TW201807795A - 多層電接點元件 - Google Patents
多層電接點元件 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201807795A TW201807795A TW106124962A TW106124962A TW201807795A TW 201807795 A TW201807795 A TW 201807795A TW 106124962 A TW106124962 A TW 106124962A TW 106124962 A TW106124962 A TW 106124962A TW 201807795 A TW201807795 A TW 201807795A
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- silver
- gold
- copper
- palladium
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 140
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 108
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 94
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 89
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 46
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- -1 palladium ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 40
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 27
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 27
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 228
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 118
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- MUJIDPITZJWBSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(2+) Chemical compound [Pd+2] MUJIDPITZJWBSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JAWMENYCRQKKJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-1-oxa-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-2-en-8-yl]-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]methanone Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)CC1=NOC2(C1)CCN(CC2)C(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F JAWMENYCRQKKJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AQBOUNVXZQRXNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L azane;dichloropalladium Chemical compound N.N.N.N.Cl[Pd]Cl AQBOUNVXZQRXNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- IZLAVFWQHMDDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(1+);cyanide Chemical compound [Au+].N#[C-] IZLAVFWQHMDDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- JAAIPIWKKXCNOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-tetrazol-1-ium-5-thiolate Chemical compound SC1=NN=NN1 JAAIPIWKKXCNOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKQCSJBQLWJEPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C(S(O)(=O)=O)=C1 IKQCSJBQLWJEPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MXHKJQTYOAFPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O MXHKJQTYOAFPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBECDWUDYQOTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylbut-3-enal Chemical compound CCC(C=C)C=O CBECDWUDYQOTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000952 Be alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZGBMYVUNHONGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(#N)OC#N.[K] Chemical compound C(#N)OC#N.[K] ZGBMYVUNHONGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FLZAGIFWNCXFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(#N)OC#N.[Na] Chemical compound C(#N)OC#N.[Na] FLZAGIFWNCXFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[1-oxo-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-2-yl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(C(C)NC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZNMRPQBBZBTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Au]=O Chemical compound [Au]=O KZNMRPQBBZBTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003934 aromatic aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSPHQZJZSJENIO-UHFFFAOYSA-L azane;palladium(2+);sulfate Chemical compound N.N.N.N.[Pd+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O WSPHQZJZSJENIO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GABPAXJCPQEORA-UHFFFAOYSA-K azanium;gold(3+);disulfite Chemical compound [NH4+].[Au+3].[O-]S([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])=O GABPAXJCPQEORA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical class C=CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC=C QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006217 cellulose acetate butyrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006218 cellulose propionate Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- IBAHLNWTOIHLKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyano cyanate Chemical compound N#COC#N IBAHLNWTOIHLKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- JARODAOQOSWMRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfanediol Chemical class OSSO JARODAOQOSWMRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001922 gold oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SRCZENKQCOSNAI-UHFFFAOYSA-H gold(3+);trisulfite Chemical compound [Au+3].[Au+3].[O-]S([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])=O SRCZENKQCOSNAI-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910021505 gold(III) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WDZVNNYQBQRJRX-UHFFFAOYSA-K gold(iii) hydroxide Chemical compound O[Au](O)O WDZVNNYQBQRJRX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
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- JTHNLKXLWOXOQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl vinyl ketone Natural products CCCC(=O)C=C JTHNLKXLWOXOQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KERTUBUCQCSNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);disulfamate Chemical compound [Ni+2].NS([O-])(=O)=O.NS([O-])(=O)=O KERTUBUCQCSNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBEQXAKJSGXAIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxopalladium Chemical compound [Pd]=O HBEQXAKJSGXAIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002941 palladium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZVSLRJWQDNRUDU-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(2+);propanoate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O ZVSLRJWQDNRUDU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- INIOZDBICVTGEO-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) bromide Chemical compound Br[Pd]Br INIOZDBICVTGEO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical compound O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XTFKWYDMKGAZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;gold(1+);dicyanide Chemical compound [K+].[Au+].N#[C-].N#[C-] XTFKWYDMKGAZKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RRDWZGMHSCBIGX-UHFFFAOYSA-J potassium;gold(3+);disulfite Chemical compound [K+].[Au+3].[O-]S([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])=O RRDWZGMHSCBIGX-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enenitrile;styrene Chemical compound C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940071575 silver citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver sulfate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000367 silver sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NEMJXQHXQWLYDM-JJKGCWMISA-M silver;(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ag+].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O NEMJXQHXQWLYDM-JJKGCWMISA-M 0.000 description 1
- LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC(O)C([O-])=O LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMDSWYDTKFSTQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;gold(1+);dicyanide Chemical compound [Na+].[Au+].N#[C-].N#[C-] VMDSWYDTKFSTQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZWZLRIBPAZENFK-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium;gold(3+);disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Au+3].[O-]S([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])=O ZWZLRIBPAZENFK-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000080 stannane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003878 thermal aging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001432 tin ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAKFSJNVVCGEEI-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(4+);disulfate Chemical class [Sn+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O FAKFSJNVVCGEEI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisilver;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QUTYHQJYVDNJJA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920006163 vinyl copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/06—Alloys based on silver
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/16—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for manufacturing contact members, e.g. by punching and by bending
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/48—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of gold
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/64—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of silver
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
- C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/627—Electroplating characterised by the visual appearance of the layers, e.g. colour, brightness or mat appearance
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- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
- H01B1/026—Alloys based on copper
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/48—Manufacture or treatment of parts, e.g. containers, prior to assembly of the devices, using processes not provided for in a single one of the subgroups H01L21/06 - H01L21/326
- H01L21/4814—Conductive parts
- H01L21/4821—Flat leads, e.g. lead frames with or without insulating supports
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- H01L23/495—Lead-frames or other flat leads
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- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/02—Contact members
- H01R13/03—Contact members characterised by the material, e.g. plating, or coating materials
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Abstract
多層電接點元件包含快閃鈀層及二元硬銀/錫合金之中間層,具有良好之耐腐蝕性,其中禁止金屬在相鄰層之間的相互擴散以在相鄰層之間提供不同界面。
Description
本發明係針對一種具有良好耐腐蝕性之多層電接點元件,其中禁止金屬在相鄰層之間的相互擴散以在相鄰層之間提供不同界面。更具體言之,本發明係針對一種具有良好耐腐蝕性之多層金屬電接點元件,其中禁止金屬在相鄰金屬層之間的相互擴散以在相鄰層之間提供不同界面,且其中多層金屬電接點元件包含含有鈀金屬之快閃層及硬二元銀/錫合金之中間層。
在諸多行業中防止金屬腐蝕為一具挑戰性之問題。在電子材料行業中金屬腐蝕已尤其成為問題,其中腐蝕可導致電子器件中之組件之間錯誤的電接觸。舉例而言,多年來金及金合金塗層已用於電子及其他應用中。在電子中其已用作接點及連接器之可焊接並耐腐蝕之表面。其亦用於積體電路(IC)製造用之引線保護層(lead finish)中。
具有IC單元、引線框架以及無源部件之IC器件,諸如電容器及電晶體,在包含消費電子產品、家用電器、電腦、汽車、電信、機器人以及軍用設備之產品中尋找廣泛之用途。IC單元涵蓋IC晶片及混合電路結節(hybrid circuit nodule),其在塑膠或陶瓷支撐基底上包含IC晶片及其他電子
組件中之一或多者。
引線框架或連接器為將IC單元電互連至外部電路之構件。引線框架由導電材料諸如銅或銅合金形成,或藉由將金屬坯料衝壓或蝕刻於複數個引線中來形成,所述複數個引線界定安放IC單元之中心區域。存在若干連接技術,藉由此等技術引線框架將IC單元連接在總成中。此等技術包含引線鍵合、焊接、晶粒連接以及封裝。通常焊接為將IC接合至總成之手段。在所有例子中,連接需要特定品質之引線框架表面。通常此意味著表面為未腐蝕的且準備好與其他組分(諸如金線或鋁線、銀填充之環氧物或焊料)相互作用。然而,金質面層(gold finish)可能不一直防止腐蝕。腐蝕為一種天然發生之過程,因為在熱力學上其有利的。當金沈積於基板上時,金之某些物理特性,諸如其相對孔隙度轉而成為問題。舉例而言,金之孔隙度會在鍍覆之表面上產生空隙。此等小間隔會造成腐蝕或實際上經由金層與下伏基底金屬層之電流耦合加快腐蝕。此認為係因基底金屬基板及任何隨附之下伏金屬層所導致,所述下伏金屬層可經由金外表面中之孔隙曝露於腐蝕性元件。
另外,許多應用包含熱曝露經過塗佈之引線框架。若下伏金屬擴散於貴金屬表面層中,諸如銀擴散於金中,則在熱老化條件下金屬在層之間的擴散可能引起表面品質之損失。
已經嘗試了至少三種不同之克服腐蝕問題之方法:1)降低塗層之孔隙度,2)抑制由不同金屬之電位差引起之電流效應,以及3)密封電鍍層中之孔隙。降低孔隙度已
經廣泛地研究。金之脈衝鍍覆及各種濕潤/晶粒細化劑在金鍍覆浴中之採用影響金結構且為兩個促進金孔隙度降低之因素。經常有規律之碳浴處理及對電鍍浴或槽系列與預防性保養計劃之組合之良好過濾實踐有助於維持金金屬沈積水準及相對應低之表面孔隙度水準。然而,某一程度之孔隙度持續保持。
已嘗試了孔隙閉合、密封以及其他腐蝕抑制方法,但成效有限。在此項技術中已知使用具有腐蝕抑制性效果之有機沈澱物之潛在機制。許多此等化合物通常可溶於有機溶劑中且認為不提供長期之腐蝕保護。孔隙密封或孔隙封閉之其他方法基於孔隙內部不溶化合物之形成。如對熟習此項技術者而言顯而易見,此類不溶錯合物及沈澱物亦為用於孔隙封閉之潛在候選物。
儘管存在試圖解決關於金屬沈積之腐蝕問題之方法,但仍需要改良之用於抑制腐蝕之方法。
本發明包含一種多層電接點元件,其包括:包括銅或銅合金層之基板;在銅或銅合金層上之二元銀/錫合金層,二元銀/錫合金層包括至少50重量%之銀;以及鄰近於二元銀/錫合金層之由鈀構成之快閃層。
本發明亦包含一種多層電接點元件,其包括:包括銅或銅合金層之基板;鄰近於銅或銅合金層之鎳層;鄰近於鎳層之二元銀/錫合金層,二元銀/錫合金層包括至
少50重量%之銀;以及鄰近於二元銀/錫合金層之由鈀構成之快閃層。
本發明包含一種形成多層電接點元件之方法,其包括:a)提供包括銅或銅合金層之基板;b)自銀/錫合金電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於基板之銅或銅合金層之二元銀/錫合金層,二元銀/錫合金包括至少50重量%之銀;以及c)自鈀電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於二元銀/錫合金之鈀快閃層。
本發明進一步包含一種形成多層電接點元件之方法,其包括:a)提供包括銅或銅合金層之基板;b)自鎳電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於基板之銅或銅合金層之鎳層;c)自銀/錫合金電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於鎳層之二元銀/錫合金層,二元銀/錫合金包括至少50重量%之銀;以及d)自鈀電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於二元銀/錫合金之鈀快閃層。
本發明亦包含鄰近於鈀層之視情況選用之金或金合金層。金或金合金層鄰近於鈀層電鍍。本發明之多層金屬電接點元件具有良好之耐腐蝕性。當金或金合金鄰近於鈀層包含在內時,金屬在金與銀/錫層之間的相互擴散因鈀快閃層而經禁止,以在相鄰層之間提供不同界面。多層接點使其裝飾性金質面層以及金質面層之電特性保持在低溫(諸如低於100℃)及高溫(諸如100℃及更高,通常自120℃至200℃)下。鈀層抑制鄰近二元銀/錫合金之腐蝕。針對多層接點元件,本發明之硬二元銀/錫合金亦提供良好之耐磨性。
圖1A說明本發明之電接點元件之一連串金屬層。
圖1B說明本發明之電接點元件之一連串金屬層,其中視情況選用之金層鄰近於鈀快閃層。
圖2A說明本發明之電接點元件之另一實施例的一連串金屬層,其中鎳層鄰近於銅或銅合金底部層。
圖2B說明本發明之電接點元件之另一實施例的一連串金屬層,其中鎳層鄰近於銅或銅合金底部層,且其中視情況選用之金層鄰近於鈀快閃層。
如貫穿此實施例所使用,除非上下文另外明確指示,否則以下縮寫具有以下含義:℃=攝氏度;g=公克;mg=毫克;L=公升;mL=毫升;mm=毫米;nm=奈米;nm=1×10-9公尺;μm=微米;μm=1×10-6公尺;dm=公寸;A=安培;ASD=安培/平方公寸;sec=秒;min=分鐘;wt%=重量百分比;DI=去離子;C=碳;N=氮;O=氧;Ag=銀;Sn=錫;Pd=鈀;Ni=鎳;Au=金;以及Cu=銅。
在整個本說明書中,術語「沈積」、「鍍覆」以及「電鍍」互換使用。術語「鄰近於」意指兩個表面之間直接進行實體接觸,使得其形成常見界面。除非另外規定,否則用於鍍覆浴之溶劑為水。所有數值範圍都包含端點在內且可按任何次序組合,但邏輯上此類數值範圍限於總計共100%。
本發明包含二元銀/錫合金在銅或銅合金層上之多層電接點元件。視情況,銅或銅合金層接合至介電基底基
板。所述層較佳為銅。當所述層為銅合金時,合金較佳為銅/錫合金、銅/鈹合金或銅/鎳合金。二元銀/錫合金包含至少50重量%之銀,其中錫構成合金之剩餘部分。較佳地,合金中銀之量為70重量%至95重量%且錫之量為5重量%至30重量%。更佳地,銀按80重量%至95重量%之量且錫按5重量%至20重量%之量包含於合金中。
二元銀/錫合金可藉由習知銀/錫合金電鍍浴電鍍在銅或銅合金層上,所述銀/錫合金電鍍浴提供所期望之合金之銀及錫含量。電鍍浴包含一或多種銀離子源。銀離子源可由銀鹽,諸如(但不限於)鹵化銀、葡糖酸銀、檸檬酸銀、乳酸銀、硝酸銀、硫酸銀、烷烴磺酸銀以及烷醇磺酸銀提供。銀鹽一般可商購或可藉由文獻中所描述之方法來製備。浴中所用之一或多種銀鹽之量視例如待沈積之所期望合金組成及操作條件而定。一般而言,浴中之銀鹽可在1g/L至100g/L範圍內。為獲得明亮之富銀合金,電鍍浴中之銀離子比錫離子之重量濃度可在1:1至12:1、較佳1:1至8:1、更佳1:1至4:1之範圍內。
錫離子源包含(但不限於)鹽,諸如錫鹵化物、錫硫酸鹽、錫烷烴磺酸鹽、錫烷醇磺酸鹽,及酸。錫化合物一般可商購或可藉由文獻中已知之方法製備。浴中所用之錫鹽之量視待沈積之合金的所期望組成及操作條件而定。一般而言,錫鹽可在0.1g/L至80g/L範圍內。
銀/錫合金電鍍浴亦可包含一或多種習知浴添加劑,其包含(但不限於)酸/電解質:烷磺酸、硫酸、胺基磺酸以及鹽酸;穩定劑:巰基四唑及二羥基雙硫化物化合物;
抑制劑:烷醇胺、聚乙烯亞胺以及烷氧基化芳族醇;還原劑:氫醌、氫醌磺酸、鉀鹽以及羥基化芳族化合物;界面活性劑或濕潤劑;增亮劑:芳族醛;緩衝劑以及晶粒細化劑。此類添加劑可按此項技術中熟知之習知量包含在內。
視情況,在將銀/錫合金鍍覆在銅或銅合金層上之前,可清洗銅或銅合金。可使用習知之金屬清洗方法。通常,銅或銅合金在清洗溶液中超音波清洗或藉由陰極脫脂清洗。此類清洗溶液可包含矽酸鹽化合物、鹼金屬碳酸鹽以及如下化合物:諸如鹼金屬氫氧化物、乙二醇醚以及一或多種螯合劑。可在30℃至80℃之溫度下進行清洗。
視情況,清洗步驟後,可用適合之酸諸如無機酸活化基板。使用稀濃度之無機酸。此類酸之一實例為硫酸。然而,可使用其他無機酸,諸如鹽酸及硝酸。所述酸以此項技術中熟知之習知濃度使用。通常在室溫至30℃之溫度下進行活化。
可在較佳0.05ASD或更大之電流密度下進行銀/錫合金電鍍。更佳地,電流密度在0.5ASD至10ASD範圍內。浴溫度係自室溫至55℃。浴之pH可在小於1至2範圍內。進行銀/錫電鍍直至獲得厚度較佳為0.1μm至7μm之二元銀/錫合金層,更佳地厚度為0.4μm至1.5μm。
視情況,將銀/錫合金鄰近於銅或銅合金之基板用DI水或自來水沖洗。
將鈀金屬進行電鍍以形成鄰近於二元銀/錫合金層之由鈀金屬構成之快閃層。快閃層之厚度可在較佳10nm至0.5μm厚、更佳15nm至0.1μm、甚至更佳30nm至0.1μm
之範圍內。
可使用習知鈀金屬電鍍浴鄰近於銀/錫層來電鍍鈀快閃層。此類鈀浴包含(但不限於)一或多種鈀離子源。鈀離子源包含:二氯二氨鈀(II)、二硝基二氨鈀(II)、氯化四氨鈀(II)、硫酸四氨鈀(II)、四氯鈀酸四氨鈀、碳酸四胺鈀、碳酸氫四胺鈀(tetramine palladium hydrogen carbonate)、二氯化鈀、二溴化鈀、硫酸鈀、硝酸鈀、一氧化鈀水合物、鈀乙酸鹽、鈀丙酸鹽、鈀乙二酸鹽以及鈀甲酸鹽。此類鈀化合物可按提供10g/L至50g/L之鈀離子濃度之量包含於浴中。
鈀電鍍浴亦可包含一或多種習知浴添加劑,諸如(但不限於)鹼金屬氫氧化物:氫氧化鈉及氫氧化鉀;銨化合物:氫氧化銨及銨鹵化物;有機酸及無機酸;穩定劑;緩衝劑;增亮劑;以及界面活性劑。此類添加劑可按習知量包含在內。
視電鍍浴中之金屬濃度而定,鈀快閃層以較佳0.5ASD至75ASD、更佳0.5ASD至10ASD之電流密度鄰近於二元銀/錫合金層電鍍。浴溫度在40至70℃範圍內。浴之pH可在6至10範圍內。
本發明之多層電接點元件依次由以下構成:具有銅或銅合金層之基板,視情況基板可為介電材料;二元銀/錫合金層,其銀金屬含量大於50%,鄰近於銅或銅合金層且接合至銅或銅合金層;以及鈀快閃層,其鄰近於銀/錫合金層且接合至銀/錫合金層。
視情況,金或金合金金屬快閃層可鄰近於鈀快閃層電鍍。較佳地,金合金為硬金/鈷或硬金/鎳合金。較佳地,
硬金/鈷合金由0.1wt%至0.4wt%之鈷與剩餘金構成,且硬金/鎳合金由0.1wt%至1wt%之鎳與剩餘金構成。金或金合金快閃層之厚度在10nm至2μm、較佳10nm至0.1μm範圍內。
金及金合金可使用習知之金及金合金電鍍浴沈積於鈀金屬層上。金離子源包含(但不限於)氰化鉀金、二氰基金酸鈉(I)(sodium dicyanoaurate(I))、二氰基金酸銨(I)以及其他二氰基金酸(I)鹽;四氰基金酸鉀(III)、四氰基金酸鈉(III)、四氰基金酸銨(III)以及其他四氰基金酸(III)鹽;氰化金(I)、氰化金(III);二氯金酸(I)鹽;四氯金酸(III)、四氯金酸鈉(III)以及其他四氯金酸(III)化合物;亞硫酸銨金、亞硫酸鉀金、亞硫酸鈉金以及其他亞硫酸金鹽;氧化金、氫氧化金以及其他其鹼金屬鹽;以及硝基亞硫醯金錯合物(nitrosulphito gold complex)。金源通常按諸如0.1gm/L至10g/L之習知量包含在內。
金及金合金電鍍浴亦包含習知添加劑,諸如(但不限於)界面活性劑、增亮劑、調平劑、錯合劑、螯合劑、緩衝劑、有機酸及無機酸以及殺生物劑。此類添加劑按習知量包含在內且為熟習此項技術者所熟知。
視方法及電流類型諸如DC或脈衝電流,金及金合金電鍍在較佳0.1ASD至70ASD、更佳5ASD至70ASD之電流密度及30℃至60℃之溫度下進行。金電鍍浴之pH在4至8範圍內。
本發明之多層電接點元件亦依次由以下構成:具有銅或銅合金層之基板,視情況基板可為介電材料;二元銀/錫合金層,其銀金屬含量大於50%,鄰近於銅或銅合金層且
接合至銅或銅合金層;鈀快閃層,其鄰近於銀/錫合金層且接合至銀/錫合金層;以及金快閃層,其鄰近於鈀金屬快閃層且接合至鈀金屬快閃層。
視情況,在將二元銀/錫合金電鍍至多層電接點元件之前,鎳金屬層可緊鄰於銅或銅合金層電鍍。鎳金屬層厚度範圍較佳為0.1μm至5μm,更佳0.5μm至2μm。
鎳層可自習知鍍鎳浴電鍍。鎳離子源包含(但不限於)鎳鹵化物,諸如氯化鎳;硫酸鎳以及胺基磺酸鎳。此類鎳離子源按5g/L至250g/L之量包含於鎳浴中。
鎳浴包含習知添加劑,諸如(但不限於)增亮劑、晶粒細化劑、調平劑、表面活性劑、針孔防止劑(anti-pitting agent)、螯合劑、緩衝劑、殺生物劑以及熟習此項技術者已知之其他添加劑。
鎳鍍覆在較佳1ASD至10ASD之電流密度下且在30℃至70℃之浴溫度下進行。鎳浴之pH可在2至8範圍內。
在將鎳電鍍在銅或銅合金上後,根據與上文所描述相同之厚度及相同之鍍覆參數將二元銀/錫合金電鍍在鎳層上,以鄰近於鎳金屬層沈積二元銀/錫合金。隨後鄰近於如上文所描述之銀/錫合金電鍍鈀快閃層。
本發明之多層電接點元件進一步依次由以下構成:銅或銅合金層,視情況銅或銅合金層可接合至介電基底;鎳層,其鄰近於銅或銅合金層且接合至銅或銅合金層;二元銀/錫合金層,其銀金屬含量大於50%,鄰近於鎳層且接合至鎳層;以及鈀快閃層,其鄰近於銀/錫合金層且接合至銀/錫合
金層。
圖1A-B說明具有以下層之本發明之多層電接點元件:銅或銅合金層(視情況選用之介電基底未圖示);接合至銅或銅合金層之銀/錫合金層,其中銀/錫合金之銀含量大於50重量%;以及接合至銀/錫層之鈀金屬快閃層。圖1B進一步說明本發明之多層電接點元件,其中視情況選用之金層鄰近於鈀金屬快閃層。
圖2A-B說明具有以下層之本發明之多層電接點元件:銅或銅合金層(視情況選用之介電基底未圖示);接合至銅或銅合金層之鎳層;接合至鎳層之銀/錫合金層,其中銀/錫合金之銀含量大於50重量%;以及接合至銀/錫層之鈀金屬快閃層。圖2B進一步說明本發明之多層電接點元件,其中視情況選用之金層鄰近於鈀金屬快閃層。
視情況選用之介電基底可由各種不導電及半導電材料製得。此類材料包含(但不限於)熱塑性樹脂及熱固性樹脂。
熱塑性樹脂包含(但不限於)縮醛樹脂、丙烯酸樹脂(諸如丙烯酸甲酯)、纖維素樹脂(諸如乙酸乙酯)、丙酸纖維素、乙酸丁酸纖維素以及硝酸纖維素、聚醚、耐倫、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯摻合物(諸如丙烯腈苯乙烯及共聚物以及丙烯腈-丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物)、聚碳酸酯、聚氯三氟乙烯以及乙烯基聚合物及共聚物,諸如乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯醇、乙烯基縮丁醛、氯乙烯、氯乙烯-乙酸酯共聚物、偏二氯乙烯以及乙烯基縮甲醛。
熱固性樹脂包含(但不限於)鄰苯二甲酸烯丙
酯、呋喃、三聚氰胺-甲醛、酚-醛以及酚-糠醛共聚物(單獨的或與丁二烯丙烯腈共聚物或丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物混配)、聚丙烯酸酯、聚矽氧、脲甲醛、環氧樹脂、烯丙基樹脂、鄰苯二甲酸甘油酯以及聚酯。
本發明之多層電接點元件可用於印刷線路板、連接器、晶片卡、引線框架以及各種電子器件中所包含之IC單元中。
包含以下實例以進一步說明本發明,但不意欲限制其範疇。
用二元銀/錫合金層電鍍面積為1.4dm2之複數個銅塗佈之樹脂基板,其中合金之銀含量為80wt%且錫含量為20wt%。進一步用鈀快閃層電鍍四個鍍覆有二元銀/錫層之基板(實例1-4),且進一步用金快閃層電鍍八個(比較實例1-8)基板。
根據以下程序進行鍍覆:
1-在RONACLEAN TM DLF清洗溶液中對銅基板進行陰極脫脂(5A,1min)。
2-水沖洗。
3-在RONASALTTM 369溶液中活化基板(20秒浸沒)。
4-水沖洗。
5-藉由使用下表1中所揭示之電解浴進行銀/錫鍍覆。
在50℃下使用2ASD之電流密度將銀/錫合金層鍍覆在樹脂基板之銅上。調節鍍覆時間以鍍覆所期望之厚度。時間針對0.5微米為30秒,針對0.75微米為45秒且針對一微米為1
分鐘。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
6-水沖洗。
7-鈀或金快閃層鍍覆:
對於鈀快閃層,使用具有表2中所揭示之組成之浴。在45℃下使用1ASD之電流密度將鈀快閃層電鍍在銀/錫合金上。調節沈積時間以獲得所期望之厚度。時間針對0.05微米之鈀為8秒且針對0.1微米之鈀為15秒。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
對於純金鍍覆,使用具有表3中之組成之浴。對於0.05微米之金層,在銀/錫合金上鍍覆金快閃層係在52℃下在0.5ASD之電流密度下進行8秒,或對於0.1微米之金層進行16秒。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
8-水沖洗。
9-空氣乾燥。
金屬層之厚度量測:
藉由使用型號XDV-SD之FISHERSCOPETM X射線螢光裝置來量測金屬層之厚度。
pH小於1。
pH為7.5。
pH為6.2。
在將金屬層電鍍在銅塗佈之樹脂基板之銅層上後,使用標準習知濕度及中性鹽霧測試(neutral salt-spray test,)來測試針對下伏銀/錫層之鈀及金快閃層之腐蝕抑制效能。
濕度測試:(HT)
藉由使用Vötsch Industrietechnik型號VCL 4003潮濕箱在85℃及85%相對濕度下進行500小時加速濕氣測試。
中性鹽霧測試(NSS):根據DIN 50 021標準(DIN指德國標準化研究所(German Institute of Norm)),藉由使用Weiss Umwelttechnik GmbH SC 450鹽霧設備來進行96小時中
性鹽霧測試。
腐蝕測試之結果揭示於下表4中。
所有樣品均通過中性鹽霧測試,顯示其經受氯化鈉腐蝕之能力。未指示任何腐蝕。相反,在銀/錫合金層上包含金快閃層之樣品未能通過HT測試。所有者均顯示一定之腐蝕。腐蝕藉由在金快閃層之表面上所觀測到之綠點指示。包含鈀快閃層之所有樣品均通過HT測試。無可觀測到之腐蝕。因此,與包含金快閃層之樣品相比,包含鈀快閃層之樣品顯示改良之腐蝕抑制效能。
用鎳層電鍍兩個0.05mm厚之銅箔,且隨後用二元銀/錫合金層電鍍鎳層,其中合金之銀含量為80wt%且錫含量為20wt%。隨後將鈀快閃層電鍍在兩個樣品之二元銀/錫合金層中之一者上。隨後將兩個箔片電鍍有金快閃層作為頂層。
根據以下程序進行鍍覆:
1-在RONACLEAN TM DLF清洗溶液中對銅基板進行陰極脫脂(5A,1min)。
2-水沖洗。
3-在RONASALTTM 369溶液中活化基板(20秒浸沒)。
4-水沖洗。
5-藉由使用下表5中所揭示之電解浴來進行鎳鍍覆。在55℃及4ASD之電流密度下鍍覆鎳2分鐘,以沈積1.5μm厚之鎳層。陽極為可溶鎳電極。
6-水沖洗。
7-藉由使用上文在實例1-8中之表1中所揭示之電解浴來進行銀/錫鍍覆。在50℃下使用2ASD之電流密度將銀/錫合金層鍍覆在鎳層上。進行銀/錫合金鍍覆直至4μm厚之銀/錫層沈積於鎳上。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
8-水沖洗。
9-鈀或金快閃層鍍覆:
對於鈀快閃層,使用具有上文在實例1-8中之表2中所揭示之組成的浴。在45℃下使用1ASD之電流密度將鈀快閃層電鍍在銀/錫合金上。進行鈀鍍覆直至0.1微米之層沈積於銀/錫合金上。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
對於純金鍍覆,使用具有上表3中之組成之浴。在52℃下在0.5ASD之電流密度下將金快閃層鍍覆在銀/錫合金上,直至沈積0.1微米之金層。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
10-水沖洗。
11-空氣乾燥。
1可購自BASF
鎳浴之pH為4.2。
將兩個樣品放入125℃下之習知對流烘箱中且退火800小時。完成退火後,自烘箱中移出樣品,使其冷卻至室溫且隨後分析其表面外觀。包含鈀快閃層之樣品在表面上保持金色外觀。此指示鈀層禁止金擴散於銀/錫合金層中。相反,具有金快閃層而非鈀快閃層之樣品呈現銀。此指示顯著量之金不當地擴散於銀/錫層中。
用鎳層電鍍兩個0.05mm厚之銅箔,且隨後用二元銀/錫合金層電鍍鎳層,其中合金之銀含量為80wt%且錫含量為20wt%。隨後將鈀快閃層電鍍在兩個樣品之二元銀/錫合金層中之一者上。隨後用金快閃層電鍍兩個箔片。另外,用頂部鎳層鍍覆兩個樣品。將頂部鎳層鍍覆在金上以保護金層在樣品剖切期間免遭損害。
根據以下程序進行鍍覆:
1-在RONACLEAN TM DLF清洗溶液中對銅基板進行陰極脫脂(5A,1min)。
2-水沖洗。
3-在RONASALTTM 369溶液中活化基板(20秒浸沒)。
4-水沖洗。
5-使用上文在實例9中之表5中所揭示之電解浴來進行鎳鍍覆。在55℃及4ASD之電流密度下鍍覆鎳2分鐘。陽極為可溶鎳電極。
6-水沖洗。
7-藉由使用上文在實例1-8中之表1中所揭示之電解浴來進行銀/錫鍍覆。在50℃下使用2ASD之電流密度將銀/錫合金層鍍覆在鎳層上。進行銀/錫合金鍍覆直至4μm厚之銀/錫層沈積於鎳上。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
8-水沖洗。
9-鈀或金快閃層鍍覆:
對於鈀快閃層,使用具有上文在實例1-8中之表2中所揭示之組成的浴。在45℃下使用1ASD之電流密度將鈀快閃層電鍍在銀/錫合金上。進行鈀鍍覆直至0.05微米之層沈積於銀/錫合金上。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。
對於純金鍍覆,使用具有上表3中之組成之浴。在52℃下在0.5ASD之電流密度下將金快閃層鍍覆在銀/錫合金上,直至沈積1.5微米之金層。陽極為鍍鉑鈦電極。將更厚之金層沈積於此等樣品上以製備在橫切用於下文所描述之分析的樣品時更可見之金層。
10-使用上文在實例9中之表5中所揭示之電解浴來進行鎳鍍覆。在55℃及4ASD之電流密度下鍍覆鎳2分鐘,以將鎳頂層沈積在各樣品之金層上,針對表6中之資料為0.6μm且針對表7中之資料為0.2μm。陽極為可溶鎳電極。
11-水沖洗。
12-空氣乾燥。
隨後根據上文實例9中所描述之方法使兩個樣品退火。退火後使樣品冷卻至室溫。將兩個樣品橫切且使用配備有EDX偵測器之ZEISSTM SmartSEM V 05.04掃描電子顯微鏡分析金屬層之元素含量。不具有鈀快閃層及具有鄰近於二元銀/錫層之鈀快閃層的樣品的不同金屬層之元素分析結果分別在表6及表7中。
自頂部鎳層之頂部量測各點(p)或深度。量測六個點以測定不包括鈀快閃層之樣品之元素含量(表6),且量測七個點以測定具有快閃鈀層之樣品之元素含量(表7)。
在銀/錫層與金層之間的界面處觀測到銀及錫之混合晶體,且銀及錫亦存在於不包括鈀快閃層之樣品之金層中。在銀/錫層中偵測到金。
如表6中所示,分別在金層中之p1及p2處量測元素金,其量為75.8wt%及70.1wt%。亦分別在銀/錫合金層內之p3及p4處量測金,其量為58.6wt%及15.3wt%,指示金不合需要地顯著地相互擴散於此合金層中。如p5處所示,金亦按5.2wt%之量向下穿透至銀/錫層及鄰近於銅之鎳層之界面。另外,分別在金層中之p1及p2處偵測到量為8.7%及
5.8%之銀。此指示銀不合需要地擴散於金層中。
包含鈀快閃層(在退火後僅5nm厚)之樣品之橫截面在金層與銀/錫合金層之間具有銳利的界面。在銀/錫層與金層之間的界面處無可觀測到之銀及錫之混合晶體,銀及錫亦不在不包括鈀快閃層之樣品之金層中。如表7中所示,在銀/錫層中分別量測p2、p3以及p4處之金,其量為3.2wt%、4wt%以及3.7wt%。與在不包括鈀層之樣品之銀/錫層中所量測的金量相比,可忽略此類量(幾乎在EDX之偵測極限點處)。如P1及p7處所示,實質上所有的金保留在金層中。鈀快閃層顯著禁止金擴散於銀/錫層中。
Claims (13)
- 一種多層電接點元件,其包括:包括銅或銅合金層之基板;在所述銅或銅合金層上之二元銀/錫合金層,所述二元銀/錫合金層包括至少50重量%之銀;以及鄰近於所述二元銀/錫合金層之由鈀構成之快閃層。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述多層電接點元件進一步包括在所述銅或銅合金層與所述二元銀/錫合金層之間的鎳層。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述鎳層為0.1μm至5μm厚。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述多層電接點元件進一步包括鄰近於所述鈀層之金或金合金層。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述金或金合金層為10nm至2μm厚。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述二元銀/錫合金層為0.1μm至7μm厚。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述鈀層為10nm至0.5μm厚。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述二元銀/錫合金由80重量%之銀及20重量%之錫構成。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的多層電接點元件,其中所述二元銀/錫合金由70重量%至95重量%之銀及5重量%至30重量%之錫構成。
- 一種形成多層電接點元件之方法,其包括:a)提供包括銅或銅合金層之基板;b)自銀/錫合金電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述基板之所述銅或銅合金層之二元銀/錫合金層,所述二元銀/錫合金包括至少50重量%之銀;以及c)自包括鈀離子之電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述二元銀/錫合金之鈀快閃層。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項所述的形成多層電接點元件之方法,其進一步包括用金電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述鈀快閃層之金層。
- 一種形成多層電接點元件之方法,其包括:a)提供包括銅或銅合金層之基板;b)自鎳電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述基板之所述銅或銅合金層之鎳層;c)自銀/錫合金電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述鎳層之二元銀/錫合金層,所述二元銀/錫合金包括至少50重量%之銀;以及d)自鈀電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述二元銀/錫合金之鈀快閃層。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項所述的形成多層電接點元件之方法,其進一步包括用金電鍍浴電鍍鄰近於所述鈀快閃層之金層。
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JP2020056057A (ja) * | 2018-09-28 | 2020-04-09 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | コネクタ用端子材、コネクタ用端子及びコネクタ用端子材の製造方法 |
KR102143753B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-18 | 2020-08-12 | 전영화전(주) | 전해부식에 대한 내식성이 우수한 은 도금층 함유 커넥터용 금속단자 |
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US4942454A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1990-07-17 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Resin sealed semiconductor device |
JP2543619B2 (ja) * | 1990-09-05 | 1996-10-16 | 新光電気工業株式会社 | 半導体装置用リ―ドフレ―ム |
DE4243570C1 (de) * | 1992-12-22 | 1994-01-27 | Heraeus Gmbh W C | Elektrischer Kontaktkörper |
US5728285A (en) * | 1993-12-27 | 1998-03-17 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Protective coating combination for lead frames |
KR0183645B1 (ko) * | 1996-03-26 | 1999-03-20 | 이대원 | 다층 구조의 도금층을 구비한 반도체 리드 프레임 |
JPH09275182A (ja) * | 1996-04-02 | 1997-10-21 | Seiichi Serizawa | 半導体装置用リ−ドフレ−ム |
US6361823B1 (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2002-03-26 | Atotech Deutschland Gmbh | Process for whisker-free aqueous electroless tin plating |
JP2005019922A (ja) * | 2003-06-30 | 2005-01-20 | Shinko Electric Ind Co Ltd | 半導体パッケージ用リードフレーム |
DE102006023998B4 (de) * | 2006-05-22 | 2009-02-19 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Elektronische Schaltungsanordnung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen |
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US8900436B2 (en) * | 2008-05-07 | 2014-12-02 | Umicore Galvanotechnik Gmbh | Pd and Pd-Ni electrolyte baths |
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US9512529B2 (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2016-12-06 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc | Electroplating baths of silver and tin alloys |
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