TW201718396A - 用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物、其製法及其用途 - Google Patents
用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物、其製法及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201718396A TW201718396A TW104139376A TW104139376A TW201718396A TW 201718396 A TW201718396 A TW 201718396A TW 104139376 A TW104139376 A TW 104139376A TW 104139376 A TW104139376 A TW 104139376A TW 201718396 A TW201718396 A TW 201718396A
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- catalyst composition
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 19
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 91
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical group [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical group [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 34
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 21
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 27
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011858 nanopowder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 3
- PXRKCOCTEMYUEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-aminoisoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound NC1=CC=C2C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1 PXRKCOCTEMYUEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001237 Raman spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001960 metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GEIAQOFPUVMAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO Inorganic materials [Zr]=O GEIAQOFPUVMAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ce](Cl)Cl VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013028 medium composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CSJDCSCTVDEHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular oxygen Chemical compound C.O=O CSJDCSCTVDEHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/323—Catalytic reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds other than hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/326—Catalytic reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds other than hydrocarbons with gasifying agents characterised by the catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of rare earths
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0203—Impregnation the impregnation liquid containing organic compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
- B01J37/036—Precipitation; Co-precipitation to form a gel or a cogel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/04—Mixing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
- C01B2203/1058—Nickel catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1064—Platinum group metal catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1082—Composition of support materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
一種用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物及其製法,該組成物包括催化活性成分及承載該催化活性成分之具有燒綠石結構之載體。將本發明所製備之觸媒組成物用於乙醇氧化重組時,能明顯改善觸媒組成物之碳沉積,並在長時間使用下仍維持在高的乙醇轉換率及氣體選擇率。
Description
本發明係有關於一種用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,更詳而言,係關於一種用於乙醇氧化蒸氣重組製備氫氣之觸媒組成物及其製法。
日常生活中不可或缺的能源,大約有百分之八十仰賴化石燃料的燃燒,該能源並非取之不盡,且在能源生產所產生的二氧化碳及溫室氣體造成全球氣候的暖化危機。因此,為解決環境汙染的問題,急需尋找一種可再生、潔淨且永續的能源來取代化石燃料。
氫氣為一種優異的能源,具有高電能轉換效率的替代能源,每一千克的氫氣燃燒後的熱量約為汽油的3倍,焦碳的4.5倍,且與氧氣反應後的產物形成水的形式,對環境汙染率甚低。然而,氫氣的體積能量密度小,若能使用生質能源生產氫氣,可增加單位體積的能量密度。再者,氫氣運費仍相當的昂貴,致使各國科學家開始選擇適當的氫氣源來當作新能源的燃料,目前所使用的主要有甲醇、
乙醇、天然氣、輕油等碳氫化合物做為替代性的氫氣來源,其中,又以乙醇的燃料品質較高、價格便宜、取得方便、儲存容易、運輸方便、以及更高的能量密度,且在低的反應溫度即可反應生成氫氣。與傳統的汽油燃料做比較,所生成的二氧化碳大約減少了50%,且不會有氮氧化物、硫氧化物、碳氫化合物等空氣污染源產生。
目前經由乙醇轉化成氫的技術包含了乙醇蒸氣重組(steam reforming of ethanol,SRE)、乙醇部分氧化(partial oxidation of ethanol,POE)、乙醇氧化蒸氣重組(oxidative steam reforming of ethanol,OSRE)等途徑。過去十年中,科學家主要集中在研究可於較低溫度操作的乙醇蒸氣重組反應,其化學反應方程式如下:C2H5OH+3H2O→2CO2+6H2 ΔH0 298=+347.4kJ/mol
該乙醇蒸氣重組係氫氣產率最高的反應,但其為吸熱反應,使得操作溫度仍然偏高。反觀,乙醇氧化蒸氣重組則為放熱反應,可於相對低的溫度下進行反應,因而逐漸成為產業界的研究重點,其化學反應方程式如下:C2H5OH+½O2+2 H2O→2CO2+5H2 ΔHR=-68kJ/mol
另一方面,於先前技術中,氫氣催化反應之催化活性成分多係使用具有高活性的貴重金屬元素,如銠(Rh)、釕(Ru)、鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)、銥(Ir)等,該等貴重金屬相對提高工業成本;使用鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)等金屬元素作為催化活性成分可降底使用上的成本,然而,此類催化活性成分吸附在一般載體如γ-Al2O3、SiO2、ZrO2、MgO、
TiO2上,觸媒組成物轉換的溫度大多係高溫以致碳與碳鍵斷裂而產生副產物碳沉積,使觸媒組成物失去活性、減短其使用壽命,導致無法有效降低成本。
因此,如何減少觸媒組成物之碳沉積、增加壽命,更進一步,達到高能源轉換率係目前亟欲解決的課題。
本發明提供一種用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,係包括載體及催化活性成分,其中,該載體係如式(I)所示之結構,A2B2O7 式(I)
其中,A係選自鹼土金屬及IIIB族過渡金屬所組成群組之元素,及B係IVB族的元素。
本發明復提供一種用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,係包括:在溶劑的存在下,使具有如式(I)所示結構之載體混合催化活性成分或具有催化活性之金屬元素的金屬前驅物;以及移除該溶劑。
於一具體實施例中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(II)所示結構之金屬固溶體,M2-xM’x(Cey N2-y)O7-δ 式(II)
其中,M係選自IIIB族金屬之元素;M’係選自鹼金屬、鹼土金屬及IIIB族金屬所組成群組之元素,且M與M’不同;N係過渡金屬元素,且N不為IIIB族金屬及鑭系元素;x為0.1至1.0;y為1.8至1.9;以及
δ為大於0至0.5。
於一具體實施例中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(III)所示結構之金屬固溶體,P2(Q2-zRuz)O7 式(III)
其中:P係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素;Q係選自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)所組成群組之元素;以及z之數值範圍為0≦z≦0.4。
於一具體實施例中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(IV)所示結構之金屬固溶體,La2(C2-μDμ)O7-15μ 式(IV)
C係選自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)所組成群組之元素;D係選自鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)及銅(Cu)所組成群組之元素;以及μ之數值範圍為0≦μ≦0.9。
此外,本發明復提供一種該觸媒組成物的用途,係用於乙醇氧化蒸氣重組製備氫氣。
本發明之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物藉由具有燒綠石結構之載體承載其他催化活性成分,藉此達到減少碳沉積之目的,使得該觸媒組成物具有長時間使用的穩定性,能使乙醇氧化重組保持在高的乙醇轉換率及氫氣選擇率。
第1圖係顯示La2Zr2O7載體在高溫下亦具有良好穩定
性;第2圖係顯示5重量% Ni/CeO2/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物使用於乙醇重組器碳氧比為3:5之長時間穩定性的產物分析曲線圖;第3圖係顯示5重量% Ni/ZrO2觸媒組成物使用於乙醇重組器碳氧比為3:5之長時間穩定性的產物分析曲線圖;第4圖係顯示5重量% Ni/La2Zr2O7觸媒組成物使用於乙醇重組器碳氧比為3:5之長時間穩定性的產物分析曲線圖;第5圖係顯示La1.4Li0.64Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物使用於乙醇重組器碳氧比為3:5之長時間穩定性的產物分析曲線圖;第6圖係顯示La1.4Li0 . 6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物之拉曼光譜圖;第7圖係顯示La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/La2Zr2O觸媒組成物使用於乙醇重組器碳氧比為3:5之長時間穩定性的產物分析曲線圖;以及第8圖係顯示La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/La2Zr2O觸媒組成物之拉曼光譜圖。
以下藉由特定的具體實施例說明本發明之實施方式,熟悉此技藝之人士可由本說明書所揭示之內容輕易地瞭解本發明之其他優點及功效。
本發明係以開發具有燒綠石(pyrochlore)結構,例如
A2B2O7之載體,藉以承載催化活性成分而得觸媒組成物,該觸媒組成物應用於乙醇氧化蒸氣重組製備氫氣,經長時間的反應,亦能維持乙醇之高轉換率及氫氣的高選擇率,符合產業的需求。
依據本發明之方法所製備之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,係包括催化活性成分及載體,該載體材料如以下式(I)所示:A2B2O7 式(I)
其中,A係選自鹼土金屬及IIIB族過渡金屬所組成群組之元素,及B係IVB族的元素。
於一具體實施例中,A係選自鈣(Ca)、鍶(Sr)、鋇(Ba)、鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)、鑭(La)、鈰(Ce)、釹(Nd)、釤(Sm)、釓(Gd)及鏑(Dy)所組成群組之元素;B係鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鉿(Hf)所組成群組之元素。
本發明之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物之載體係可根據Pechini溶膠凝膠法製備之。具體而言,該製備方法包括先將第一金屬前驅物及第二金屬前驅物溶於去離子水中,依特定莫耳比例加入有機酸及有機溶劑,並攪拌以形成膠體混合物,該第一金屬前驅物及第二金屬前驅物係可為金屬鹽類、金屬水合物或金屬氯化物,其中,該第一金屬前驅物之金屬係選自鹼土金屬及IIIB族過渡金屬所組成群組之元素,該第二金屬源係IVB族的元素。
於上述製法中,該有機酸之實例包括,但不限於選自酒石酸、葡萄糖酸或檸檬酸。
於上述製法中,該有機溶劑之實例包括,但不限於醇類溶劑,例如,可選自由甲醇、乙醇、丁醇、乙二醇及異丙醇所組成群組之其中一者。
接著,於350℃下將膠體混合物中之有機溶劑移除,再經煅燒以得到該燒綠石結構之奈米粉體,其中,煅燒的時間約1至7小時、較佳為5小時,該煅燒之溫度為600至900℃。
隨後,將孔洞生成劑與該奈米粉體均勻混和,並施加壓力下壓製成錠狀塊材,隨後進行鍛燒,煅燒時間為1至5小時,較佳為1小時,最後利用敲擊與過篩得到載體。其中,該次煅燒溫度為1200至1600℃,較佳地,係為1600℃。
根據上述製法,該孔洞生成劑可為聚乙烯醇(PVA)或聚乙烯醇縮丁醛(PVB)之其中一者,且其含量係5至10重量%,亦即100克奈米粉體中可添加5至10克孔洞生成劑。
另外,於一具體實施例中,A係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素,B係選自由鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鉿(Hf)所組成群組之元素。
於一具體實施例中,A係鑭(La),B係鋯(Zr)。
依據本發明之方法所製備之用於製備氫氣之催化活性成分係具有如式(II)所示結構之金屬固溶體,M2-xM’x(CeyN2-y)O7-δ 式(II)
其中,M係選自IIIB族金屬之元素;M’係選自鹼金屬、鹼土金屬及IIIB族金屬所組成群組
之元素,且M與M’不同;N係過渡金屬元素,且N不為IIIB族金屬及鑭系元素;x為0.1至1.0;y為1.8至1.9;以及δ為大於0至0.5。
於一具體實施例中,M係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素,M’係選自鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素。
於一具體實施例中,N係選自由釕(Ru)、鋨(Os)、銠(Rh)、銥(Ir)及錸(Re)所組成群組之元素。
於另一具體實施例中,M係鑭(La),M’係鋰(Li),N係釕(Ru)。
於又一具體實施例中,M係鑭(La),M’係鎂(Mg)或鈣(Ca),N係釕(Ru)。
於另一具體實施例中,M係釔(Y),M’係鈧(Sc),N係釕(Ru)。
本發明之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物之催化活性成分(II)的製法,亦可根據溶膠凝膠法來製備金屬固溶體,首先,於包含界面活性劑之有機溶劑中加入第一金屬源、第二金屬源、第三金屬源及鈰源,並攪拌該有機溶劑,以形成膠體混合物,其中,該第一金屬源之金屬係選自鹼金屬、鹼土金屬及IIIB族金屬所組成群組之其中一者,該第二金屬源之金屬係IIIB族金屬,且該第一金屬源不同於該第二金屬源,該第三金屬源係過渡金屬,且該第三金屬源不為
IIIB族金屬及鑭系元素。
於上述製法中,該界面活性劑之含量並無特別限制,於一實施例中,相對於5公克之有機溶劑,該界面活性劑之含量為0.25至1.0公克、較佳為0.5公克。該界面活性劑的實例包括,但不限於:P123、F68、F108及F127所組成群組之其中一者,其中,該P123之化學式為HO(CH2CH2O)20(CH2CH(CH3)O)70(CH2CH2O)20H。而該有機溶劑係醇類溶劑,可選自由甲醇、乙醇、丁醇及異丙醇所組成群組之其中一者。
又,根據上述製法,該第一金屬源、第二金屬源、第三金屬源及鈰源係根據不同化學劑量比秤重之金屬硝酸鹽或金屬氯化物加入至該有機溶劑中,所形成之混合物包含的金屬離子的總濃度約為5毫莫耳。經攪拌之後,形成膠體混合物。於一實施例中,經至少攪拌1小時之後,該混合物持續三天於40℃環境下進行膠化形成膠體混合物。
接著,可依傳統的方法操作煅燒步驟,於非限制性實施例中,將該膠體混合物進行煅燒1至7小時、較佳為5小時,其中,該煅燒之溫度為600至900℃,得到該膠體混合物形成的金屬固溶體。
於另一具體實施例中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(III)所示結構之金屬固溶體,P2(Q2-zRuz)O7 式(III)
其中:P係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)之其中一元素;Q係選
自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)之其中一元素;以及z之數值範圍為0≦z≦0.4。
於另一具體實施例中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(IV)所示結構之金屬固溶體,La2(C2-μDμ)O7-1.5μ 式(IV)
其中:C係選自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)所組成群組之元素;D係選自鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)及銅(Cu)所組成群組之元素;以及μ之數值範圍為0≦μ≦0.9。
本發明之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物之催化活性成分(III)及(IV)的製法,係根據溶膠凝膠法來製備金屬固溶體,首先,於有機溶劑中加入第一金屬源、第二金屬源、第三金屬源,並攪拌該有機溶劑,以形成膠體混合物,其中,該第一金屬源之金屬係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)之其中一者,該第二金屬源之金屬係鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)之其中一者,且該第一金屬源不同於該第二金屬源,該第三金屬源係鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)及釕(Ru)。
添加界面活性劑於該混合物中,界面活性劑之含量並無特別限制。該界面活性劑的實例包括,但不限於:P123、F68、F108及F127所組成群組之其中一者。而該有機溶劑係醇類溶劑,可選自由甲醇、乙醇、丁醇及異丙醇所組成群組之其中一者。
又,根據上述製法,該第一金屬源、第二金屬源、第三金屬源及鈰源係根據不同化學劑量比秤重之金屬硝酸鹽
或金屬氯化物加入至該有機溶劑中,所形成之混合物包含的金屬離子的總濃度約為5毫莫耳。經攪拌之後,形成膠體混合物。於一實施例中,經至少攪拌1小時之後,該混合物持續三天於40℃環境下進行膠化形成膠體混合物。
接著,可依傳統的方法操作煅燒步驟,以350至550℃進行第一段溫度煅燒,在以800至1000℃進行第二段溫度煅燒,其中,每段溫度煅燒時間為1至5小時,較佳為5小時,得到該膠體混合物形成的金屬固溶體。
本發明之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製法係根據含浸法(Impregnation method)來製備,在溶劑的存在下,使具有式(I)所示結構之載體混合催化活性成分或具有催化活性之金屬元素的金屬前驅物,經由升溫,例如於80至100℃移除該溶劑。
於一具體實施例中,該催化活性成分為具有上述燒綠石結構之催化活性成分,例如式(II)、(III)或(IV)之金屬固溶體。
於另一具體實施例中,係混合金屬前驅物,則該金屬前驅物係選自金屬鹽、金屬水合物或金屬氯化物,且該金屬前驅物之具有催化活性之金屬元素係選自鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、銠(Rh)、釕(Ru)、鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)及銥(Ir)所組成群組之其中一者或二者。
根據上述製法,係使具有如式(I)所示結構之載體混合該催化活性成分,且該溶劑係使用醇類溶劑。例如,該醇類溶劑係選自甲醇、乙醇、丁醇或異丙醇。
根據上述製法之一具體實施例,係使如式(I)所示結構之載體混合具有催化活性之金屬元素的金屬前驅物,且該製造方法復包括煅燒處理。煅燒步驟可依傳統方法,於非限制性實施例中,將該膠體混合物進行煅燒3至7小時,較佳為5小時,使該膠體混合物形成金屬固溶體,其中,該煅燒之溫度為200至400℃。在此實施例中,該催化活性成分係選自鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、銠(Rh)、釕(Ru)、鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)及銥(Ir)所組成群組之其中一者或二者的元素。
為讓本發明之上述和其他目的、特徵、及優點能更明顯易懂,將以下列實施例進行說明。
使用Pechini溶膠-凝膠法製作具燒綠石結構之載體材料La2Zr2O7。將硝酸金屬(La、Zr)鹽類作為前驅溶液溶於去離子水中,之後以金屬:檸檬酸(CA):乙二醇(EG)=1:3:4之莫耳比例加入檸檬酸(CA)及乙二醇(EG),並於100℃溫度下攪拌該溶液成膠體,於350℃下移除有機膠體,並在800℃下鍛燒並持溫5小時,以形成La2Zr2O7的奈米粉體,之後將10重量%聚乙烯醇縮丁醛(PVB)作為孔洞生成劑與該奈米粉體均勻混和,並在8噸的壓力下壓製成錠狀並將錠狀塊材置於1600℃下鍛燒並持溫一小時,並利用敲擊與過篩得到約16~18mesh的La2Zr2O7載體。
如第1圖所示,該La2Zr2O7載體材料在高溫下亦具有
良好穩定性。
使用溶膠-凝膠法製作,將0.5公克的界面活性劑P123溶於5公克的乙醇中,接著將0.35莫耳的硝酸鑭、0.15莫耳的硝酸鋰(LiNO3)、0.45莫耳的硝酸鈰以及0.05莫耳的氯化釕加入乙醇中,經由超音波震盪,以及經至少攪拌1小時之後,將混合物持續三天於40℃環境下進行膠化形成膠體混合物。隨後,於250℃移除該界面活性劑,再將該膠體混合物進行900℃之煅燒5小時,形成金屬固溶體La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ。
使用含浸法,加入製備例1所製備之載體La2Zr2O7於Ni(NO3)2水溶液,並均勻混合,其中,與載體重量相比,Ni含量為約5重量%,再以300℃溫度鍛燒5小時,得到如表1所示組成之觸媒組成物。
利用含浸法將製備例2所製備之La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ催化活性成分約0.1公克加入乙醇溶劑約3毫升,並以超音波震盪處理,再將γ-Al2O3載體浸於該溶液中,最後以80℃溫度去除溶劑,重複該步驟至少5次,即得到如表1所示組成之La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/γ-Al2O3之觸媒組成物。
利用含浸法將製備例例2所製備之La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ催化活性成分約0.025公克加入乙醇溶劑約3毫升,再
將La2Zr2O7載體浸於該溶液中,最後以80℃溫度去除溶劑,重複上述步驟至少5次,即得到如表1所示組成之La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/La2Zr2O7之觸媒組成物。
根據製備例3之方法,將重量比5重量%之Ni催化活性成分形成於γ-Al2O3載體上,以得到如表1所示組成之5重量% Ni/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物。
根據製備例3之方法,將5重量% Ni催化活性成分及CeO2輔助劑形成於γ-Al2O3載體上,其中,CeO2和γ-Al2O3金屬氧化物重量比為1:10,以得到如表1所示組成之5重量% Ni/CeO2/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物。
根據製備例3之方法,將重量比5重量% Ni催化活性成分形成於ZrO2載體上,以得到如表1所示組成之5重量% Ni/ZrO2觸媒組成物。
將製備例6所製備之5重量% Ni/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物進行乙醇氧化蒸氣重組器之產物分析,並將結果紀錄於表2。
在每小時氣體時空速度(gas hour space velocity,GHSV)為160,000h-1流入空氣,進量碳氧比為3:5,乙醇和水比例為1:3,以及500℃之反應溫度下,在反應啟動開始,即產生大量碳沉積而失去其活性,無法繼續進行長時間測試。
製備例7所製備之5重量% Ni/CeO2/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物在根據測試例1條件進行乙醇重組器之產物分析,並將結果紀錄於表2。
在長時間23個小時的反應後,乙醇轉換率將近85%;而由氫氣生成率來看,下降至35%的選擇率,一氧化碳選擇率為40%,在經過10個小時分析,便產生大量的碳的沉積使其觸媒組成物活性降低,如第2圖所示。
製備例8所製備之5重量% Ni/ZrO2觸媒組成物在根據測試例1條件進行乙醇重組器之產物分析,並將結果紀錄於表2。
此外,如第3圖所示,係顯示乙醇轉換率(XEtOH)、氫氣選擇率(SH2)、一氧化碳選擇率(SCO)、二氧化碳選擇率(SCO2)、甲烷選擇率(SCH4)、乙烯選擇率(SC2H4)及乙醛選擇率
(SCH3CHO)。
相較於製備例7之觸媒組成物,有較好的氫氣選擇率70%和一氧化碳選擇率60%,在超過10小時的反應後,乙醇轉換率約75%,無明顯碳沉積生成,但在高溫下不穩定易碎,因此在應用上也受到限制。
製備例3所製備之5重量% Ni/La2Zr2O7觸媒組成物在根據測試例1條件進行乙醇重組器之產物分析,並將結果紀錄於表2。
此外,如第4圖所示,在長時間110個小時的反應後,乙醇轉換率還維持接近100%,在反應經過80小時之後,氫氣選擇率還維持80%,一氧化碳選擇率為50%,使用La2Zr2O7作為載體的催化活性成分鎳(Ni)在經過110個小時反應仍具有相當好的活性。
製備例4所製備之La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/γ-Al2O3觸媒組成物在反應溫度350℃,乙醇和水比為1:3,在每小時氣體時空速度(gas hour space velocity,GHSV)為160,000h-1流入空氣,進量碳氧比為3:5條件下,進行將近100個小時的分析,並將結果紀錄於表2。
此外,如第5圖,乙醇轉換率將近100%;而由氣體選擇率來看亦有良好表現,氫氣選擇率為100%和一氧化碳選擇率為45%,在反應經過100小時後進一步進行碳沉積分析。
長時間100小時後進行拉曼光譜分析,拉曼波數1400至1500(cm-1)之間為碳沉積的生成訊號,由第6圖可知經過100小時反應進行的催化活性成分有碳沉積的生成,使得觸媒La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/γ-Al2O3漸漸失去其活性。
La1.4Li0.6Ce1.8Ru0.2O7-δ/La2Zr2O7觸媒組成物在根據測試例5之相同條件下進行近100個小時反應時間,並將結果紀錄於表2。
此外,如第7圖所示,其乙醇轉換率還維持將近100%;而在反應經過100小時,仍有最佳的氣體選擇率,氫氣選擇率為95%和一氧化碳選擇率為50%。
長時間100小時後進行拉曼光譜分析,在拉曼波數1400至1500(cm-1)之間為碳沉積的生成訊號,由第8圖所示,在經過100小時反應後,該觸媒組成物沒有明顯的碳沉積生成。
綜上所述,本發明之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物應用於非貴重金屬之催化活性成分時,可維持良好的乙醇轉換率,應用於含貴重金屬之催化活性成分時則復可維持高氫氣選擇率,並皆能有效降低反應中之碳與碳之間的斷裂而產生的CO2、C2H4與CH3CHO等副產物,避免造成碳沉積,進一步提高觸媒組成物之壽命。
Claims (20)
- 一種用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,係包括:催化活性成分;以及具有如式(I)所示結構之載體,係承載該催化活性成分,A2B2O7 式(I)其中,A係選自鹼土金屬及IIIB族過渡金屬所組成群組之元素,及B係IVB族的元素。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,A係選自鈣(Ca)、鍶(Sr)、鋇(Ba)、鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)、鑭(La)、鈰(Ce)、釹(Nd)、釤(Sm)、釓(Gd)及鏑(Dy)所組成群組之元素。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,B係選自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鉿(Hf)所組成群組之元素。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(II)所示結構之金屬固溶體,M2-xM’x(Cey N2-y)O7-δ 式(II)其中,M係選自IIIB族金屬之元素;M’係選自鹼金屬、鹼土金屬及IIIB族金屬所組成群組之元素,且M與M’不同;N係過渡金屬元素,且N不為IIIB族金屬及鑭系元素; x為0.1至1.0;y為1.8至1.9;以及δ為大於0至0.5。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,M係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素,M’係選自鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,M係鑭(La),M’係鋰(Li),N係釕(Ru)。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,M係鑭(La),M’係鎂(Mg)或鈣(Ca),N係釕(Ru)。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,M係釔(Y),M’係鈧(Sc),N係釕(Ru)。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,N係選自由釕(Ru)、鋨(Os)、銠(Rh)、銥(Ir)及錸(Re)所組成群組之元素。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(III)所示結構之金屬固溶體,P2(Q2-zRuz)O7 式(III)其中,P係選自鈧(Sc)、釔(Y)及鑭(La)所組成群組之元素;Q係選自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)所組成群組之元素;以及 z之數值範圍為0≦z≦0.4。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,該催化活性成分係具有如式(IV)所示結構之金屬固溶體,La2(C2-μDμ)O7-1.5μ 式(IV)其中,C係選自鈦(Ti)、鋯(Zr)及鈰(Ce)所組成群組之元素;D係選自鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)及銅(Cu)所組成群組之元素;以及μ之數值範圍為0≦μ≦0.9。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物,其中,該催化活性成分係選自鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、銠(Rh)、釕(Ru)、鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)及銥(Ir)所組成群組之其中一者或二者的元素。
- 一種用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,係包括:在溶劑的存在下,使具有如式(I)所示結構之載體混合催化活性成分或具有催化活性之金屬元素的金屬前驅物,A2B2O7 式(I)其中,A係選自鹼土金屬及IIIB族過渡金屬所組成群組之元素,及B係IVB族的元素;以及移除該溶劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成 物的製造方法,其中,該催化活性成分係選自如申請專利範圍第4至11項中任一項之金屬固溶體。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,其中,該金屬前驅物係選自金屬鹽、金屬水合物或金屬氯化物,且該金屬前驅物之具有催化活性之金屬元素係選自鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、銠(Rh)、釕(Ru)、鉑(Pt)、鈀(Pd)及銥(Ir)所組成群組之其中一者或二者。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,係使具有如式(I)所示結構之載體混合該催化活性成分,且該溶劑係醇類溶劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項所述用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,其中,該醇類溶劑係選自由甲醇、乙醇、丁醇或異丙醇。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,其中,係於80至100℃移除該溶劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第13項所述用於製備氫氣之觸媒組成物的製造方法,在使具有如式(I)所示結構之載體混合具有催化活性之金屬元素的金屬前驅物時,復包括煅燒處理,俾使具有如式(I)所示結構之載體承載該具有催化活性之金屬元素,其中,該煅燒溫度係200至400℃,該煅燒時間係3至7小時。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1項所述之觸媒組成物的用途,係用於乙醇氧化蒸氣重組製備氫氣。
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US5105053A (en) * | 1989-06-26 | 1992-04-14 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | High surface area oxide compositions with a pyrochlore structure, methods for their preparation, and conversion processes utilizing same |
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US6379557B1 (en) * | 1997-12-29 | 2002-04-30 | Uop Llc | Process for removing contaminant cations from a stream with high surface area triple layered perovskites |
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US6458741B1 (en) * | 1999-12-20 | 2002-10-01 | Eltron Research, Inc. | Catalysts for low-temperature destruction of volatile organic compounds in air |
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CN104971727B (zh) * | 2015-06-19 | 2018-07-20 | 南昌大学 | 一种镍基甲烷水蒸气重整制氢催化剂的制备方法 |
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US11142836B2 (en) | 2018-11-29 | 2021-10-12 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Catalyst material and method for manufacturing the same |
TWI659780B (zh) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-05-21 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 氮化物觸媒與其形成方法 |
US10900133B2 (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2021-01-26 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Nitride catalyst and method for manufacturing the same |
US10914011B2 (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2021-02-09 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Membrane electrode assembly and method for hydrogen evolution by electrolysis |
US10914012B2 (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2021-02-09 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Membrane electrode assembly and method for hydrogen evolution by electrolysis |
US12077873B2 (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2024-09-03 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Method for manufacturing nitride catalyst |
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