TW201642862A - 用於增強PPARγ表現及核轉位之化合物及其醫療用途 - Google Patents
用於增強PPARγ表現及核轉位之化合物及其醫療用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種新穎類型之PPARγ調節劑,其具有嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶主要結構。該PPARγ調節劑可以增強PPARγ在細胞中之表現及核轉位。本發明亦關於一種醫藥組合物,其包含本發明之PPARγ調節劑,該PPARγ調節劑囊封於醫藥學上可接受之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中,使得其可以直接傳遞至細胞中。因此,本發明提供一種預防或治療PPARγ相關病症或病況之方法,該方法包含向有需要之個體投與治療有效量之本發明之PPARγ調節劑或本發明之醫藥組合物。
Description
本發明提供一種增強PPARγ之表現及核轉位之方法及相關醫療用途。
在過去十年間,在核受體家族中,過氧化體增殖物活化受體(PPAR)一直受到關注。PPAR為藉由其配體活化之核轉錄因子且充當代謝症候群中之關鍵調控因子(Guan,Y.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol,2004,15,2801-2815)。因此,PPAR在某些疾病之成因、發展及控制方面起重要作用,該等疾病諸如胰島素抗性、葡萄糖耐量異常、II型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂質血症、高血壓、血管心病、動脈粥樣硬化等。
PPAR分為三個亞型:PPARα、PPARδ及PPARγ,其藉由結合至基因之特定DNA序列來調控基因之表現(Berger,J.等人,The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1999,274(10),6718-6725)。PPARα主要在肝臟、心臟、腸道、腎臟及巨噬細胞中表現,且在活化之後,可以增加脂肪酸之代謝,緩解巨噬細胞中之炎症反應,且減少低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;PPARγ在脂肪細胞、胎盤瘤及其他組織中表現,且在活化之後,不僅可以降低血糖水平及增加胰島素敏感性,而且在脂質代謝、細胞激素拮抗、消炎、免疫調控、血壓調控等方面起到關鍵作用
(Kasuga,J.等人,Bioorg.Med.Chem.2007,15,5177-5190;US 8822519 B2)。
PPARγ含有三種同功異型物γ1、γ2及γ3,經由選擇性剪接自相同基因轉錄且展示不同的組織特異性。PPARγ1及γ3之長度相同;然而,γ2含有具有28個胺基酸之額外N端區域。所有PPARγ同功異型物均可以藉由抗糖尿病劑噻唑啶二酮(TZD)活化。TZD藉由靶向核中之PPARγ起作用且由此提高胰島素抗性,主要提高脂肪組織中之胰島素抗性,且在肝臟及骨胳肌中以PPARγ表現較低之次要方式起作用。PPARγ對於脂肪細胞分化而言至關重要,因為PPARγ可以調節脂肪組織中之基因表現。配體誘導之活化引起脂質代謝、脂質吸收及胰島素作用增強,且脂肪分解及游離脂肪酸(FFA)釋放減弱。因此,循環中之FFA減少且脂肪組織中之脂質含量增加。已經提出,PPARγ促效劑可以改善高血糖症,其藉由使脂質遠離肝臟及肌肉重新分佈,對高度FFA誘導之胰島素抗性作出反應。自內臟脂肪組織排出至皮下脂肪中之脂肪酸引起肝臟之葡萄糖產量減少且葡萄糖穩態改善。PPARγ配體亦與脂肪組織中脂肪細胞激素合成之調控相關,諸如腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、介白素-6(IL-6)、抵抗素、瘦素、脂聯素,其影響胰島素作用。TNF-α、IL-6及抵抗素會導致胰島素抗性,然而瘦素及脂聯素可以提高胰島素敏感性。另外,在胰島素信號轉導受到抑制的肥胖及胰島素抗性嚙齒動物之脂肪組織中,PPARγ使諸如TNF-α之促炎性細胞激素及巨噬細胞之趨化因子的表現減少且從而使其累積。因此,PPARγ促效劑有助於消炎。因此,PPARγ活化將提高肝臟及骨骼肌中之胰島素敏感性且緩解高血糖症(Peng,Yi-Hui,Structure based drug wesign of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)agonists,Doctoral Dissertation,National Tsing Hua University,2010)。
諸多疾病與PPARγ之調控相關。已在糖尿病及以胰島素抗性為特
徵之其他疾病之治療中使用PPARγ促效劑。然而,除糖尿病以外,研究人員亦發現,PPARγ涉及多個調控機制且為用於治療各種疾病之潛在目標,該等疾病包括:動脈粥樣硬化、血脂異常、肥胖及症候群X、心血管疾病、炎症及神經學疾病、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)、多發性硬化症、帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease)、缺血性中風、脊髓損傷、牛皮癬性關節炎及慢性阻塞性肺病。據報導,PPARγ亦與眼病、病毒感染、腎病、多囊卵巢疾病、炎症性腸病、哮喘、骨骼疾病、衰老及長壽、藥物代謝、傷口癒合、痤瘡及線粒體功能障礙病相關(Kumar A,Hasamnis A.A clinical update on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.Syst Rev Pharm 2010;1:175-81)。
據報導,PPAR具有炎症調控作用。特定言之,其可以在組織損傷之後調控炎症反應。根據對中風之研究,在諸如器官移植、區室症候群、心肌梗塞、中風及出血性、創傷性或敗血性休克的廣泛範圍之病況中,缺血性/再灌注(I/R)損傷代表具有重大臨床意義的具有挑戰性的病理生理病況。已經顯示,組織缺血連同後續再灌注一起可觸發整個發炎級聯反應事件,該等事件若早期未遭到抵制,則將導致細胞壞死,導致受侵襲之器官中組織不可逆損傷。近年來的研究工作已經有愈來愈多的證據表明,PPAR代表此類炎症反應之主要調控因子;據顯示,PPAR活化可以限制炎症且發揮對抗缺血性/再灌注損傷之多種有利作用。因此,已提出將靶向PPAR之藥理學藥劑作為用於治療I/R之潛在療法(Neher MD,Weckbach S,Huber-Lang MS,Stahel PF.New insights into the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in regulating the inflammatory response after tissue injury.PPAR Res.2012;2012:728461)。
類似於其在創傷性中樞神經系統(CNS)損傷方面之作用,可以證明PPAR組織表現與I/R損傷之間的關聯性較強。在腎臟I/R中,內皮細
胞、間質細胞及腎臟之集尿管中之PPARγ表現劇烈增加,在再灌注之後1.5至5小時達到峰值。在大鼠中,在局灶性大腦缺血之後,在皮質梗塞周圍區域中偵測到PPARγ之類似上調。有趣的是,Lee及同事(C.H.Lee,O.K.Park,K.Y.Yoo等人,「The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,and effects of its agonist,rosiglitazone,on transient cerebral ischemic damage」,Journal of the Neurological Sciences,第300卷,第1-2期,第120-129頁,2011)最近在短暫性大腦缺血模型中發現,海馬區中之PPARγ免疫反應性與小神經膠質細胞共存,表明在缺血性腦中小神經膠質之高功能狀態。
近年來,各種器官中之I/R損傷之動物研究已揭示出PPAR在缺血性及再灌注之後減少或甚至預防組織損傷及器官功能障礙方面的關鍵作用。因此,已在實驗I/R模型中對各種天然及合成PPAR促效劑進行測試且其顯示出可顯著改善I/R損傷之結果。藉由PPAR配體進行組織保護之機制認為是多因素的,因為此等促效劑可以與IR誘導之發炎級聯反應之可變參數相互作用且抑制損傷進程途中之多個目標。已提出之作用機制包括:(i)減少內皮細胞上如ICAM-1及p-選擇素之黏著分子的表現,(ii)降低血管滲透性且抑制水腫形成,(iii)抑制如細胞激素及趨化因子之促炎性介體之釋放,(iv)減少如嗜中性白血球之炎症細胞的活化,(v)減少活性含氧物之形成,(vi)遏制細胞凋亡及壞死,及(vii)抑制血小板凝集及血栓形成。類似於CNS損傷,此等消炎作用中之大多數藉由PPAR誘導遏制轉錄因子(主要為NF-κB)且隨後抑制促炎性基因轉錄來起始。除去PPAR活化對I/R中之炎症反應的已提及之一般作用以外,亦已描述PPAR促效劑在不同器官系統中之眾多組織特異性影響。
腎臟缺血為急性腎衰竭之主要原因,急性腎衰竭因為低氧組織之後續再灌注可能造成額外損傷這一事實而變得複雜。所有三種
PPAR同功異型物PPARα、PPARβ/δ及PPARγ之促效劑均可顯著減少經歷腎臟缺血及再灌注之小鼠的組織損傷。此種腎臟保護作用反映在以下方面:皮質及髓質壞死減少,腎臟損傷之組織學病徵減少,且最後腎臟功能劇烈增加且血清肌酸酐及脲氮含量降低。此等有利特性之根本機制可能由PPAR在腎臟組織中誘導脂肪酸β-氧化酶組成;近端小管中表現PPARα之轉殖基因小鼠已顯示所施加之脂肪酸氧化增加且受到保護不會發生I/R誘發之腎衰竭。
在肺移植之後,在20%之患者中仍會出現肺部I/R損傷,且肺部I/R損傷仍為移植後第一個月內死亡的主要原因(R.C.King,O.A.R.Binns,F.Rodriguez等人,「Reperfusion injury significantly impacts clinical outcome after pulmonary transplantation」,Annals of Thoracic Surgery,第69卷,第6期,第1681-1685頁,2000)。在缺血之前施用合成PPARγ配體吡格列酮(pioglitazone)或天然PPARγ促效劑15-去氧-△12,14-前列腺素J2(15d-PGJ2)可以緩解大鼠之肺部I/R損傷。Okada等人之最新研究(M.Okada,S.F.Yan及D.J.Pinsky,「Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ)activation suppresses ischemic induction of Egr-1 and its inflammatory gene targets」,FASEB Journal,第16卷,第14期,第1861-1868頁,2002)指出,PPARγ活化可遏制鋅指轉錄因子早期生長反應基因-1(Egr-1)之活化,後者在缺血性血管中之炎症反應中具有關鍵作用。因此,由於PPARγ活化,所以諸如介白素-1β之Egr-1目標基因之誘導得以防止,IR相關之白血球停滯減少,且總存活率提高。
腸及胃I/R損傷為由腹部動脈瘤、急性腸系膜缺血、小腸移植或休克造成的嚴重臨床病況。在腸I/R之嚙齒動物模型中,PPAR促效劑之所有三種同型均展示出與I/R誘發之死亡率降低相關之深遠的消炎、抗氧化及抗凋亡作用。類似地,吡格列酮及羅格列酮
(rosiglitazone)可遏制胃I/R大鼠中之胃黏膜糜爛及損傷。另外,在腸道I/R之後的早期腸內營養之有利作用可能與PPAR誘導有關。據報導,營養組分麩醯胺酸可藉由活化PPARγ發揮腸道保護作用。
缺血性腦血管疾病代表第三大死亡原因且為神經功能障礙及失能之主要原因之一。各種研究表明,PPAR促效劑可以預防局灶性缺血及整體缺血或降低其嚴重程度。在人類中,當用袪脂乙酯製劑(fibrate)及PPARα促效劑吉非羅齊(gemfibrozil)治療患有冠心病且HDL及LDL膽固醇值低之男性時,中風發生率降低。在短暫性缺血性腦損傷之嚙齒動物中施用PPARα、PPARβ/δ及PPARγ配體促使神經元損傷顯著減弱且梗塞體積減小,腦血流量增加,且神經結果參數改善。當在缺血之前、在腦梗塞時或在缺血之後兩小時功效時間窗之後不久,對動物進行預防性治療時,觀察到此類神經保護。相比於短暫性缺血,當血流永久性中斷且無後續再灌注時,PPARγ活化無法減小梗塞體積。此等發現支持以下論證:PPARγ之神經保護作用對再灌注期間發生之事件具有特異性。
總體而言,各種研究提供證據表明,PPAR之配體藉由干擾I/R誘導之發炎級聯反應之多個目標,引起不同器官中之I/R損傷實質上減少。
基於PPARγ之PPAR促效劑具有消炎、抗氧化及抗MMP特性且可以給細胞提供保護。因此,除急性缺血性疾病以外,此類PPARγ促效劑亦尤其適合於治療急性器官損傷,包括急性肺損傷、急性腎損傷、急性肝損傷、急性心肌炎、急性心肌梗塞、急性胃腸損傷及急性腹膜炎。另外,歸因於治療多種器官損傷之能力,PPARγ促效劑可以治療在臨床上造成多種器官損傷之疾病,諸如敗血症及心腎症候群。藉由修改其劑型及載劑以延長藥物之半衰期及控制釋放特性,PPARγ促效劑可以用於治療慢性炎症性疾病。
臨床上可獲得的PPARγ促效劑包括用於降低血糖之藥劑,諸如TZD;及用於降低血脂之藥劑,諸如士他汀(statin)。
TZD為有效的口服降血糖藥(參見圖1)。藥理學作用已經證實為活化PPARγ。然而,TZD具有諸多副作用。舉例而言,曲格列酮(troglitazone)引起肝炎且自2000年起已經下架;法國及德國已經暫停使用吡格列酮,因為有報導指出,此類藥物可能增加膀胱癌之風險;且羅格列酮由於心血管疾病之風險增加,已自2010起在英國及歐盟暫停使用。
目前正在實驗之PPARγ促效劑包括萘格列酮(netoglitazone)及利格列酮(rivoglitazone)。較早研發但尚未得到批准之藥物包括環格列酮(ciglitazone)。此等藥物之主要化學骨架仍為噻唑啶二酮,且因此仍可能增加肝炎、膀胱癌及心血管疾病之風險。
士他汀為用於降低血脂含量之醫藥試劑(參見圖2)。士他汀之藥理學作用主要為抑制HMG-CoA。士他汀之特徵在於基於目標酶受質HMG-CoA之主鏈的化學改質結構。士他汀包括洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、辛伐他汀(simvastatin)、氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、羅素他汀(rosuvastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)及匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)。據報導,士他汀可以活化PPAR。
其他PPAR雙重(α及γ)促效藥物包括替格列紮(tesaglitazar)、拉格列紮(ragaglitazar)、那格列紮(naveglitazar)及莫格列紮(muraglitazar)(參見圖3)。其用於治療2型糖尿病及血脂異常。然而,經US FDA鑑別,此等藥物存在毒性問題。
鑒於以上內容,當前可獲得的調節PPAR活性或表現之藥物主要為具有噻唑啶二酮主鏈或HMG-CoA類似物之彼等藥物。臨床上安全且有效之PPARγ促效劑的選擇有限。當前可獲得的PPARγ促效劑仍會帶來潛在的副作用風險。需要提供可以用於治療PPARγ相關病症或病
況之新穎PPARγ調節劑。
US 3,031,450揭示經取代之嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶化合物,其具有下式:
其中取代基R1至R4中之兩者、三者或所有四者為選自由以下各者組成之群的鹼性部分:胺基、低碳數烷基胺基、烷基部分具有1至12個碳原子之二烷基胺基、單-(羥基-低碳數烷基)胺基、二(羥基-低碳數烷基)-胺基、烷基部分具有1至12個碳原子之(羥基-低碳數烷基)-烷基胺基、(低碳數烷氧基-低碳數烷基)-胺基、低碳數烯基-胺基、環己基-胺基、鹵苯基-胺基、硝基苯基-胺基、(低碳數烷氧基-苯基)胺基、[(二低碳數烷基-胺基)-苯基]-胺基、苯甲基胺基、半卡肼基、肼基、胍基、伸乙基亞胺基、哌啶基、低碳數烷基-哌啶基、低碳數烷氧基-哌啶基、羥基-哌啶基、吡咯啶基、低碳數烷基-吡咯啶基、低碳數烷氧基-吡咯啶基、羥基-吡咯啶基、嗎啉基、低碳數烷基-嗎啉基、低碳數烷氧基-嗎啉基、羥基-嗎啉基、四氫吡啶基、低碳數烷基-四氫吡啶基、低碳數烷氧基-四氫吡啶基、羥基四氫吡啶基、六亞甲基亞胺基、低碳數烷基-六亞甲基亞胺基、低碳數烷氧基-六亞甲基亞胺基、羥基-六亞甲基亞胺基、四氫喹啉基、低碳數烷基-四氫喹啉基、低碳數烷氧基-四氫喹啉基、羥基-四氫喹啉基、哌嗪基、低碳數烷基哌嗪基、低碳數烷氧基-哌嗪基、羥基-哌嗪基及N'-低碳數烷基哌嗪基,且其餘的取代基R1至R4選自由以下各者組成之群:氫、鹵素、羥基、巰基、低碳數烷基、苯基、低碳數烷氧基、二低碳數烷基-胺基-
低碳數烷氧基及低碳數烷基-硫基、苯基-硫基、苯甲基-硫基、低碳數烷氧基-低碳數烷氧基,其對人體無害之鹼金屬鹽及其對人體無害之酸加成鹽。在此等化合物中,雙嘧達莫尤其受關注。
雙嘧達莫為經取代之嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶化合物,其具有以下結構式(I):
已知,雙嘧達莫可以抑制磷酸二酯酶(PDE)且抑制腺苷之吸收。然而,動物研究揭示,高劑量為治療學上不可接受的。先前研究發現,高劑量雙嘧達莫將造成腺苷在腎組織中累積且因此增加血管收縮之副作用且減小腎血流量,尤其在諸如貓及狗之小型哺乳動物中(Arend LJ, Thompson CI及Spielman WS. Dipyridamole decreases glomerular filtration in the sodium-depleted dog. Evidence for mediation by intrarenal adenosine. Circ Res 56: 242-251, 1985; Thompson CI, Sparks HV及Spielman WS. Renal handling and production of plasma and urinary adenosine. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 248: F545-F551, 1985; Arend LJ, Bakris GL, Burnett JC Jr Megerian C 及Spielman WS. Role for intrarenal adenosine in the renal hemodynamic response to contrast media. J Lab Clin Med 110: 406-411, 1987; Katholi RE, Taylor GJ, McCann WP, Woods WT Jr, Womack KA, McCoy CD, Katholi CR, Moses HW, Mishkel GJ及Lucore CL. Nephrotoxicity from contrast media: attenuation with theophylline. Radiology 195: 17-22, 1995)。另外,Lin等人(Lin JJ, Churchill PC及Bidani AK. The effect of
dipyridamole on the initiation phase of postischemic acute renal failure in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65: 1491-1495,1987)揭示,投與雙嘧達莫將使正遭受缺血後急性腎衰竭之小鼠的病況加重。因此,雙嘧達莫視為不合適用於小型哺乳動物中。如核子醫學中在心動描記法中所用的靜脈內注射雙嘧達莫來誘導血管擴張舉例說明,短期內投與大量雙嘧達莫將造成低血壓。因此,需要一種降低臨床治療中雙嘧達莫之治療劑量的方法。
在本發明中發現,某些經取代之嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶化合物(諸如雙嘧達莫)能夠增強PPARγ之表現及核轉位。因此,本發明提供一種新穎類型的具有嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶主要結構之PPARγ調節劑及使用此類PPARγ調節劑來預防或治療PPARγ相關病症或病況的方法,該等PPARγ相關病症或病況諸如胰島素抗性、葡萄糖耐量異常、II型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂質血症、高血壓、血管心病、動脈粥樣硬化、血脂異常、肥胖及症候群X、心血管疾病、炎症及神經學疾病、阿茲海默氏病、多發性硬化症、帕金森氏病、缺血性中風、脊髓損傷、牛皮癬性關節炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、眼病、病毒感染、多囊卵巢疾病、炎症性腸病、哮喘、骨骼疾病、衰老及長壽、藥物代謝、傷口癒合、痤瘡、線粒體功能障礙病、缺血性中風、腎病、肝病、肺病、心血管疾病、自身免疫病症及全身性炎症反應症候群(敗血症)。本發明亦關於一種增加PPARγ之表現及核轉位的方法。
在一實施例中,本發明係關於一種預防或治療PPARγ相關病症或病況之方法,該方法包含向有需要之個體投與治療有效量之PPARγ調節劑,較佳式I化合物:
其中R1、R2、R3及R4中之每一者獨立地選自由雜環基及二(羥烷基)胺基組成之群,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供一種預防或治療PPARγ相關疾病之方法,該方法包含向有需要之個體投與醫藥組合物,該醫藥組合物包含治療有效量之式I化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其囊封在醫藥學上可接受之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中。
本發明亦關於式I化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽之用途,其用於製造用於預防或治療PPARγ相關病症或病況之藥物。在一較佳實施例中,該藥物包含囊封於醫藥學上可接受之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中的式I化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
本發明進一步關於一種用於預防或治療PPARγ相關疾病之醫藥組合物,該醫藥組合物包含治療有效量之式I化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其囊封於醫藥學上可接受之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中。在一較佳實施例中,該化合物為雙嘧達莫且穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為脂質體。
在以下部分中詳細描述本發明。本發明之其他特徵、目的及優勢可以在本發明之【實施方式】及申請專利範圍中容易地找到。
圖1顯示噻唑啶二酮(TZD)藥物之化學結構。
圖2顯示士他汀藥物之化學結構。
圖3顯示PPAR雙重促效劑(α及γ)藥物之化學結構。
圖4a及圖4b為展示雙嘧達莫在以游離形式或在穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中傳遞時之作用的方案。
圖5顯示脂質體之直徑資料。
圖6顯示患有LPS誘發之敗血症之小鼠在治療後的存活率。
圖7a及圖7b顯示PPARγ在經雙嘧達莫(游離形式)及雙嘧達莫脂質體處理之HEK293細胞中之表現。
圖8顯示經雙嘧達莫(游離形式)及雙嘧達莫脂質體處理之HEK293細胞的活力。
圖9顯示治療後之肝臟標記(AST、ALT)及腎臟標記(BUN、肌酸酐)。
圖10顯示肝臟組織在治療後之HE染色。
圖11顯示肺組織在治療後之HE染色。
圖12a及圖12b分別顯示在治療之後,腎臟及肝臟中之PPARγ表現的西方墨點分析。
圖13a及圖13b顯示雙嘧達莫及雙嘧達莫脂質體對血壓之影響。
除非本文中另外定義,否則結合本發明使用之科學與技術術語應具有一般技術者通常理解之含義。術語之含義及範疇應為清楚的;然而,在任何潛在不明確性之情況下,本文中提供之定義優先於任何字典或外部定義。
除非另外指明,否則如根據本發明採用之以下術語應理解為具有以下含義。
如本文中所用之術語「PPARγ調節劑」係指可以調節PPARγ之表現或核轉位的藥劑。
如本文中所用之術語「烷基」係指具有1至6個碳原子、尤其1至4個碳基之飽和直鏈或分支鏈烴基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、1-甲基
乙基、丁基、1-甲基丙基、2-甲基丙基、1,1-二甲基乙基、戊基、1-甲基丁基、2-甲基丁基、3-甲基丁基、2,2-二甲基丙基、1-乙基丙基、己基、1,1-二甲基丙基、1,2-二甲基丙基、1-甲基戊基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、4-甲基戊基、1,1-二甲基丁基、1,2-二甲基丁基、1,3-二甲基丁基、2,2-二甲基丁基、2,3-二甲基丁基、3,3-二甲基丁基、1-乙基丁基、2-乙基丁基、1,1,2-三甲基丙基、1,2,2-三甲基丙基、1-乙基-1-甲基丙基、1-乙基-2-甲基丙基。C1-C4烷基意謂例如甲基、乙基、丙基、1-甲基乙基、丁基、1-甲基丙基、2-甲基丙基或1,1-二甲基乙基。
如本文中所用之術語「雜環基」係指具有5至8個環成員之單環基團,其中在各情況下,此等環成員中之1、2、3或4個為彼此獨立地選自由氧、氮及硫組成之群的雜原子。
如本文中所用之術語「預防(preventing)」或「預防(prevention)」係指延遲易得病個體之症狀的發作或降低疾病之發生率。
如本文中所用之術語「治療(treating)」或「治療(treatment)」表示減少及/或改善易得病個體之症狀或提高患有某些致死性病症或病況之個體的存活率。
如本文中所用之術語「PPARγ相關病症或病況」表示PPARγ之調節有利的病症或病況。舉例而言,此類病症或病況包括胰島素抗性、葡萄糖耐量異常、II型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂質血症、高血壓、血管心病、動脈粥樣硬化、血脂異常、肥胖及症候群X、心血管疾病、炎症及神經學疾病、阿茲海默氏病、多發性硬化症、帕金森氏病、缺血性中風、脊髓損傷、牛皮癬性關節炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、眼病、病毒感染、多囊卵巢疾病、炎症性腸病、哮喘、骨骼疾病、衰老及長壽、藥物代謝、傷口癒合、痤瘡、線粒體功能障礙病、缺血性中風、腎病、
肝病、肺病、心血管疾病、自身免疫病症、全身性炎症反應症候群(敗血症)及其類似者。
如本文中所用之術語「個體」表示動物,尤其哺乳動物。在一個較佳實施例中,術語「個體」表示人類。在另一較佳實施例中,術語「個體」表示伴侶動物,諸如貓及狗。
如本文中所用之術語「治療有效量」係指單獨使用或與用於治療PPARγ相關病症或病況之其他治療/藥物組合使用的活性成分之顯示治療功效之量。
術語「載劑」、「醫藥學上可接受之載劑」、「穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統」或「醫藥學上可接受之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統」係指可以囊封活性醫藥成分之粒子。適合於本發明之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統的實例包括囊泡、聚合物囊泡、奈米粒子、脂質體、奈米懸浮粒子、固體脂質奈米粒子、磁性奈米載劑、微胞、大分子結合物、微粒藥物載劑及其類似者。
除非上下文另外需要,否則單數術語應包括複數,且複數術語應包括單數。
本發明之發明人意外發現,具有嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶結構之化合物可以增強PPARγ之表現及核轉位,且因此可以充當新穎類型之PPARγ調節劑。在一較佳實施例中,嘧啶并[5,4-d]嘧啶化合物為雙嘧達莫。
因此,本發明提供一種預防或治療PPARγ相關病症或病況之方法,該方法包含向有需要之個體投與治療有效量之式(I)化合物:
其中R1、R2、R3及R4中之每一者獨立地選自由雜環基及二(羥烷
基)胺基組成之群,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在一實施例中,R1及R3為雜環基,較佳哌啶基,且R2及R4為二(羥烷基)胺基,較佳N,N-二(羥乙基)胺基。
在一較佳實施例中,該化合物為雙嘧達莫。
在另一實施例中,該化合物囊封於穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中,諸如囊泡、聚合物囊泡、奈米粒子、脂質體、奈米懸浮粒子、固體脂質奈米粒子、磁性奈米載劑、微胞、大分子結合物或微粒藥物載劑。
在一較佳實施例中,穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為脂質體。在另一實施例中,脂質體之直徑在約100-300nm、較佳約150-280nm、更佳約180-270nm之範圍內。
此項技術中已知,當雙嘧達莫以游離形式投與時,其結合至細胞膜上之受體且活化信號傳導路徑,產生不利的副作用。本發明人發現,雙嘧達莫可以促進PPARγ表現及核轉位且從而活化下游信號傳導路徑。PPARγ信號傳導路徑之活化可以有助於治療已知與PPARγ不活化相關之諸多疾病。
圖4a顯示,若雙嘧達莫以游離形式投與,則其主要在細胞外部起作用且將促進腺苷累積,腺苷累積將導致血液動力學功能障礙及血壓改變。圖4b顯示,雙嘧達莫在細胞內部可以活化PPARγ信號傳導路徑,其可以抑制由LPS導致之腎虧損。在此情況下,雙嘧達莫在細胞外部之不利作用可以得以避免。在以下實例中,本發明證實,藉由將雙嘧達莫直接傳遞至細胞中,可以避免結合至細胞膜上之受體,從而減少由腺苷累積導致之副作用,諸如氧化應激及血管收縮。
奈米粒子藥物載劑進入細胞之方式不同於習知藥物之進入方式。習知藥物藉由擴散進入細胞,擴散為劑量依賴性的。亦即,血液
中之藥物濃度愈高,細胞中之藥物濃度愈高,且藥物僅可以進入細胞質。奈米粒子藥物傳遞系統經由內飲作用由細胞吸收且在進入細胞之後為趨溶酶體的。在注射後之初始階段,奈米粒子藥物傳遞系統之濃度以時間相依方式增加。
內飲作用為將細胞外材料併入細胞中之過程。此過程可以分成三類,亦即吞噬作用、胞飲作用及受體介導之內飲作用。吞噬作用僅發生在專門的細胞中。此等細胞在受到細胞外材料刺激時增殖且聚集,且將其吞噬至細胞中之溶酶體中進行降解。此過程發生在免疫系統之巨噬細胞及嗜中性白血球中。胞飲作用為將細胞外流體及其中之分子經由細胞膜之內陷內化形成凹穴,該凹穴隨後夾斷進入細胞中形成小泡的過程。該小泡隨後行進至胞溶質中且與諸如內體及溶酶體之其他小泡融合。
視載劑之結構而定,胞飲作用可以分成兩類:流體相胞飲及吸附胞飲。若載劑不含與細胞相互作用之官能基,則細胞將藉由流體相胞飲吞噬藥物載劑。此過程緩慢且視細胞膜周圍之載劑濃度而定。當載劑具有疏水性基團或帶正電荷時,發生吸附胞飲。此類載劑將由細胞膜物理吸附且提高細胞之吞噬能力。以上兩類內飲作用為非特異性過程且不適合將藥物傳遞至其目標。僅可以經由增強滲透及滯留(EPR)在某些癌症組織中達成靶向。
受體介導之內飲作用為細胞藉以藉由使含有某類蛋白質之質膜小泡向內出芽來吸收分子(內飲作用)的過程,該等蛋白質具有對待吸收之分子具有特異性之受體位點。在藥物載劑結合至細胞上之受體之後,內源信號將觸發細胞膜形成被覆孔。被覆孔之表面積相當於細胞膜之1%至2%。被覆孔將自細胞膜脫落且進入細胞中,在細胞中形成被覆小泡,且隨後形成內體且以跳躍運動移動至細胞內。內體為包含微管及小泡之複雜結構。小泡可以與高基體(Golgi)融合。由於質子泵
(ATP酶),內體通常變成酸性。內體隨後將與溶酶體融合形成次級溶酶體。
細胞膜為將療法有效傳遞至線粒體、細胞質或細胞核中之目標位點中所要克服的障礙。疏水性磷脂為細胞膜中阻礙療法轉運之主要組分。因此,已研發出諸如脂質體、奈米粒子及病毒載體之各種傳遞系統來跨膜轉移小分子、肽、蛋白質及寡核苷酸。此類藥物傳遞方式在本文中稱為穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統。
關於療法之細胞內傳遞,已探索出多種穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統(脂質體、細胞穿透肽、陽離子聚合物結合物及聚合物奈米粒子)。其需要經調適以跨越一系列膜障礙,以便達至細胞中之藥物作用位點。在此過程期間,大部分藥物分子將在各連續障礙處損失。此等障礙包括藥物-載劑藉由內飲作用發生細胞結合及內化;藥物或藥物-載劑細胞內移行且釋放至細胞質中;藥物或藥物-載劑細胞質轉位至細胞核或任何其他細胞器;及細胞核/細胞器吸收。細胞含有若干具有特定功能之細胞內細胞器。預期將療法細胞內靶向此等特異性細胞器不僅顯著增強治療功效,而且減少非特異性效應且因此降低毒性。因此,對使用不同的穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統達成療法之細胞內目標特異性傳遞存在濃厚的興趣。
有助於藥物之內飲作用的穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統包括奈米大小之聚合物載劑及脂質體。視藥物特性及製備方法而定,奈米大小之藥物載劑可以分成奈米粒子、奈米脂質體、奈米懸浮粒子、固體脂質奈米粒子、磁性奈米載劑及其類似者。
除上文所提及之穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統以外,亦可以使用細胞穿透肽(CPP)、生物可降解奈米粒子及病毒載體作為用於增強藥物滲透至細胞中之傳遞系統。
RGD肽之細胞內化主要由質膜處之網格蛋白、胞膜窖及巨胞飲
內飲路徑介導。作為質膜處之內飲轉運之主要效應子之一,網格蛋白介導之內飲作用參與以下過程:經由配體之受體依賴性內飲作用,將大型細胞外粒子轉運至細胞中。肽內化之替代性途徑為經由胞膜窖介導之內飲作用。細胞膜中之脂質筏有助於經由此路徑之內化;此等筏含有小窩蛋白-1蛋白質,該等蛋白質形成內體,該等內體隨後在整個細胞中轉運。相比之下,巨胞飲作用涉及小型細胞外粒子至細胞中之流體相內飲作用。已證明,αVβ3整合素可以經由網格蛋白及胞膜窖依賴性內飲路徑作為整合素轉換調控之一部分得以內化。因此,對於穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統而言,RGD肽為理想的(Cam A,Sivaguru M,Gonzalez de Mejia E.Endocytic mechanism of internalization of dietary peptide lunasin into macrophages in inflammatory condition associated with cardiovascular disease.PLoS One.2013年9月5日;8(9):e72115)。
因為細胞膜構成大尺寸親水性蛋白質、肽及寡核苷酸之細胞內傳遞的主要障礙,所以已探索出細胞穿透肽(CPP)來克服此障礙。此等CPP可以將與其連接之分子或膠態藥物傳遞系統跨越細胞膜運送至細胞質中且運送至細胞核。CPP之特徵係歸因於存在9-16個陽離子胺基酸殘基之延伸段;最常研究之CPP包括HIV-1轉活化轉錄活化劑(TAT)肽、HSV VP-22(單純疱疹病毒1型轉錄因子)肽及穿膜肽。已提出若干理論來確定此等CPP藉以進入細胞的準確機制。舉例而言,已經顯示,TAT穿透細胞膜與受體及轉運體無關,且已表明係藉由使磷脂雙層去穩定化形成反微胞而進入細胞。TAT偶合之主要益處在於:隨著分子之有效傳遞,偶合分子之生物活性得以保存,且待轉運之分子之大小亦並非限速因素。
TAT已表明不僅可增強細胞內傳遞,而且可增強細胞核傳遞,且因此已研究用於核酸傳遞。據顯示,結合至反義寡核苷酸之TAT肽將寡核苷酸傳遞至細胞核。亦已發現,TAT肽在內化之後與BODIPY-腦
醯胺一起共定位在高基體內部,BODIPY-腦醯胺為高基體之標記。因此,極有可能存在自早期內體至高基體之直接移行,而未進入晚期內體。可能存在分泌路徑,其中肽自內質網進入胞溶質。基因療法已在遺傳性、後天性及神經退化性病症之治療方面展現出潛在的意義。在非病毒基因傳遞方法中,正在研究各種藥物傳遞系統及聚合物,諸如脂質體、陽離子脂質-DNA、聚合物複合物。為解決非病毒基因表現載體之相對較低效的細胞吸收,已探索出將TAT肽與載體結合。
Kleeman等人已證明,在氣管內投藥之後,在聚乙烯亞胺(PEI)經由聚乙二醇(PEG)間隔劑共價偶合至TAT之情況下,肺泡基底上皮細胞中之基因表現展現出之小鼠肺部的活體內轉染效率高於未結合的PEG複合物。在Rudolph等人之類似研究中,與二聚HIV-1 TAT結合之固體脂質粒子展現出對肺部之基因傳遞增強。
CPP通常具有胺基酸組合物,該胺基酸組合物含有高相對豐度之帶正電荷的胺基酸,諸如離胺酸或精胺酸,或其序列含有交替模式之極性/帶電胺基酸及非極性疏水性胺基酸。這兩種類型之結構分別稱為聚陽離子結構或兩性結構。第三類CPP包含疏水性肽,僅含有非極性殘基,具有對細胞吸收至關重要的低淨電荷或疏水性胺基酸基團。在細胞穿透肽中,富含精胺酸之細胞穿透肽之研究最為廣泛。實例包括來自HIV轉活化劑蛋白TAT之TAT肽、穿膜肽、來自果蠅之觸角足突變蛋白之結構域(該結構域具有16個胺基酸)、禽獸棚病毒(FHV)外殼肽(序列35-49)及寡聚精胺酸。
生物可降解奈米粒子介導之細胞內傳遞為動態過程;涉及內飲作用、胞外分泌及分選至不同細胞內區室中。由此看來,NP表面及其與細胞表面之相互作用控制著生物可降解奈米粒子之吸收及細胞內移行,且因此控制著所囊封之治療劑之吸收及細胞內移行。
病毒載體為分子生物學家常用於將遺傳物質傳遞至細胞中之工
具。此過程可以在活有機體內部(活體內)或在細胞培養物中(活體外)進行。因此,病毒載體為用於穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統之適用選項。
細胞穿透肽及生物可降解奈米粒子不僅可以用於修飾藥物,而且可以與載劑結合以增強跨膜效應。
雙嘧達莫為平衡型核苷轉運體(ENT)抑制劑。核苷轉運體(NT)在跨越細胞膜轉運核苷時起重要作用。雙嘧達莫阻斷平衡型核苷轉運體(ENT),其有助於腺苷之跨膜擴散。雙嘧達莫將增加細胞外內源性腺苷濃度,主要在腺苷之細胞外形成增加之情況下,諸如發生在缺氧或炎症期間。然而,由雙嘧達莫誘導之細胞外內源性腺苷濃度引起血管擴張,血管擴張有助於器官灌注之代謝控制。雙嘧達莫負荷心肌成像為一種用於診斷且評估冠狀動脈疾病之成功且廣泛使用的技術。因靜脈內雙嘧達莫引起之冠狀血管擴張與通向依賴側支之心肌的血流量顯著降低相關,與CAD患者體內的冠狀竊流一致。另外,進一步研究發現雙嘧達莫在諸多器官中之血管收縮劑及血管擴張劑效應,該等器官包括腎臟、肺、胰臟、大腦等。
在一些器官中,雙嘧達莫不僅造成血管收縮,亦可以導致低血壓及後續副作用,諸如由於心臟血管擴張所致之眩暈及心悸。降血壓作用使雙嘧達莫不適合治療生理學上不穩定之患者,諸如患有(但不限於)敗血症、缺血性中風、出血性中風、急性肺損傷、急性肝臟損傷、心肌梗塞及心腎症候群之彼等患者。此外,雙嘧達莫之血流量限制作用使其在涉及血管豐富之器官的疾病治療方面的應用受到限制。
因為雙嘧達莫之藥理學作用主要係針對細胞膜,所以針對膜穿透所設計之傳遞系統避免與膜上之平衡型核苷轉運體結合同時增強細胞內信號轉導及PPARγ調控,可以防止由於心血管擴張增加及局部血流量限制所致之組織灌注不足的影響。由於血壓降低,雙嘧達莫在急性及重症患者方面之臨床應用的限制性因此會上升。
雙嘧達莫亦為非選擇性磷酸二酯酶抑制劑。增加細胞內藥物傳遞將增強雙嘧達莫對細胞內PDE之抑制。PDE家族之成員具有獨特的細胞及組織特異性分佈。視PDE在不同組織中之細胞膜上或在細胞質中之分佈概況而定,雙嘧達莫可以用作消炎劑、抗氧化劑、抗纖維劑化藥劑及平滑肌鬆弛劑來治療與PDE調控相關之疾病。
PDE之獨特的細胞及組織特異性分佈顯示於下表中(參見US 2012/0065165):
雙嘧達莫穿透膜之能力增加可以有助於抑制特定組織中之PDE3、PDE5及PDE8且賦予雙嘧達莫在與PDE3、PDE5及PDE8相關之疾病方面的治療功效。在此情況下,雙嘧達莫可以如同其他PDE5抑制劑一樣,用於治療下泌尿道功能障礙及勃起功能障礙。此外,因為雙嘧達莫為非選擇性PDE抑制劑,所以其可以用於在藉由跨膜藥物傳
遞系統傳遞時治療PDE相關疾病。
在一實施例中,本發明之式(I)化合物囊封於穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中以便傳遞至細胞中。在一較佳實施例中,穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為囊泡、聚合物囊泡、奈米粒子、脂質體、奈米懸浮粒子、固體脂質奈米粒子、磁性奈米載劑、微胞、大分子結合物或微粒藥物載劑。較佳地,穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為脂質體。適合於本發明之脂質體之直徑在約100-300nm、較佳約150-280nm、更佳約180-270nm之範圍內。
在本發明之另一實施例中,穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統可以為囊泡、聚合物囊泡或直徑小於1μm之聚合物。可以基於表面電勢、親水性/疏水性、大小、形態、形狀及/或表面曲率進行修改。
本發明之脂質體調配物可以包含具有各種性質(例如,單層或多層)、組成、大小及特徵;囊封於具有不同組成、pH及滲透強度之水性介質中之小泡。在一較佳實施例中,脂質體脂質層膜之主要組分選自由天然或合成磷脂組成之群,該等天然或合成磷脂諸如以下所列的彼等磷脂:-1,2-二月桂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(DLPC)
-1,2-二肉豆蔻醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(DMPC)
-1,2-二軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(DPPC)
-1,2-二硬脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(DSPC)
-1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(DOPC)
-1,2-二肉豆蔻醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DMPE)
-1,2-二軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DPPE)
-1,2-二硬脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DSPE)
-1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DOPE)
-1-肉豆蔻醯基-2-軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(MPPC)
-1-軟脂醯基-2-肉豆蔻醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(PMPC)
-1-硬脂醯基-2-軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(SPPC)
-1-軟脂醯基-2-硬脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸膽鹼(PSPC)
-1,2-二肉豆蔻醯基-sn-甘油-3-[磷酸-外消旋-(1-甘油)](DMPG)
-1,2-二軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-[磷酸-外消旋-(1-甘油)](DPPG)
-1,2-二硬脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-[磷酸-外消旋-(1-甘油)](DSPG)
-1,2-二油醯基-sn-甘油-3-[磷酸-外消旋-(1-甘油)](DOPG)
-1,2-二肉豆蔻醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸(DMPA)
-1,2-二軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸(DPPA)
-1,2-二軟脂醯基-sn-甘油-3-[磷酸-L-絲胺酸](DPPS)
-磷脂醯絲胺酸(PS),及-天然L-a-磷脂醯膽鹼(來自雞蛋、EPC,或來自大豆、SPC及HSPC)。
較佳磷脂為長飽和磷脂,例如烷基鏈超過12個、較佳超過14個、更佳超過16個、最佳超過18個碳原子之彼等磷脂。
根據本發明使用之較佳脂質體組合物較佳為脂質體為單層及/或多層脂質體之彼等脂質體組合物,且包含:(i)1莫耳%至100莫耳%、較佳40莫耳%至70莫耳%生理學上可接受之磷脂,該等磷脂較佳選自由以下組成之群:DLPC、DMPC、DPPC、DSPC、DOPC、DMPE、DPPE、DSPE、DOPE、MPPC、PMPC、SPPC、PSPC、DMPG、DPPG、DSPG、DOPG、DMPA、DPPA、DPPS、PS,EPC、SPC及HSPC;(ii)1莫耳%至100莫耳%、較佳40莫耳%至70莫耳%鞘脂,較佳鞘磷脂;(iii)1莫耳%至100莫耳%、較佳40莫耳%至70莫耳%界面活性劑,較佳以疏水性烷基醚(例如,Brij)、烷基酯、聚山梨醇酯、脫水
山梨糖醇酯及/或烷基醯胺為特徵之界面活性劑;(iv)5莫耳%至100莫耳%、較佳50莫耳%至100莫耳%兩親媒性聚合物及/或共聚物,較佳嵌段共聚物,該等嵌段共聚物包含至少一個親水性聚合物或共聚物嵌段,諸如聚乙二醇;及至少一個疏水性聚合物或共聚物嵌段,諸如聚(丙交酯)、聚(己內酯)、聚(氧化丁烯)、聚(氧化苯乙烯)、聚(苯乙烯)、聚(乙基乙烯)或聚二甲基矽氧烷;(v)0至60莫耳%、較佳20莫耳%至50莫耳%毒素滯留增強型化合物,較佳固醇衍生物,較佳膽固醇,或(vi)0至30莫耳%、較佳1莫耳%至5莫耳%位阻穩定劑,較佳聚乙二醇化化合物,較佳聚乙二醇化脂質,更佳DSPE-PEG。
在一較佳實施例中,類似脂質體之小泡由聚合物製成且不含脂質,出於此原因,其形式上不視為脂質體,而是稱作聚合物囊泡。然而,出於本發明之目的,聚合物囊泡意欲由術語脂質體所涵蓋,該術語用於限定本發明及申請專利範圍。
類似地,由合成界面活性劑製成且不含脂質的類似脂質體之小泡稱作囊泡。然而,出於本發明之目的,囊泡意欲由術語脂質體涵蓋,該術語用於限定本發明及申請專利範圍。
在本發明之一實施例中,可以使用不同高分子聚合物之聚合,該等高分子聚合物包含呈三嵌段共聚物形式之聚合物,諸如ABA及BAB;及呈嵌段共聚物形式之聚合物,諸如PLLA-PEG、PLGA-PEG、PLA-PEG、PLLA-mPEG、PLGA-mPEG及PLA-mPEG。可以設計各種形狀,諸如星狀及L形,包括PEG-(PLGA)8、PEG-(PLLA)8及PEG-(PDLA)8星型嵌段共聚物。可以使用聚乙二醇化改質對諸如聚合物媒劑及脂質體之任何媒劑進行改質,從而達成降低血漿蛋白質之結合速率的效果(參見Park, J.等人,(2009) 「PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles for the improved delivery of doxorubicin.
Nanomedicine.」 5(4):410-418; Lück, M.等人, (1998) 「Plasma protein adsorption on biodegradable microspheres consisting of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(L-lactide) or ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(oxyethylene). Influence of production method and polymer composition.」 J. Control Release. 55(2-3):107-20;及Sempf, K.等人, (2013) 「Adsorption of plasma proteins on uncoated PLGA nanoparticles.」 Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 85(1):53-60)。
不應該藉由基於體重之簡單轉換,自動物劑量外推至人類等效劑量(HED)。食品與藥物管理局已提出,動物劑量至人類劑量之外推僅經由針對BSA進行標準化來正確地進行,常常用mg/m2表示。人類等效劑量可以更恰當地使用下式計算:HED(mg/kg)=動物劑量(mg/kg)乘以動物Km/人類Km。為將小鼠中所用之劑量轉換成基於人類表面積之劑量,22.4mg/kg(鮑氏小鼠劑量(Baur's mouse dose))乘以小鼠Km因子(3)且隨後除以人類Km因子(37)(參見下表)。
基於來自FDA草案準則之資料的值
為將以mg/kg表示之劑量轉換成以mg/m2計之劑量,乘以K m 值。根據本發明,脂質體-雙嘧達莫之有效劑量在小鼠中為10mg/kg-100mg/kg,在倉鼠中為6-60mg/kg,在大鼠中為5-50mg/kg,在天竺鼠中為3.75-37.5mg/kg,在兔子中為2.5-25mg/kg,在猴子中為2.5-25mg/kg,在狗中為1.5-15mg/kg,在貓中為2.4-24mg/kg,在狒狒中為1.5-15mg/kg,在兒童中為1.2-12mg/kg,且在成人中為0.81-8.1mg/kg。考慮到各物種之間的藥物敏感性差異,在不限制物種之情況下,最寬劑量範圍為0.4-160mg/kg,較佳0.6-120mg/kg,更佳0.8mg/kg-100mg/kg。
現已大體上描述了本發明,本發明可以參考以下實例更容易瞭解,該等實例提供用於製造本發明之醫藥組合物的例示性方案及其在增強急性中風之治療方面的用途。該等實例僅出於說明之目的提供,且不希望以任何方式限制本發明之範疇。已儘力確保關於所用數字(例如量、溫度等)之準確性,但當然應該允許一些實驗誤差及偏差。
用帶正電荷及中性電荷之磷脂及膽固醇製備脂質體,其中膽固醇之莫耳百分比為5%至75%,存在或不存在PEG2000-DSPE,磷脂為5莫耳%。製備單層小微脂粒。經乾燥之脂質膜用硫酸銨水合且經由一系列聚碳酸酯膜過濾器依序擠出。經由跨膜pH梯度或脫水-復水,將雙嘧達莫囊封至脂質體中,且擠製脂質體之直徑在100-350nm之範圍內。脂質體-雙嘧達莫之直徑為約169至276nm,如圖5中所示。
該分析中所用之細胞株為人胎腎細胞HEK293。該等細胞用下表1中所示之試劑處理。
在處理之後0h、3h及12h,收集細胞。所收集之細胞用150μL緩衝液A(10mM Hepes pH=7.9、1.5mM MgCl2、10mM KCl、1.0mM DTT、0.1% Triton-X 100)洗滌,且在3000g下在4℃下離心10分鐘。收集含有胞溶質蛋白質之上清液,且集結粒用50μL緩衝液B(20mM Hepes pH=7.9、1.5mM MgCl2、0.42M NaCl、1.0mM DTT、1.0M PMSF、0.2mM EDTA)再懸浮,且在冰上培育30分鐘,隨後在12000g下在4℃下離心10分鐘。隨後收集含有核蛋白質之上清液,且使用西方墨點法分析P65蛋白質之表現,其說明PPARγ之活化。方法如下:使用布萊德福分析(Bradford assay)量測蛋白質濃度。將6×樣品緩衝液(0.8mM Tris-HCl、10mM EDTA、10% SDS、60%甘油、0.6M β-巰基乙醇、0.06%溴酚藍,pH 6.8)添加至50μg細胞核蛋白質中且將相等體積之溶解緩衝液添加至樣品中。在95℃下加熱10分鐘以使蛋白質變性之後,立即在冰上冷卻樣品。
樣品隨後藉由10% SDS-PAGE電泳(100V)分離且藉由濕式墨點法自SDS-PAGE凝膠轉移至PVDF膜。PVDF膜隨後在室溫下經5%脫脂乳處理60分鐘以阻斷非特異性結合。該等膜與初級抗體一起在4℃下培育隔夜且用PBST洗滌三次。該等膜與二級抗體一起在室溫下培育60分鐘且用PBST洗滌三次。該等膜隨後再用PBS洗滌一次且與增強型化學發光(ECL)受質一起培育以便偵測。使用自動化化學發光及螢光成像系統(UVP Biospectrum)獲得影像之像片。測試組相對於對照組之
PPARγ表現顯示於圖7a(12小時)及圖7b(0及3小時)中。
在此實驗中所用之初級抗體為MILLIPORE之兔抗人類PPARγ抗體(1:1000)(目錄號:07-466)及GeneTex之兔抗人類核纖層蛋白A/C(1:1000)(目錄號:GTX62457)。在此實驗中所用之二級抗體為sigma之小鼠抗兔HRP(1:3000)(ab6721)。
使用細胞計數套組-8(Dojindo Laboratories,Japan),遵循製造商之說明書,評估在初始處理後24小時活細胞之數目,且使用培養盤讀取器Multiskan EX(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,Waltham,MA)量測各孔上清液在450nm波長下之吸光度。資料顯示於圖8中。
在此研究中使用8-12週齡之雄性C57B1/6J小鼠。將其飼養在經空氣調節之環境中且在6am至18pm光循環下,且隨意飼喂標準嚙齒動物食物。每次施加時,LPS(大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)0111:B4)(SigmaAldrich,Milwaukee,WI,USA)均新溶解於無生膿原之無菌水中。首先,給小鼠腹膜內注射LPS(16mg/kg),且過72小時觀測存活率。藉由初步實驗確定LPS之劑量,該劑量顯示,在經注射之動物中,一半動物之存活時間久於24小時。在LPS處理之後1小時投與雙嘧達莫。
在實驗之前及在進入實驗24小時時,自各動物收集血液樣品進行生物化學量測。藉由離心分離樣品,且將血清儲存在-80℃下直至分析。使用Merck分析套組(Darmstadt,Germany)量測血清總膽固醇。亦使用SPOTCHEMTM自動乾式化學系統(SP-4410;Arkray,Shanghai,Japan)量測血清血脲氮(BUN)、肌酸酐、丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)及天冬胺
酸轉胺酶(AST)。資料顯示於圖9中。
圖9顯示,LPS處理誘發肝臟及腎臟損傷,肝臟及腎臟損傷使得血液中之天冬胺酸轉胺酶(AST)、丙胺酸轉胺酶(ALT)、肌酸酐及BUN含量顯著增加。用低劑量之雙嘧達莫或脂質體雙嘧達莫處理可緩解LPS誘導的血清中之AST、ALT、肌酸酐及BUN含量的增加情況。這一點說明,雙嘧達莫具有治療急性或慢性肝臟及腎臟炎症以及敗血症之治療功效。另外,因為高劑量之雙嘧達莫導致血壓改變且影響生理條件及存活率,所以脂質體雙嘧達莫之劑量依賴性功效可以隱含較寬範圍之適用劑量。
自肝臟及肺製備石蠟包埋切片(3μm),將其固定於經10%磷酸鹽緩衝之福馬林(formalin)中。使用過碘酸-希夫(Periodic acid-Schiff;PAS)染色,由不知情之觀察者用光學顯微鏡(Nikon E800;Melville,NY)分析形態。關於各小鼠,檢查至少10個高倍視野。肝臟及肺組織之HE染色分別顯示於圖10及圖11中。
在LPS處理之後72小時,在經HE染色之肝臟及肺切片中觀察到由經累積之巨噬細胞及嗜中性白血球誘發的過度炎症及組織損傷。用雙嘧達莫或脂質體雙嘧達莫後處理可減弱組織損傷及炎症。相比於游離形式之雙嘧達莫,在組織學上,脂質體雙嘧達莫展現較佳的治療功效。
使小鼠組織在10mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)、1mM EDTA、250mM蔗糖、10mM 2-巰基乙醇(Nacarai tesque,Inc.)、蛋白酶抑制劑(cOmplete,Mini,Roche Diagnostics)及磷酸酶抑制劑(PhosSTOP,Roche Diagnostics)中均質化。在1000rpm下運作之Braun Potter S均質機中使
用六個上下衝程(up-and-down stroke)。對勻漿進行離心(800g),且棄去集結粒。再次在12,000g下使上清液離心10min,且收集所得上清液。在收集樣品之後,藉由布萊德福分析量測蛋白質濃度。將6×樣品緩衝液(0.8mM Tris-HCl、10mM EDTA、10% SDS、60%甘油、0.6M β-巰基乙醇、0.06%溴酚藍,pH 6.8)添加至50μg全細胞蛋白質中且將相等體積之溶解緩衝液添加至樣品中。在95℃下加熱10分鐘以使蛋白質變性之後,立即在冰上冷卻樣品。
樣品隨後藉由10% SDS-PAGE電泳(100V)分離且藉由濕式墨點法自SDS-PAGE凝膠轉移至PVDF膜。PVDF膜隨後在室溫下經5%脫脂乳處理60分鐘以阻斷非特異性結合。該等膜與初級抗體一起在4℃下培育隔夜且用PBST洗滌三次。該等膜與二級抗體(抗兔IgG,sigma)一起在室溫下培育60分鐘且用PBST洗滌三次。該等膜隨後再用PBS洗滌一次且與增強型化學發光(ECL)受質一起培育以便偵測。使用自動化化學發光及螢光成像系統(UVP Biospectrum)獲得影像之像片。
所用抗體:t-PPARγ(1:1000;abcam ab191407)及β-肌動蛋白(1:1000;GeneTex GTX109639)。腎臟及肝臟中之t-PPARγ表現之資料分別顯示於圖12a及圖12b中。
根據實驗結果,顯然可知,無論在腎臟組織中抑或在肝臟組織中,雙嘧達莫或脂質體雙嘧達莫均具有以劑量依賴性方式誘導PPARγ表現之活性。由於藉由脂質體經由吞噬作用及融合,藥物至細胞中之穿透增強,所以PPARγ之表現大大增加。
雙嘧達莫具有降血壓作用。在各種急性及重大病況之治療中,降低血壓可以影響疾病之預後。因此,偵測本發明之雙嘧達莫脂質體對血壓之影響可以允許評估臨床使用可行的最大劑量。
在靜脈內投與以下藥劑之後,使用非侵襲性血壓裝置量測小鼠
之血壓:(1)生理鹽水;(2)LPS;(3)LPS,隨後雙嘧達莫(游離形式),10mg/kg;(4)LPS,隨後雙嘧達莫(游離形式),100mg/kg;(5)LPS,隨後雙嘧達莫脂質體,10mg/kg;及(6)LPS,隨後雙嘧達莫脂質體,100mg/kg。結果顯示於圖13a中。
不同劑量(在藥物治療之前無LPS)之額外測試結果顯示於圖13b中。
以上實驗資料證明,藉由提高雙嘧達莫進入細胞之能力,雙嘧達莫之藥理學機制將改變,引起雙嘧達莫對PPARγ表現之活性增加且雙嘧達莫在細胞膜上之活性降低,從而減少藥物對血管之刺激且減少隨之而來的對血流量的嚴重干擾。藉由提高雙嘧達莫對PPARγ表現之活性,雙嘧達莫展現出治療多種疾病之潛能。藉由多種機制之作用,雙嘧達莫經由PPARγ路徑之消炎及抗凋亡活性得以增加。雙嘧達莫可以用於治療急性及重症疾病及小型哺乳動物,且不干擾血壓。
Claims (25)
- 一種預防或治療PPARγ相關病症或病況之方法,其包含向有需要之個體投與治療有效量之式(I)化合物:
- 如請求項1之方法,其中R1及R3為雜環基且R2及R4為二(羥烷基〕胺基。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該雜環基為哌啶基。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該二(羥烷基)胺基為N,N-二(羥乙基)胺基。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該化合物為雙嘧達莫(dipyridamole)。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該化合物囊封於穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統中。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中該穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為囊泡、聚合物囊泡、奈米粒子、脂質體、奈米懸浮粒子、固體脂質奈米粒子、磁性奈米載劑、微胞、大分子結合物或微粒藥物載劑。
- 如請求項7之方法,其中該穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為脂質體。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中該脂質體之直徑在約100-300nm之範圍內。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該個體為人類或非人類哺乳動物。
- 如請求項10之方法,其中該非人類哺乳動物為貓或狗。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該等PPARγ相關病症或病況係選自由以下各者組成之群:胰島素抗性、葡萄糖耐量異常、II型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂質血症、高血壓、血管心病、動脈粥樣硬化、血脂異常、肥胖及症候群X、心血管疾病、炎症及神經學疾病、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)、多發性硬化症、帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease)、缺血性中風、出血性中風、脊髓損傷、牛皮癬性關節炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、眼病、病毒感染、多囊卵巢疾病、炎症性腸病、哮喘、骨骼疾病、衰老及長壽、藥物代謝、傷口癒合、痤瘡、線粒體功能障礙病、出血性中風、缺血性中風、腎病、肝病、肺病、心血管疾病、胰臟病、下泌尿道功能障礙、勃起功能障礙、腦膜炎、心腎症候群、自身免疫病症及全身性炎症反應症候群(敗血症)。
- 一種預防或治療PPARγ相關疾病以減少由藥物與細胞膜受體相互作用導致之血管擴張副作用的方法,其包含基於穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統,向有需要之個體投與醫藥組合物,該醫藥組合物包含治療有效量之如請求項1中所定義之式(I)化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中R1及R3為雜環基且R2及R4為二(羥烷基)胺基。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該雜環基為哌啶基。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該二(羥烷基)胺基為N,N-二(羥乙基)胺基。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該化合物為雙嘧達莫。
- 如請求項17之方法,其中該穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為囊泡、聚合物囊泡、奈米粒子、脂質體、奈米懸浮粒子、固體脂質奈 米粒子、磁性奈米載劑、微胞、細胞穿透肽、RGD肽、生物可降解奈米粒子、病毒載體、大分子結合物或微粒藥物載劑。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該穿透細胞之藥物傳遞系統為脂質體。
- 如請求項19之方法,其中該脂質體之直徑在約100-300nm之範圍內。
- 如請求項19之方法,其中該脂質體帶正電荷或帶有中性電荷。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該劑量在0.4-160mg/kg之範圍內。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該個體為人類或非人類哺乳動物。
- 如請求項23之方法,其中該非人類哺乳動物為貓或狗。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該等PPARγ相關病症或病況係選自由以下各者組成之群:胰島素抗性、葡萄糖耐量異常、II型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂質血症、高血壓、血管心病、動脈粥樣硬化、血脂異常、肥胖及症候群X、心血管疾病、炎症及神經學疾病、阿茲海默氏病、多發性硬化症、帕金森氏病、缺血性中風、出血性中風、脊髓損傷、牛皮癬性關節炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、眼病、病毒感染、多囊卵巢疾病、炎症性腸病、哮喘、骨骼疾病、衰老及長壽、藥物代謝、傷口癒合、痤瘡、線粒體功能障礙病、出血性中風、缺血性中風、腎病、肝病、肺病、心血管疾病、胰臟病、下泌尿道功能障礙、勃起功能障礙、腦膜炎、心腎症候群、自身免疫病症及全身性炎症反應症候群(敗血症)。
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