoma)、平滑肌肉瘤 (leiomyosarcoma)、鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma)、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、T-細胞淋巴瘤、胃癌、侵襲性乳癌和分級組織化癌。
- 如請求項3之方法,其中該分級組織化癌包含下列至少一者:胰臟導管腺癌、膀胱上皮癌、結腸直腸癌、頭頸癌、非小細胞肺癌、食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、口腔癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌和肝癌。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該方法包含對個體投予有效量之25-羥基膽固醇-3-硫酸酯(25HC3S)或其鹽。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之方法,其中該至少一種化合物係以選自由下列所組成之群組的量投予: (a)0.001 mg/kg/天至100 mg/kg/天之範圍的量; (b)基於該個體之體重的0.1 mg/kg至100 mg/kg之範圍的量;和 (c)基於該個體之體重的1 mg/kg至10 mg/kg之範圍的量。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之方法,其中該投予係每天實施1次至3次。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之方法,其中該投予包含下列至少一者:口服投予、腸內投予、舌下投予、透皮投予、靜脈內投予、腹膜投予、腸胃道外投予、注射投予、皮下注射和肌肉內注射。
- 如請求項1至8中任一項之方法,其中該投予包含投予醫藥組成物,該醫藥組成物包含該至少一種化合物和生理學上可接受之賦形劑、稀釋劑或載體。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中該醫藥組成物係配製成單位劑型。
- 如請求項9或10之方法,其中該醫藥組成物呈固體形式。
- 如請求項9至11中任一項之方法,其中該醫藥組成物:(a)呈粉劑、片劑、膠囊或錠劑形式;和/或(b)包含至少一種呈凍乾形式之化合物及填充劑。
- 如請求項9或10之方法,其中該醫藥組成物包含呈液體之載體。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該至少一種化合物係溶解在該液體中或分散在該液體中。
- 如請求項13或14之方法,其中:(a)該液體為水性的;或(b)該液體為注射用無菌水或磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水。
- 如請求項9和13至15中任一項之方法,其中該醫藥組成物係在密封之小瓶、安瓿、注射器或袋中。
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JP2013528658A (ja) * | 2010-06-16 | 2013-07-11 | エンベラ ニューロセラピューティクス,インコーポレイティド | 依存、精神疾患、及び神経変性病の治療のための組成物と方法 |
US9034859B2 (en) * | 2011-04-06 | 2015-05-19 | Virginia Commonwealth University | Sulfated oxysterol and oxysterol sulfation by hydroxysterol sulfotransferase promote lipid homeostasis and liver proliferation |
CA2867694C (en) * | 2012-04-12 | 2021-08-31 | Virginia Commonwealth Unversity | A novel cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten, 3.beta.-25-diol, disulfate (25hcds) for therapy of metabolic disorders, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, fatty liver diseases and atherosclerosis |
EP2968289A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-01-20 | Janssen Pharmaceutica, N.V. | 4-cyano-n-(2-(4,4-dimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-6-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1h-imidazole-2-carboxamide for the treatment of hodgkin's lymphoma |
CN107106576A (zh) * | 2014-10-10 | 2017-08-29 | 弗吉尼亚联邦大学 | 用于因减弱的瘦蛋白活性和脂质贮积障碍中的至少一种导致的障碍的疗法的氧化胆固醇硫酸酯类 |
KR20230152787A (ko) * | 2016-08-02 | 2023-11-03 | 버지니아 커먼웰스 유니버시티 | 5-콜레스텐-3, 25-디올, 3-술페이트 (25hc3s) 또는 이의 약학적으로 허용 가능한 염, 및 적어도 하나의 시클릭 올리고당을 포함하는 조성물 |
NZ752732A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2024-08-30 | Sage Therapeutics Inc | Oxysterols and methods of use thereof |
MX2020013104A (es) * | 2018-06-05 | 2021-05-12 | Flagship Pioneering Innovations V Inc | Agentes activos y metodos de uso para el tratamiento de trastornos metabolicos y enfermedad hepatica no alcoholica. |
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EP4171503A4 (en) | 2024-07-10 |
JP2023532866A (ja) | 2023-08-01 |
CA3187346A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
US20230372361A1 (en) | 2023-11-23 |
EP4171504A1 (en) | 2023-05-03 |
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CA3187310A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
JP2023531735A (ja) | 2023-07-25 |
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EP4171503A1 (en) | 2023-05-03 |
US20230218639A1 (en) | 2023-07-13 |
TW202216163A (zh) | 2022-05-01 |
US20230233580A1 (en) | 2023-07-27 |
EP4171504A4 (en) | 2024-07-10 |
TW202216165A (zh) | 2022-05-01 |
TW202216166A (zh) | 2022-05-01 |
CA3187337A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
WO2021263185A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
WO2021263173A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
EP4171573A1 (en) | 2023-05-03 |
TW202216164A (zh) | 2022-05-01 |
CA3187341A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
JP2023532286A (ja) | 2023-07-27 |
US20230285416A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
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