TW202146222A - 纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品及纖維強化樹脂之製造方法 - Google Patents
纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品及纖維強化樹脂之製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW202146222A TW202146222A TW110111017A TW110111017A TW202146222A TW 202146222 A TW202146222 A TW 202146222A TW 110111017 A TW110111017 A TW 110111017A TW 110111017 A TW110111017 A TW 110111017A TW 202146222 A TW202146222 A TW 202146222A
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Abstract
本發明係提供一種適合作為結構材料的纖維強化樹脂,其以優異的拉伸剪切接合強度,可藉由與其它之結構構件熱熔接而生產性佳地一體化。本發明係一種纖維強化樹脂,其係包含構成要素[A]、[B]及[C]的纖維強化樹脂,其以熱塑性樹脂層存在於表面的方式,具有包含由[B]熱硬化性樹脂而成的熱硬化性樹脂層、由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的熱塑性樹脂層、及存在於前述熱塑性樹脂層與前述熱硬化性樹脂層之間且前述[C]熱塑性樹脂及前述[B]熱硬化性樹脂混合而成的混合層的積層結構,同時[A]強化纖維之至少一部分存在於前述混合層,
[A]強化纖維
[B]熱硬化性樹脂
[C]熱塑性樹脂。
Description
本發明係關於纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品及纖維強化樹脂之製造方法。
使用熱硬化性樹脂或熱塑性樹脂作為基質,而與碳纖維、玻璃纖維等之強化纖維組合的纖維強化複合材料,由於輕量,同時強度或剛性等之力學特性、耐熱性、及耐蝕性優異,因而被應用於航空・太空、汽車、鐵路車輛、船舶、土木建築及運動用品等之許多領域。然而,此等之纖維強化複合材料係不適合於以單一的成形步驟製造具有複雜形狀的零件、結構體,而於上述用途中,有需要製作由纖維強化複合材料而成的構件,接著與其它構件一體化。作為將包含強化纖維與熱硬化性樹脂的纖維強化複合材料與其它構件進行一體化的手法,有使用螺栓、鉚釘、螺釘等之機械式接合方法,或使用接著劑的接合方法。於機械式接合方法中,由於需要開孔等預先加工接合部分之步驟,故造成製造步驟的長時間化及製造成本的增加,而且由於開孔,有材料強度降低之問題。於使用接著劑的接合方法中,由於需要包含接著劑的準備、接著劑的塗布作業之接著步驟及硬化步驟,故造成製造步驟的長時間化,於接著強度,亦有未能獲得充分滿足信賴性的課題。
於基質使用熱塑性樹脂的纖維強化複合材料,因除了將包含強化纖維及熱硬化性樹脂的纖維強化複合材料,與其它構件進行一體化的上述手法之外,亦可適用藉由熔接而接合構件間的方法,而有能縮短構件間之接合所需要的時間的可能性。另一方面,如航空機用結構構件,於被要求高溫高濕環境下的力學特性或對於化學品優異的耐性的情形,與包含熱硬化性樹脂及強化纖維的纖維強化複合材料相比,有耐熱性、耐化學品性並不充分的問題。
此處,專利文獻1已揭示將由熱硬化性樹脂及強化纖維而成的纖維強化複合材料,藉由接著劑而接合的方法。
專利文獻2已揭示將以熱塑性樹脂所形成的構件、及以由熱硬化性樹脂而成的纖維強化複合材料所形成的構件加以一體化的手法。即,已揭示於由強化纖維及熱硬化性樹脂硬化物而成的複合材料的表面使前述強化纖維露出,將熱塑性樹脂熔接,獲得藉由強化纖維而接合的熱硬化性樹脂及熱塑性樹脂之複合體的方法。
又,專利文獻3已揭示於由熱硬化性樹脂及強化纖維而成的複合材料之表面,形成熱塑性樹脂接著層的纖維強化樹脂之製造方法,且已揭示藉由熱塑性樹脂之獲得複合材料的熱熔接性的方法。
非專利文獻1已揭示一種纖維強化複合材料,其係於由強化纖維及熱硬化性樹脂而成的預浸漬物的表層,配置有由容易與熱硬化性樹脂相溶的熱塑性樹脂而成的薄膜或預浸漬物而成。
[先前技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本特開2018-161801號公報
[專利文獻2]日本特開平4-294128號公報
[專利文獻3]日本專利第3906319號公報
[非專利文獻]
[非專利文獻1]InvestigatIon on Energy Director-less Ultrasonic Welding of Polyetherimide (PEI)- to Epoxy-based Composites. (Composites Part B:Engineering Volume 173, 15 September 2019)
[發明欲解決之課題]
然而,專利文獻1所示的手法,係利用接著劑將由強化纖維及熱硬化性樹脂而成的纖維強化複合材料彼此接合的方法,對於接著劑之製造步驟的長時間化、接著強度的信賴性,尚未解決根本上的問題。
於專利文獻2記載之方法中,於使複合體中之熱硬化性樹脂硬化後,需要進一步使強化纖維部於熱硬化性樹脂硬化物之表面上露出的步驟,於此步驟之生產安定性及樹脂劣化所致的品質安定性上有許多問題。
於專利文獻3記載之方法中,雖藉由熱塑性樹脂而實現熱熔接,但因熱塑性樹脂與熱硬化性樹脂的界面係結合力弱,故依使用的材料而有成為界面強度降低的缺陷的可能性。
於非專利文獻1中,熱塑性樹脂形成於熱硬化性樹脂之表面,但熱硬化性樹脂與熱塑性樹脂之相溶化所致的強度提升有所限制,尚未獲得相當於結構用接著劑的高接合強度。
因此,本發明之目的係提供一種纖維強化樹脂,其與相同種類或不同種類的構件藉由熱熔接而表現優異的接合強度。
[用以解決課題之手段]
為了解決該課題,本發明之預浸漬物具有下列構成。即,本發明為一種纖維強化樹脂,其係包含構成要素[A]、[B]及[C]的纖維強化樹脂,其以熱塑性樹脂層存在於表面的方式,具有包含由[B]熱硬化性樹脂而成的熱硬化性樹脂層、由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的熱塑性樹脂層、及存在於前述熱塑性樹脂層與前述熱硬化性樹脂層之間且前述[C]熱塑性樹脂及前述[B]熱硬化性樹脂混合而成的混合層的積層結構,同時[A]強化纖維之至少一部分存在於前述混合層,
[A]強化纖維
[B]熱硬化性樹脂
[C]熱塑性樹脂。
[發明之效果]
本發明之纖維強化樹脂因與相同種類或不同種類的構件的良好熱熔接為可能,故成為相對於歷來之由熱硬化性樹脂及強化纖維而成的纖維強化複合材料,可縮短接合步驟所需要的時間,且可將結構構件的成形加以高速化。又,將纖維強化樹脂及構件接合而獲得的一體成形品,表現出優異的接合強度,具有作為結構材料之優異力學特性,於應用於航空機結構構件、汽車結構構件、電子機器殼體等廣泛用途,可大幅減少製品的成形時間及成形成本。
[用以實施發明的形態]
以下,一邊適當參照圖式一邊針對本發明之纖維強化樹脂進行説明,但圖式係為了容易理解本發明而方便使用者,並非以任何方式限定本發明。此外,於本說明書,除非有特別說明的情形,否則所稱纖維強化樹脂的剖面係指與厚度方向平行地切斷的剖面。
<纖維強化樹脂>
本發明之纖維強化樹脂包含構成要素[A]之強化纖維、構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂、構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂,以熱塑性樹脂層存在於表面的方式,具有由[B]熱硬化性樹脂而成的熱硬化性樹脂層、由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的熱塑性樹脂層、及存在於前述熱塑性樹脂層與前述熱硬化性樹脂層之間且前述[C]熱塑性樹脂及前述[B]熱硬化性樹脂混合而成的混合層的積層結構,同時[A]強化纖維之至少一部分存在於前述混合層。
作為本發明所使用的構成要素[A]之強化纖維,有玻璃纖維、碳纖維、金屬纖維、芳香族聚醯胺纖維、聚芳綸纖維、氧化鋁纖維、碳化矽纖維、硼纖維、玄武岩纖維等。此等係可單獨使用,亦可適當併用2種以上而使用。此等之強化纖維亦可為有施予表面處理者。作為表面處理,有金屬之黏附處理、利用偶合劑之處理、利用上漿劑之處理、添加劑之附著處理等。此等之強化纖維之中,亦包含具有導電性的強化纖維。作為強化纖維,由比重小、高強度、高彈性模數來看,較佳使用碳纖維。
作為碳纖維之市售品,可列舉「Torayca(註冊商標)」T800G-24K、「Torayca(註冊商標)」T800S-24K、「Torayca(註冊商標)」T700G-24K、「Torayca(註冊商標)」T700S-24K、「Torayca(註冊商標)」T300-3K、及「Torayca(註冊商標)」T1100G-24K(以上,東麗(股)製)等。
纖維強化樹脂中的強化纖維之形態,雖可由強化纖維集合而成的強化纖維束向一方向排列的形態、向一方向排列的強化纖維束被進一步積層的形態、或織物的形態等而適當選擇,但為了獲得輕量且耐久性更高水準的纖維強化樹脂,強化纖維束向一方向排列的長纖維(纖維束)或織物等連續纖維之形態為較佳。於此情形,強化纖維束係可由相同形態的複數條纖維所構成,或者亦可由不同形態的複數條纖維所構成。構成一個強化纖維束的強化纖維數通常為300~60,000,但若考慮基材之製造,較佳為300~48,000,更佳為1,000~24,000。亦可為上述之上限之任一者與下限之任一者的組合所致之範圍。
構成要素[A]之強化纖維,依據JIS R7608(2007)之樹脂含浸股束試驗法所測定的股束拉伸強度為5.5GPa以上時,除了拉伸強度,因獲得具有優異接合強度的纖維強化樹脂而為較佳。該股束拉伸強度為5.8GPa以上時,為進一步較佳。此處所言的接合強度係指依據ISO4587:1995(JIS K6850(1994))而求得的拉伸剪切接合強度、及依據ASTM D7291-07而求得的面外拉伸接合強度。
作為構成要素[B]所使用的熱硬化性樹脂,例如,有不飽和聚酯樹脂、乙烯酯樹脂、環氧樹脂、酚樹脂、脲樹脂、三聚氰胺樹脂、聚醯亞胺樹脂、氰酸酯樹脂、雙馬來醯亞胺樹脂、苯并 樹脂、或此等之共聚物、改質體、及摻合此等至少2種的樹脂。其中,環氧樹脂係力學特性、耐熱性及與強化纖維的接著性優異而較佳。
於本發明之纖維強化樹脂,構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂係呈硬化物而存在。纖維強化樹脂於惰性氣體環境下,於示差掃描熱量分析之測定,若作為放熱反應而出現的波峰的面積(殘存放熱)為50J/g以下,則構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂可判定實質上為硬化物。
作為環氧樹脂之主劑,可列舉例如雙酚A型環氧樹脂、雙酚F型環氧樹脂、雙酚AD型環氧樹脂、雙酚S型環氧樹脂等之雙酚型環氧樹脂;四溴雙酚A二環氧丙基醚等之溴化環氧樹脂;具有聯苯骨架的環氧樹脂;具有萘骨架的環氧樹脂;具有二環戊二烯骨架的環氧樹脂;酚酚醛清漆型環氧樹脂、甲酚酚醛清漆型環氧樹脂等之酚醛清漆型環氧樹脂;N,N,O-三環氧丙基-m-胺基酚、N,N,O-三環氧丙基-p-胺基酚、N,N,O-三環氧丙基-4-胺基-3-甲基酚、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-4,4’-亞甲基二苯胺、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-2,2’-二乙基-4,4’-亞甲基二苯胺、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-m-苯二甲基二胺、N,N-二環氧丙基苯胺、N,N-二環氧丙基-o-甲苯胺等之環氧丙基胺型環氧樹脂;間苯二酚二環氧丙基醚、三環氧丙基三聚異氰酸酯等。
再者,藉由相對於環氧樹脂所含的全部環氧樹脂100質量份,含有40~100質量份之包含3個以上環氧丙基的環氧丙基胺型環氧樹脂,可獲得耐熱性高的硬化物。就包含3個以上環氧丙基的環氧丙基胺型環氧樹脂而言,可列舉N,N,O-三環氧丙基-m-胺基酚、N,N,O-三環氧丙基-p-胺基酚、N,N,O-三環氧丙基-4-胺基-3-甲基酚、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-4,4’-亞甲基二苯胺、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-2,2’-二乙基-4,4’-亞甲基二苯胺、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-m-苯二甲基二胺等。
又,藉由構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂為具有二苯基醚、二苯基甲烷或2,2-二苯基丙烷之任一者或其以上的結構的環氧樹脂,構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂與構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂的相溶性提升,混合層與熱硬化性樹脂層之界面之強度提升,作成一體成形品之際的接合強度優異因而較佳。
就具有上述結構的環氧樹脂而言,可列舉具有二苯基醚結構的二環氧丙基醚二苯基醚;具有二苯基甲烷結構的雙酚F型環氧樹脂、酚酚醛清漆型環氧樹脂、甲酚酚醛清漆型環氧樹脂、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-4,4’-亞甲基二苯胺、N,N,N’,N’-四環氧丙基-2,2’-二乙基-4,4’-亞甲基二苯胺;具有2,2-二苯基丙烷結構的雙酚A型環氧樹脂等。
就環氧樹脂之硬化劑而言,可列舉例如,二氰二胺、芳香族胺化合物、酚酚醛清漆樹脂、甲酚酚醛清漆樹脂、多酚化合物、咪唑衍生物、四甲基胍、硫脲加成胺、羧酸醯肼、羧酸醯胺、聚硫醇等。
其中,藉由使用芳香族胺硬化劑作為環氧樹脂之硬化劑,可得到耐熱性良好的環氧樹脂硬化物。就芳香族胺化合物而言,例如,有二胺基二苯基碸、二胺基苯甲醯胺苯、二胺基二苯基酮、二胺基二苯基甲烷等,可列舉彼等之異構物及、脂肪族烴、鹵素基之加成物。
作為構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂,未特別限制,例如,聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚對苯二甲酸丙二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、液晶聚酯等之聚酯系樹脂,或聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丁烯等之聚烯烴,或苯乙烯系樹脂、胺基甲酸酯樹脂之外,還可列舉聚甲醛、聚醯胺6、聚醯胺66等之聚醯胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯硫、聚伸苯基醚、改質聚伸苯基醚、聚醯亞胺、聚醯胺醯亞胺、聚醚醯亞胺、聚碸、改質聚碸、聚醚碸,或聚酮、聚醚酮、聚醚醚酮、聚醚酮酮等之聚芳醚酮、聚芳酯、聚醚腈、酚系樹脂、苯氧基樹脂等。又,此等熱塑性樹脂亦可為上述樹脂之共聚物或改質體、及摻合此等之中2種以上的樹脂。其中,聚醚醯亞胺、聚醚碸、聚碸,因與熱硬化性樹脂的相溶性高,混合層與熱塑性樹脂層之界面之強度提升,作成一體成形品之際的接合強度優異,因而較佳。
構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂之重量平均分子量係10,000g/mol以上40,000g/mol以下為較佳。重量平均分子量為10,000g/mol以上時,因作為熱塑性樹脂之耐熱性與力學特性優異,故於室溫及高溫環境下表現出優異的接合強度。重量平均分子量為40,000g/mol以下時,與熱硬化性樹脂的相溶性增加,混合層與熱塑性樹脂層之界面強度提升,因而表現出優異的接合強度。
於本發明之纖維強化樹脂,以熱塑性樹脂層存在於表面的方式,具有包含由[B]熱硬化性樹脂而成的「熱硬化性樹脂層」、由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的「熱塑性樹脂層」、及存在於前述熱塑性樹脂層與前述熱硬化性樹脂層之間的「前述熱塑性樹脂及前述熱硬化性樹脂混合而成的混合層」的積層結構,同時[A]強化纖維之至少一部分存在於前述混合層。
於本發明,混合層係指使硬化前之[B]熱硬化性樹脂與[C]熱塑性樹脂混合後,使硬化前之[B]熱硬化性樹脂硬化的狀態的層。此種混合層存在係可藉由以顯微紅外光譜分析(顯微IR)觀察纖維強化樹脂中之樹脂區域等而判定。例如,於藉由顯微IR所獲得的吸光光譜,判別源自構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂的波峰、與源自構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂的波峰,可將於兩構成要素之間各樹脂的波峰混合存在的區域定義為混合層。此外,源自各樹脂的波峰,選擇各樹脂之具有的特徵的波峰為較佳,避免兩樹脂共同具有的波峰為更佳。
因此,形成前述混合層的硬化前之熱硬化性樹脂與構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂具有相溶性為較佳,例如,關於漢森溶解度參數(Hansen Solubility Parameter),選自相對能量差數(Relative Energy Difference Number)為1.0以內的組合為更佳。作為具體例,於構成要素[B]之熱硬化性樹脂選擇環氧樹脂的情形,作為構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂,可例示聚碸、聚醚碸、聚醚醯亞胺。
混合層之厚度未特別限制,但較佳為10μm~500μm,由確保安定的混合層的觀點,20μm~200μm為較佳。
而且,於本發明,藉由[A]強化纖維之至少一部分存在於混合層,混合層藉由強化纖維而被強化,通過構成要素[C]而與其它構件熱熔接的情形,表現高接合強度。存在於混合層的[A]強化纖維之體積比例為10%以上80%以下時,表現更高的接合強度因而較佳。進一步較佳為30%以上70%以下。
此外,於本發明,強化纖維存在於混合層係意指於與纖維強化樹脂之強化纖維的纖維軸方向垂直的剖面,觀察到被包含於混合層的狀態之強化纖維。
<纖維強化樹脂之製造方法>
本發明之纖維強化樹脂,作為一例,可藉由下列纖維強化樹脂之製造方法而製造,該方法包含:
積層(1)包含未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂與[A]強化纖維的預浸漬物、
(2)包含[C]熱塑性樹脂與未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂的樹脂混合物及[A]強化纖維的預浸漬物、
(3)由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的薄膜,
以由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的薄膜存在於表面的方式配置,藉由加熱加壓而將前述未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂硬化,而作成[B]熱硬化性樹脂。
(1)包含未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂與[A]強化纖維的預浸漬物係可藉由周知之手法,對[A]強化纖維排列成一方向的強化纖維束、或對[A]強化纖維之織物,含浸未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂而製作。或,亦可使用市售作為此種預浸漬物者。
(2)包含[C]熱塑性樹脂與未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂的樹脂混合物及[A]強化纖維的預浸漬物係可藉由下列製作:將[C]熱塑性樹脂與未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂進行混練而獲得的樹脂混合物加工成薄膜狀後,對[A]強化纖維排列成一方向的強化纖維束、或對[A]強化纖維之織物,進行含浸。又,可對由與(1)同樣地獲得的熱硬化性樹脂而成的預浸漬物的單面,含浸樹脂混合物,亦可先將樹脂混合物含浸至強化纖維後,含浸未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂而作成預浸漬物。
(3)由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的薄膜係可藉由周知之手法,將[C]熱塑性樹脂成形為薄膜狀而製作,但亦可使用市售者。
<一體成形品>
本發明之纖維強化樹脂可藉由將另外的構件(黏附體)通過構成要素[C]之熱塑性樹脂層而進行熱熔接,而生產性良好地製作一體成形品。作為黏附體,只要為能與構成要素[C]熱熔接的構件即可,未特別限制,可列舉包含熱塑性樹脂的構件、熱塑性樹脂被配置於表面的金屬構件、施加表面有熱塑性樹脂嵌入的微細加工的構件等。又,黏附體亦可為本發明之纖維強化樹脂。即,亦可將本發明之纖維強化樹脂之熱塑性樹脂層彼此接合而作成一體成形品。將纖維強化樹脂與黏附體進行熱熔接的手段未特別限制,可列舉例如,振動熔接、超音波熔接、雷射熔接、電阻熔接、感應熔接、插入射出成形、外插射出成形(outsert injection molding)等。
一體成形體中的接合部的強度係可基於ISO4587:1995(JIS K6850(1994))及ASTM D7291-07進行評價。基於ISO4587:1995所測定的拉伸剪切接合強度,於試驗環境溫度為23℃時,若為20MPa以上則較佳,更佳為25MPa以上。於要求高溫環境下的力學特性的用途中,試驗環境溫度為80℃時,基於ISO4587:1995的評價,較佳顯示10MPa以上之接合強度,更佳為13MPa以上。拉伸剪切接合強度越高越佳,關於上限雖未特別限定,但於通常之纖維強化樹脂的一體成形品,於23℃或80℃之試驗環境溫度下的拉伸剪切接合強度,200MPa為上限。又,基於ASTM D7291-07所測定的面外拉伸接合強度,若為30MPa以上則較佳,更佳為35MPa以上。
[實施例]
以下,藉由實施例詳細地說明本發明。惟,本發明之範圍不受此等實施例所限定。此外,組成比之單位「份」只要沒有特別注釋,則意指質量份。又,各種特性之測定只要沒有特別注釋,則於溫度23℃、相對濕度50%之環境下進行。
<實施例及比較例所使用的材料>
[成為構成要素[A]的強化纖維]
T800:碳纖維(「Torayca(註冊商標)」T800S-24K、東麗(股)製,股束拉伸強度:5.9GPa)。
T700:碳纖維(「Torayca(註冊商標)」T700S-24K、東麗(股)製,股束拉伸強度:4.9GPa)。
[成為構成要素[B](熱硬化性樹脂)的環氧樹脂組成物]
於混練裝置中,投入50質量份之四環氧丙基二胺基二苯基甲烷(「Araldite」(註冊商標)MY721;Huntsman Advanced Materials公司製;環氧當量:113(g/eq.))與50質量份之雙酚A型環氧樹脂(「jER」(註冊商標)825,三菱化學(股)製;環氧當量:175(g/eq.))、作為硬化劑之45.1質量份的4,4’-二胺基二苯基碸(SEIKACURE S,和歌山精化工業(股)製),藉由於100℃以下之溫度進行加熱混練,獲得環氧樹脂組成物B-1。
於混練裝置中,投入100質量份之聯苯型環氧樹脂(「jER」(註冊商標)YX4000,三菱化學(股)製;環氧當量:186(g/eq.))、作為硬化劑之33.3質量份的4,4’-二胺基二苯基碸(SEIKACURE S,和歌山精化工業(股)製),藉由於100℃以下之溫度進行加熱混練,獲得環氧樹脂組成物B-2。
[熱塑性樹脂層]
將以下之成為構成要素[C]的熱塑性樹脂熔融製膜,加工成厚度50μm之薄膜。
・PEI:聚醚醯亞胺(「ULTEM」(註冊商標)1010 SABIC公司製,重量平均分子量47,000g/mol)
・PES1:聚醚碸(「SUMIKAEXCEL」(註冊商標)PES5003P,住友化學(股)製,重量平均分子量47,300g/mol)
・PES2:聚醚碸(Virantage10700RFP,Solvay公司製 重量平均分子量21,000g/mol)。
[成為混合層的硬化前之薄膜]
於混練裝置中,以表1記載之組合,各自投入50質量份之環氧樹脂組成物與50質量份之熱塑性樹脂,於80℃之溫度進行加熱混練而獲得樹脂混合物。之後,使用刀式塗布機而塗布於離型紙上,各自製作成為混合層的硬化前之薄膜。
[預浸漬物]
預浸漬物係利用以下之4種方法而製作。各例所使用的材料的構成係如表1之記載。
預浸漬物[I](熱硬化性樹脂層):將環氧樹脂組成物,使用刀式塗布機,以樹脂單位面積重量50g/m2
塗布於離型紙上,製作樹脂薄膜。將此樹脂薄膜,重合於向一方向並絲的[A]強化纖維(單位面積重量193g/m2
)的兩側,使用熱輥,一邊加熱加壓一邊使環氧樹脂組成物含浸,獲得預浸漬物[I]。
預浸漬物[II](混合層+熱硬化性樹脂層):由向一方向並絲的[A]強化纖維(單位面積重量193g/m2
)的單側,將成為混合層的硬化前之薄膜(單位面積重量50g/m2
)一邊加熱加壓一邊含浸,由其之相反側使由環氧樹脂組成物而成的樹脂薄膜(單位面積重量50g/m2
)含浸,而獲得預浸漬物[II]。
預浸漬物[III](混合層+熱硬化性樹脂層):由向一方向並絲的[A]強化纖維(單位面積重量100g/m2
)的單側,將成為混合層的硬化前之薄膜(單位面積重量100g/m2
)一邊加熱加壓一邊含浸,由其之相反側使由環氧樹脂組成物而成的樹脂薄膜(單位面積重量50g/m2
)含浸,而獲得預浸漬物[III]。
預浸漬物[IV](混合層+熱硬化性樹脂層):由向一方向並絲的[A]強化纖維(單位面積重量50g/m2
)的單側,將成為混合層的硬化前之薄膜(單位面積重量100g/m2
)一邊加熱加壓一邊含浸,由其之相反側使由環氧樹脂組成物而成的樹脂薄膜(單位面積重量50g/m2
)含浸,而獲得預浸漬物[IV]。
<纖維強化樹脂・一體成形品之特性評價>
(1)混合層之確認
如圖1所示,以使垂直於強化纖維2的纖維軸方向切斷的面成為觀察面的方式,將於各實施例・比較例所製作的纖維強化樹脂埋入包埋用樹脂,將觀察面進行鏡面研磨而製作剖面樣品。如圖1所示,於觀察對象物的剖面樣品(纖維強化樹脂1),獲得相當於構成要素[C]的部分(熱塑性樹脂層3)、相當於構成要素[B]的部分(熱硬化性樹脂層4)、及相當於混合層5的部分之顯微IR光譜。於獲得的吸光光譜,源自於實施例・比較例所使用的熱塑性樹脂之聚醚醯亞胺的醯亞胺基波峰於1705~1745cm-1
被觀察到,源自聚醚碸的磺醯基波峰於1280~1380cm-1
被觀察到。比較此等之波峰高度與於1460~1540cm-1
被觀察到的源自芳香環的波峰高度,於將源自芳香環的波峰高度設為1的情形,將源自熱塑性樹脂的基準波峰高度為0.1以上5.0以下的區域判定為混合層。
(2)拉伸剪切接合強度之測定方法
於各實施例・比較例所製作的一體成形品,依據ISO4587:1995(JIS K6850(1994))而接著標籤,以寬度25mm進行切割,獲得目的之試驗片。使獲得的試驗片,於真空烘箱中乾燥24小時,基於ISO4587:1995(JIS K6850(1994)),測定各自於環境溫度23℃及80℃的拉伸剪切接合強度,基於測定結果,如以下方式評價。
(a)於23℃之拉伸剪切接合強度
28MPa以上:A
25MPa以上且小於28MPa:B
20MPa以上且小於25MPa:C
小於20MPa:D(不合格)
(b)於80℃之拉伸剪切接合強度
16MPa以上:A
13MPa以上且小於16MPa:B
10MPa以上且小於13MPa:C
小於10MPa:D(不合格)。
(3)面外拉伸接合強度之測定方法
將各實施例・比較例所製作的一體成形品,研削加工成外徑25mm、內徑19mm、標距6.4mm之筒管形狀,獲得目的之試驗片。使獲得的試驗片,於真空烘箱中乾燥24小時,基於ASTM D7291-07,測定面外拉伸接合強度,基於測定結果,如以下方式評價。
40MPa以上:A
35MPa以上且小於40MPa:B
30MPa以上且小於35MPa:C
小於30MPa:D(不合格)
(4)混合層之厚度的測定方法
對於(1)判定的混合層區域,將圖1所示的區域3與5的邊界線、區域4與5的邊界線間之距離,每隔5μm測定100點,將其平均值作為混合層的厚度而算出。
(5)強化纖維之體積比率的測定方法
於(1)所製作的剖面樣品中的任意之100μm平方的觀察範圍,以(1)之方法特定混合層區域,藉由將強化纖維與混合層區域進行2值化,求得兩區域的面積,以下列之式算出強化纖維之體積比率。
強化纖維之體積比率=強化纖維之面積/(強化纖維之面積+混合層區域之面積)
<實施例・比較例>
[實施例1~5]
準備切成指定大小的預浸漬物[I]6片,切成相同形狀的預浸漬物[II]2片之合計8片。將強化纖維之軸方向定義為0°,將與軸正交方向定義為90°,以[0°/90°]2s
(記號s表示鏡面對稱)之構成,積層預浸漬物使最外層成為預浸漬物[II]。此處,積層預浸漬物[II]使成為混合層的樹脂組成物成為最外面。於此兩最外面積層熱塑性樹脂之薄膜。將此積層體設置於壓製成形模具,維持此形狀的同時,以加壓機施加0.6MPa的壓力,於180℃加熱120分鐘,獲得拉伸剪切接合強度評價用之纖維強化樹脂。構成要素[C]之存在位置為纖維強化樹脂之表面。
以強化纖維之軸方向(0°方向)為試驗片的長度方向,將製作的纖維強化樹脂切成寬度250mm、長度92.5mm之形狀2片,於真空烘箱中使乾燥24小時。之後,以0°方向為長度方向,將兩片板重疊使從兩板的末端到長度12.5mm的範圍成為接合面,並於290°C施加3MPa的壓力,保持1分鐘,將重疊的面熔接,獲得拉伸剪切接合強度評價用之一體成形品。
準備切成指定大小的預浸漬物[I]73片,切成相同形狀的預浸漬物[II]2片之合計75片。總共積層75片,使全部皆成為相同的強化纖維方向,並積層預浸漬物,使最外層成為預浸漬物[II]。此處,積層預浸漬物[II]使成為混合層的樹脂組成物成為最外面。於此兩最外面積層熱塑性樹脂之薄膜。將此積層的預浸漬物設置於壓製成形模具,維持此形狀的同時,以加壓機施加0.6MPa的壓力,於180℃加熱120分鐘,獲得面外拉伸接合強度評價用及混合層確認用之纖維強化樹脂。構成要素[C]之存在位置為纖維強化樹脂之表面。
以強化纖維之軸方向(0°方向)為試驗片的長度方向,將製作的纖維強化樹脂切成寬度250mm、長度125mm之長方形2片,於真空烘箱中使乾燥24小時。之後,將兩片板作成相同強化纖維軸方向而重疊,於290℃施加3MPa的壓力,保持1分鐘而將接合面熔接,獲得面外拉伸接合強度評價用之一體成形品。將纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品之物性等之評價結果示於表1。
[實施例6]
除了將預浸漬物[II]全部變更為預浸漬物[III]之外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作纖維強化樹脂及一體成形品。將纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品之物性等之評價結果示於表1。
[實施例7]
除了將預浸漬物[II]全部變更為預浸漬物[IV]之外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作纖維強化樹脂及一體成形品。將纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品之物性等之評價結果示於表1。
於實施例1~7,於獲得的纖維強化樹脂之表面強烈觀察到源自醯亞胺基的波峰或源自磺醯基的波峰,於有預浸漬物[I]積層的中央部未觀察到源自醯亞胺基的波峰或源自磺醯基的波峰。而且,於纖維束之位於最外層附近(相當於預浸漬物[II]之最外層側),雖觀察到源自醯亞胺基的波峰或源自磺醯基的波峰,但其高度幾乎與源自芳香環的波峰相等,比起表面的觀察結果,相對高度降低,因此確認有熱硬化性樹脂與熱塑性樹脂混合。
[比較例1]
除了於實施例1,將預浸漬物[II]全部變更為預浸漬物[I]之外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作纖維強化樹脂及一體成形品。將纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品之物性等之評價結果示於表1。
於獲得的纖維強化樹脂之纖維束之位於最外層附近,未觀察到源自醯亞胺基的波峰或源自磺醯基的波峰,無法確認包含強化纖維的混合層。獲得的纖維強化樹脂之拉伸剪切接合強度為4MPa,容易被分解而使熱塑性樹脂之薄膜剝離。
[比較例2]
於比較例1,於預浸漬物(全部為[I])之積層體的兩側,貼附成為混合層的硬化前之薄膜(單位面積重量50g/m2
),再於兩面積層熱塑性樹脂之薄膜。將此積層體與實施例1同樣地進行,製作纖維強化樹脂。將纖維強化樹脂、一體成形品之物性等之評價結果示於表1。
於獲得的纖維強化樹脂之纖維束之位於最外層附近,未觀察到源自醯亞胺基的波峰或源自磺醯基的波峰,無法確認包含強化纖維的混合層。獲得的纖維強化樹脂之拉伸剪切接合強度為12MPa,於混合層部分破壞,雖表現一般的接著劑程度的接合強度,但作為結構用接著則為不充分的強度。
[表1]
實施例1 | 實施例2 | 實施例3 | 實施例4 | 實施例5 | 實施例6 | 實施例7 | 比較例1 | 比較例2 | ||
熱硬化性 樹脂層 (硬化前) | 環氧樹脂組成物 | B-1 | B-2 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 |
混合層 (硬化前) | 環氧樹脂組成物 | B-1 | B-2 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | B-1 | - | B-1 |
熱塑性樹脂 | PEI | PEI | PES1 | PES2 | PEI | PEI | PEI | - | PEI | |
存在於纖維強化樹脂之表面之 熱塑性樹脂層 | PEI | PEI | PES1 | PES2 | PEI | PEI | PEI | PEI | PEI | |
強化纖維 | T800S | T700S | T800S | T800S | ||||||
纖維強化樹脂 | 混合層之存在 | 存在 | 無 | 存在 | ||||||
混合層中之強化纖維之存在 | 存在 | - | 無 | |||||||
強化纖維之體積比率(%) | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 18 | 32 | - | 0 | |
混合層之厚度(μm) | 178 | 186 | 183 | 189 | 181 | 145 | 163 | - | 5 | |
一體 成形品 | 於23℃之拉伸剪切接合強度 (MPa) | A | B | A | A | B | C | B | D | D |
29.2 | 27.5 | 28.2 | 29.3 | 27.2 | 22.3 | 25.2 | 4.3 | 12.1 | ||
於80℃之拉伸剪切接合強度(MPa) | A | B | A | A | B | C | B | D | D | |
18.2 | 15.1 | 17.1 | 18.5 | 14.8 | 12.2 | 14.8 | 2.2 | 6.3 | ||
面外拉伸接合強度(MPa) | A | B | A | A | B | C | B | D | D | |
42.4 | 37.8 | 40.3 | 42.7 | 36.8 | 33.4 | 36.2 | 8.4 | 19.8 |
由以上之結果,於實施例,藉由數分鐘的熱熔接接合,可獲得相當於結構用接著的高接合強度。此係根本地解決歷來於接著劑接合上為課題之包含接著劑的準備、接著劑的塗布作業的接著步驟及硬化步驟等製造步驟之長時間化。又,本發明之纖維強化樹脂使用熱硬化性樹脂及熱塑性樹脂,但兩樹脂之間形成混合層,可避免層分離的懸念。
1:纖維強化樹脂
2:強化纖維
3:熱塑性樹脂層
4:熱硬化性樹脂層
5:混合層
圖1為本發明之纖維強化樹脂之混合層附近的剖面示意圖。
1:纖維強化樹脂
2:強化纖維
3:熱塑性樹脂層
4:熱硬化性樹脂層
5:混合層
Claims (11)
- 一種纖維強化樹脂,其係包含構成要素[A]、[B]及[C]的纖維強化樹脂, 其以熱塑性樹脂層存在於表面的方式,具有包含由[B]熱硬化性樹脂而成的熱硬化性樹脂層、由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的熱塑性樹脂層、及存在於該熱塑性樹脂層與該熱硬化性樹脂層之間且該[C]熱塑性樹脂及該[B]熱硬化性樹脂混合而成的混合層的積層結構,同時[A]強化纖維之至少一部分存在於該混合層, [A]強化纖維 [B]熱硬化性樹脂 [C]熱塑性樹脂。
- 如請求項1之纖維強化樹脂,其中該[A]強化纖維存在的該混合層的厚度為20μm~200μm。
- 如請求項1或2之纖維強化樹脂,其中該[B]熱硬化性樹脂為環氧樹脂。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之纖維強化樹脂,其中該[C]熱塑性樹脂為選自包含聚碸、聚醚碸及聚醚醯亞胺的群組的樹脂。
- 如請求項3之纖維強化樹脂,其中該環氧樹脂包含具有二苯基醚、二苯基甲烷或2,2-二苯基丙烷之任一者或其以上的結構的環氧樹脂。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之纖維強化樹脂,其中該混合層中存在的[A]強化纖維之體積比率為10%以上80%以下。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之纖維強化樹脂,其中該[C]熱塑性樹脂之重量平均分子量為10,000g/mol以上40,000g/mol以下。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之纖維強化樹脂,其中該[A]強化纖維向一方向排列、或為織物。
- 如請求項1至8中任一項之纖維強化樹脂,其中該[A]強化纖維係股束拉伸強度5.5GPa以上。
- 一種一體成形品,其係如請求項1至9中任一項之纖維強化樹脂通過該熱塑性樹脂層與其它構件熔接而成。
- 一種纖維強化樹脂之製造方法,其包含: 積層(1)包含未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂與[A]強化纖維的預浸漬物、 (2)包含[C]熱塑性樹脂與未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂的樹脂混合物及[A]強化纖維的預浸漬物、及 (3)由熱塑性樹脂而成的薄膜, 以由[C]熱塑性樹脂而成的薄膜存在於表面的方式配置,藉由加熱加壓而將該未硬化之熱硬化性樹脂硬化,而作成[B]熱硬化性樹脂。
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