TW201943866A - 靶材及製造靶材之方法 - Google Patents

靶材及製造靶材之方法

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TW201943866A
TW201943866A TW108113201A TW108113201A TW201943866A TW 201943866 A TW201943866 A TW 201943866A TW 108113201 A TW108113201 A TW 108113201A TW 108113201 A TW108113201 A TW 108113201A TW 201943866 A TW201943866 A TW 201943866A
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diboride
tib
vanadium
mol
titanium
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彼得 波爾席克
薩比納 沃爾勒
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德商攀時組成物質有限公司
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Abstract

本發明係關於一種用於物理氣相沉積之靶材,其具有以下化學組成:
- 95 mol%至100 mol%之以下化合物中之至少二者之混合物:二硼化鈦(TiB2)及/或二硼化釩(VB2)及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2)及二硼化釩(VB2)之混合相((Ti,V)B2);
- 0.01 mol%至5 mol%之碳(C);
- 小於0.01 mol%之硼化物,其為除二硼化鈦(TiB2)及/或二硼化釩(VB2)及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2)及二硼化釩(VB2)之混合相((Ti,V)B2)以外之硼化物,
其中,就金屬純度而言,二硼化鈦(TiB2)及/或二硼化釩(VB2)及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2)及二硼化釩(VB2)之混合相((Ti,V)B2)之混合物以及碳(C)之量之總和為至少99.8 mol%,
並且其具有以下物理性質:
- 密度大於如上所定義之化學組成之理論密度之90%,較佳大於如上所定義之化學組成之理論密度之95%;
- 二硼化鈦(TiB2)及/或二硼化釩(VB2)及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2)及二硼化釩(VB2)之混合相((Ti,V)B2)之混合物之顆粒之平均顆粒尺寸為小於10微米,較佳小於3微米。

Description

靶材及製造靶材之方法
本發明係關於一種具有如請求項1前言所述之特徵之用於物理氣相沉積之靶材(塗層源)以及一種用於製造具有如請求項9所述之特徵之靶材之方法。
用於物理氣相沉積之方法廣泛地用於製造先前技術中之各式各樣之膜。由於該等膜之廣泛應用範圍,必須能夠沉積彼此非常不同的塗層材料。
物理氣相沉積利用各種技術,諸如例如蒸發、濺射沉積或陰極電弧沉積/電弧源蒸發。
靶材適用於PVD(physical vapour deposition;物理氣相沉積)方法,以將膜沉積至為其提供之基板材料上。在本發明之上下文中,術語「靶材」應理解為意指濺射靶材或電弧陰極。
取決於建構材料,靶材係由不同技術所製造。原則上可能區分成粉末冶金方法及熔融冶金方法。在粉末冶金技術中,有許多不同的選項必須根據靶材關於集成元件之性質之組成而選擇。實例包括壓製、燒結、熱等靜壓(hot isostatic pressing;HIP)、鍛造、輥壓、熱壓(hot pressing;HP)或火花電漿燒結(spark plasma sintering;SPS),其亦彼此組合。
所述類型之靶材及方法描述於WO 2008/96648 A1、JP05195199、JP55128560及WO 2011/137472 A1中。
尤其,JP55128560描述一種包含至少二種不同的二硼化物之燒結體之製造,其中必須使用呈硼化物形式之諸如鎳、鐵及鈷之金屬作為黏合劑及燒結助劑來補償在相對低的燒結溫度下製造之低孔隙率之缺點。該缺點為當使用燒結體作為靶材時,此等金屬會損害經沉積之膜之純度。
亦已知藉由共濺射由二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )製造膜,其中利用由實質上純的二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及實質上純的二硼化釩(VB2 )所製造之特殊靶材。工業塗佈方法之缺點在於,單獨的靶材與旋轉基板之空間分離不可避免地致使多層膜而不為化學上均質膜。
本發明所解決之問題為提供一種同源靶材及一種用於製造具有高密度之靶材之同源方法,此使得可能製造高純度,化學上均質膜,並且展現精細及各向同性之微觀結構。
該目的係藉由具有如請求項1所述之特徵之靶材以及具有如請求項9所述之特徵之方法來實現。本發明之有利的具體實例定義於附屬請求項中。亦尋求在物理氣相沉積(PVD)方法中使用根據本發明之靶材以將薄膜沉積至基板上之保護。
由於根據本發明之用於製造靶材之方法係在相對高的溫度下進行,因此本發明避免使用黏合劑或燒結助劑,諸如例如鎳、鈷或鐵作為粉狀添加物。然而,此會不可避免地致使在此等高溫下微觀結構之粗化,此反過來又會不利於用作靶材。本發明藉由利用由至少二種不同的相所構成之粉末,即二硼化鈦(TiB2 )、二硼化釩(VB2 ),及視情況選用之碳(較佳為石墨)(若碳不在二硼化鈦(TiB2 )或二硼化釩(VB2 )之一或二相中以呈雜質之形式存在)來避免此種粗化。此確保儘管具有相對高的壓實溫度,仍保留精細的微觀結構。
根據本發明,以下化合物中之至少二者之混合物:藉由燒結所形成之二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )以及碳(C)之量之總和為至少99.8 mol%。此為金屬純度,沒有考慮氧(O)、氮(N)或氫(H)等元素。
可用於根據本發明之方法之粉末批料由以下所組成:
- 95 mol%至100 mol%之二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合物;
- 及視情況選用之0.01 mol%至5 mol%之碳(C)。
由於二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )中之雜質,除二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )以外之硼化物可在根據本發明之靶材中被檢測到(小於0.01 mol%)。
本發明之一個具體實例提供碳(C)呈石墨形式。
對於下文討論之根據本發明之所有靶材之粉末批料之混合物,例如使用以下粉末:
- TiB2 ,其顆粒尺寸d50值為2.4 μm;
- VB2 ,其顆粒尺寸d50值為7.0 μm;
- 石墨粉末,其顆粒尺寸小於6 μm。
將粉末以TiB2 /VB2 /C之比例為74/24/2混合,並且在具有研磨球之研磨設備中將其研磨。藉由在30 MPa之壓力及2000℃之溫度下熱壓而將預先研磨之粉末混合物壓縮。
本發明之一個具體實例提供將二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )足夠均勻地分佈在靶材中,以確保在選擇尺寸為至少1 mm2 之至少五個不同的方形或圓形測量區域時,在各情況下,在特定測量區域之表面處所測定之平均化學組成與自所有選擇之測量區域所計算之平均化學組成相差不大於20%,較佳不大於10%。
根據本發明之用於不同的靶材之三個此系列測量結果顯示於下表中。
顯而易見地,在每個靶材之相應測量區域之表面處所測定之平均化學組成僅與自所有選擇之測量區域所計算之平均化學組成最小地不同。
本發明之一個具體實例提供靶材之X射線分析顯示各向同性結構而沒有偏好的結晶顆粒排列,其中二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之混合物之顆粒之縱橫比為小於1.5,較佳為小於1.2,尤其較佳基本上為1。
本發明之一個具體實例提供僅二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )係呈X射線可識別相之形式存在。
考量到該方法,本發明之一個具體實例提供熱壓或火花電漿燒結(SPS)係在至少20 MPa,較佳至少30 MPa之壓力下進行。
藉由熱壓製造之實例:
- 藉由在球磨機中研磨製造TiB2 /VB2 75/25 mol%粉末混合物,
- 以以下參數在尺寸為238 × 353 mm之模具中熱壓,得到尺寸為32 × 238 × 353 mm之片材:
○ 2000°C
○ 252噸之力,相當於29.5 MPa之壓力
○ 在燒結溫度下30分鐘之保持時間
所得之片材密度為4.54 g/cm3 ,因此為這個材料的理論密度4.64 g/cm3 之約97.8%,藉由混合規則對具有4.5 g/cm3 之理論密度之75 mol%之TiB2 及具有5.1 g/cm3 之理論密度之25 mol%之VB2 計算出該材料之理論密度為4.64 g/cm3
考量到該方法,本發明之一個具體實例提供熱壓或火花電漿燒結(SPS)係在真空中或在惰性保護性氣體氛圍中進行。
本揭示中所描述之由TiB2 /VB2 混合物所製造之靶材之微觀結構,不僅在顆粒尺寸、密度、摻雜劑、純度方面,而且亦在藉由熱壓或SPS之製造方法方面,皆可由本領域技術人員轉移至硼化物之其他組合,尤其硼化物TiB2 、VB2 、CrB2 、ZrB2 、NbB2 、MoB2 、MoB、HfB2 、TaB2 、WB2 、W2 B5 之組合。混合物為至少二種硼化物之系統,例如二種硼化物之二元系統或者在一種混合物中同時由三種,四種或更多種硼化物所構成之系統。
圖1及圖2顯示純TiB2 材料之微觀結構之實例,其在不同溫度下被壓縮以實現相應的高密度。為便於比較,兩個圖式中之放大倍數相同。若溫度太高,則會致使嚴重的顆粒粗化。
圖1顯示在1650℃下經熱壓之純TiB2 。微觀結構仍然係相對細粒的,估計之平均顆粒尺寸為2 μm。材料之密度為4.43 g/cm3 ,因此為TiB2 之理論密度4.52 g/cm3 之約98%。
圖2顯示在1700℃下經熱壓之純TiB2 。微觀結構之一部分已顯示出相對嚴重的粗化,其中單個顆粒大於10 μm。材料之密度為TiB2 之理論密度之約98.5%。
圖3至圖5顯示本發明之靶材之實例,其中二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之混合物中鈦(Ti)與釩(V)之分子比在1:99至99:1範圍內,較佳在10:90至90:10範圍內。圖3至圖5中之TiB2 /VB2 材料之微觀結構未顯示任何紋理,並且顯示具有實質上為1之顆粒之縱橫比之各向同性之微觀結構。
圖3a顯示由在1900℃下藉由SPS壓縮之TiB2 /VB2 75/25 mol%材料所製造之靶材之詳細視圖。該材料之密度為4.19 g/cm3 ,因此為這個材料的理論密度4.64 g/cm3 之約90%,藉由混合規則對具有4.5 g/cm3 之理論密度之75 mol%之TiB2 及具有5.1 g/cm3 之理論密度之25 mol%之VB2 計算出該材料之理論密度為4.64 g/cm3
圖3b顯示由在2000℃下藉由SPS壓縮之TiB2 /VB2 75/25 mol%材料所製造之靶材之詳細視圖。該材料之密度為4.49 g/cm3 ,因此為理論密度4.64 g/cm3 之約97%,藉由混合規則對具有4.5 g/cm3 之理論密度之75 mol%之TiB2 及具有5.1 g/cm3 之理論密度之25 mol%之VB2 計算出該材料之理論密度為4.64 g/cm3
圖4顯示由在2000℃下藉由SPS壓縮之TiB2 /VB2 87.5/12.5 mol%材料所製造之靶材之詳細視圖。該材料之密度為4.52 g/cm3 ,因此為這個材料的理論密度4.57 g/cm3 之約99%,藉由混合規則對具有4.5 g/cm3 之理論密度之87.5 mol%之TiB2 及具有5.1 g/cm3 之理論密度之12.5 mol%之VB2 計算出該材料之理論密度為4.57 g/cm3
圖5顯示在2000℃下藉由SPS壓縮之TiB2 /VB2 93.75/6.25 mol%材料。該材料之密度為4.46 g/cm3 ,因此為這個材料的理論密度4.53 g/cm3 之約98%,藉由混合規則對具有4.5 g/cm3 之理論密度之93.75 mol%之TiB2 及具有5.1 g/cm3 之理論密度之6.25 mol%之VB2 計算出該材料之理論密度為4.53 g/cm3
藉由SPS方法製備上述本發明之靶材,該方法在每種情況下係在真空中進行。
為了比較,圖6顯示一由於其在最低可接受之溫度下被壓縮而具有又更高的孔隙率之微觀結構,即在1750℃下藉由SPS壓縮之TiB2 /VB2 75/25 mol%材料。該材料之密度為4.01 g/cm3 ,因此為這個材料的理論密度4.64 g/cm3 之約86%,藉由混合規則對具有4.5 g/cm3 之理論密度之75 mol%之TiB2 及具有5.1 g/cm3 之理論密度之25 mol%之VB2 計算出該材料之理論密度為4.64 g/cm3
圖7a及圖7b顯示藉由X射線分析所測定之光譜,用於具有根據圖3b之組成之靶材之相分析。於此感興趣的為相TiB2 、(Ti,V)B2 及VB2 之反射特性。此三個相TiB2 、(Ti,V)B2 及VB2 主要歸因於透過本領域技術人員之該光譜。
圖8至圖10各自顯示TiB2 /VB2 混合靶材上所測量之例示性HV30硬度壓痕。於此,在每種情況下使用三個HV30硬度壓痕作為代表性硬度指標之依據。
圖8顯示由TiB2 /VB2 75/25 mol%所製造之靶材之三個HV30硬度壓痕中之一者。
圖9顯示由TiB2 /VB2 87.5/12.5 mol%所製造之靶材之三個HV30硬度壓痕中之一者。
圖10顯示由TiB2 /VB2 93.75/6.25 mol%所製造之靶材之三個HV30硬度壓痕中之一者。
測量結果總結在下表中:
參考圖式討論本發明之示例性具體實例。在圖中:
圖1顯示由純TiB2 所製造之非本發明之靶材之SEM(scanning electron microscope;掃描電子顯微鏡)顯微照片;
圖2顯示由純TiB2 所製造之另一個非本發明之靶材之SEM顯微照片;
圖3a、b顯示由TiB2 /VB2 所製造之二個本發明之靶材之SEM顯微照片;
圖4顯示由TiB2 /VB2 所製造之本發明之靶材之SEM顯微照片;
圖5顯示由TiB2 /VB2 所製造之本發明之靶材之SEM顯微照片;
圖6顯示由TiB2 /VB2 所製造之本發明之靶材之SEM顯微照片;
圖7a、b顯示根據圖3b之本發明之靶材之X射線繞射圖(x-ray diffractogram;XRD)及X射線繞射圖(XRD)之放大部分;
圖8顯示由TiB2 /VB2 75/25 mol%所製造之本發明之靶材之硬度試驗結果之照片;
圖9顯示根據圖4之靶材之硬度測試結果之照片;
圖10顯示根據圖5之靶材之硬度測試結果之照片。

Claims (12)

  1. 一種用於物理氣相沉積之靶材,其具有以下化學組成: 95 mol%至100 mol%之以下化合物中之至少二者之混合物:二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 ); 0.01 mol%至5 mol%之碳(C); 小於0.01 mol%之硼化物,其為除二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )以外之硼化物, 其中,就金屬純度而言,該二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之混合物以及該碳(C)之量之總和為至少99.8 mol%, 並且其具有以下物理性質: 密度大於如上所定義之化學組成之理論密度之90%,較佳大於如上所定義之化學組成之理論密度之95%; 該二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之混合物之顆粒之平均顆粒尺寸為小於10微米,較佳小於3微米。
  2. 如請求項1所述之靶材,其中該二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之混合物中鈦(Ti)與釩(V)之分子比在1:99至99:1範圍內,較佳在10:90至90:10範圍內。
  3. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材,其中該碳(C)呈石墨形式。
  4. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材,其中僅二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )係呈X射線可識別相之形式存在。
  5. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材,其中二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )係足夠均勻地分佈在靶材中,以確保在選擇尺寸為至少1 mm2 之至少五個不同的方形或圓形測量區域時,在各情況下,在特定測量區域之表面處所測定之平均化學組成與自所有選擇之測量區域所計算之平均化學組成相差不大於20%,較佳不大於10%。
  6. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材,其中該靶材之X射線分析顯示各向同性結構而沒有偏好的結晶顆粒排列,其中二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之顆粒之縱橫比為小於1.5,較佳為小於1.2,尤其較佳基本上為1。
  7. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材,其中除鈦(Ti)、釩(V)、硼(B)及碳(C)以外之任何存在的化學元素皆溶解於二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及/或二硼化釩(VB2 )及/或二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合相((Ti,V)B2 )之混合物之微觀結構中並且藉由X射線分析不能作為單獨相被檢測到。
  8. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材,其中該靶材之HV30維氏硬度係大於1500 HV30,較佳大於2000 HV30。
  9. 一種製造用於物理氣相沉積之靶材,尤其如前述請求項中至少一項所述之靶材之方法,其中將粉狀二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及粉狀二硼化釩(VB2 )及視情況選用之粉狀碳(若不作為雜質存在)混和並且視情況將其機械研磨,並且藉由熱壓或火花電漿燒結(spark plasma sintering;SPS)將由此製造之粉末批料在模具中壓縮,其特徵在於 該粉末批料係由以下所組成: 95 mol%至100 mol%之二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合物; 及視情況選用之0.01 mol%至5 mol%之碳(C), 其中,就金屬純度而言,該二硼化鈦(TiB2 )及二硼化釩(VB2 )之混合物以及該碳(C)之量之總和為至少99.8 mol%, 及其特徵在於該熱壓或火花電漿燒結(SPS)係在至少1750℃,較佳至少1850℃,尤其較佳至少1950℃之溫度下進行。
  10. 如前述請求項所述之方法,其中該熱壓或火花電漿燒結(SPS)係在至少20 MPa,較佳至少30 MPa之壓力下進行。
  11. 如前述請求項中至少一項所述之方法,其中該熱壓或火花電漿燒結(SPS)係在真空中或在惰性保護性氣體氛圍中進行。
  12. 一種如請求項1至8中至少一項所述之靶材之用途,其係用於物理氣相沉積方法(PVD)以將薄膜沉積至基板上。
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