TW201518262A - 電洞傳輸材料 - Google Patents
電洞傳輸材料 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201518262A TW201518262A TW103134470A TW103134470A TW201518262A TW 201518262 A TW201518262 A TW 201518262A TW 103134470 A TW103134470 A TW 103134470A TW 103134470 A TW103134470 A TW 103134470A TW 201518262 A TW201518262 A TW 201518262A
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000006443 Buchwald-Hartwig cross coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- NFWPZNNZUCPLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-3-methylaniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(N)C=C1C NFWPZNNZUCPLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GDOWHNBVCSMVTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N COc1c(C)cc(Nc2ccccc2)cc1C Chemical compound COc1c(C)cc(Nc2ccccc2)cc1C GDOWHNBVCSMVTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 14
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 43
- -1 poly(3-hexylthiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 24
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 14
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 207739-72-8 Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C2=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC(=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=C13)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 XDXWNHPWWKGTKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- KZPYGQFFRCFCPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C1=CC=C[C-]1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=C[C-]1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 KZPYGQFFRCFCPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000019439 ethyl acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 5
- LXNAVEXFUKBNMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(II) acetate Substances [Pd].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O LXNAVEXFUKBNMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 5
- SYXYWTXQFUUWLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;butan-1-olate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCC[O-] SYXYWTXQFUUWLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- OJCSPXHYDFONPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N etoac etoac Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O.CCOC(C)=O OJCSPXHYDFONPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNFWTIYUKDMAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sphos Chemical group COC1=CC=CC(OC)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1P(C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 VNFWTIYUKDMAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IXHWGNYCZPISET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(dicyanomethylidene)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]propanedinitrile Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(=C(C#N)C#N)C(F)=C(F)C1=C(C#N)C#N IXHWGNYCZPISET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ADSOSINJPNKUJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butylpyridine Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=CC=N1 ADSOSINJPNKUJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MMARFGDTMJBIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-bromo-2-methoxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene Chemical group COC1=C(C)C=C(Br)C=C1C MMARFGDTMJBIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100205030 Caenorhabditis elegans hars-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YECOTGLJPABYBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N FC(S(=O)(=O)C=1C(=C2C(C(=O)NC2=O)=CC1)S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F)(F)F.[Li] Chemical compound FC(S(=O)(=O)C=1C(=C2C(C(=O)NC2=O)=CC1)S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F)(F)F.[Li] YECOTGLJPABYBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001167 Poly(triaryl amine) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910008449 SnF 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001000 anthraquinone dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- DKHNGUNXLDCATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipyrazino[2,3-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile Chemical compound C12=NC(C#N)=C(C#N)N=C2C2=NC(C#N)=C(C#N)N=C2C2=C1N=C(C#N)C(C#N)=N2 DKHNGUNXLDCATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001972 liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- AXRRPFRZKHRKIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dicyanoazanide Chemical compound [Li+].N#C[N-]C#N AXRRPFRZKHRKIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- PSZXPGFNGPBEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium butan-1-olate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] PSZXPGFNGPBEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ASGMFNBUXDJWJJ-JLCFBVMHSA-N (1R,3R)-3-[[3-bromo-1-[4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)phenyl]pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]amino]-N,1-dimethylcyclopentane-1-carboxamide Chemical compound BrC1=NN(C2=NC(=NC=C21)N[C@H]1C[C@@](CC1)(C(=O)NC)C)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=1SC(=NN=1)C ASGMFNBUXDJWJJ-JLCFBVMHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDPURXSQCKYKIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(CN)C=C1 IDPURXSQCKYKIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXSDFCKKOUCOIZ-XCSHDWRRSA-N 12-[(5E)-5-[3-(carboxymethyl)-5-[[4-[4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl]-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]indol-7-yl]methylidene]-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene]-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]dodecanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCN1C(=S)S\C(C1=O)=c1\sc(=Cc2ccc3N(C4CCCC4c3c2)c2ccc(C=C(c3ccccc3)c3ccccc3)cc2)c(=O)n1CC(O)=O HXSDFCKKOUCOIZ-XCSHDWRRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMMGRPLNZPTZBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=C1C=CS2 YMMGRPLNZPTZBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMISXESAJBVFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid;ruthenium(2+);diisothiocyanate Chemical compound [Ru+2].[N-]=C=S.[N-]=C=S.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1.OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 VMISXESAJBVFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVGFTBGCXCYEFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-sulfanylidene-1h-pyridin-2-yl)-1h-pyridine-4-thione Chemical group S=C1C=CNC(C=2NC=CC(=S)C=2)=C1 LVGFTBGCXCYEFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZFUEQNYOBIXTB-SJIUXOFISA-N 2-[(2e,5z)-5-[[4-[4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl]-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1h-cyclopenta[b]indol-7-yl]methylidene]-2-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound O=C1N(CC)C(=S)S\C1=C(\S\1)N(CC(O)=O)C(=O)C/1=C/C1=CC=C(N(C2C3CCC2)C=2C=CC(C=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=4C=CC=CC=4)=CC=2)C3=C1 OZFUEQNYOBIXTB-SJIUXOFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZHVTCXAXYYCIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-n',2-n',7-n',7-n'-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9'-spirobi[fluorene]-2',7'-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N(C=1C=C2C3(C4=CC=CC=C4C4=CC=CC=C43)C3=CC(=CC=C3C2=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(OC)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(OC)C=C1 LZHVTCXAXYYCIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRYSEKUUHUUJPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyridin-2-ylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=CC=2)=C1 FRYSEKUUHUUJPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWFFDTZNRAEFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 PWFFDTZNRAEFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCKVENPXPQNFSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethylaniline Chemical compound COC1=CC(C)=C(N)C=C1C ZCKVENPXPQNFSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HUPGZEYAAFYLSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylaniline Chemical compound COC1=C(C)C=C(N)C=C1C HUPGZEYAAFYLSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTDVKARQFOALDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methoxy-3-methyl-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound C1=C(C)C(OC)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 NTDVKARQFOALDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNFCXVRWFNAHQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,9'-spirobi[fluorene] Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C21 SNFCXVRWFNAHQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001385733 Aesculus indica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208340 Araliaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BGLGEAWSKOSIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N COc1ccc(Nc2ccc(OC)c(C)c2)cc1C Chemical compound COc1ccc(Nc2ccc(OC)c(C)c2)cc1C BGLGEAWSKOSIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940127007 Compound 39 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLVJZEXIDLMCKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N N1=CC=CC=C1.N1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=2C(C3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)=O)=O Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1.N1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=2C(C3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)=O)=O QLVJZEXIDLMCKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019394 NaRu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000005035 Panax pseudoginseng ssp. pseudoginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002319 Poly(methyl acrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012327 Ruthenium complex Substances 0.000 description 1
- NSUQCZRASCOCLD-UHFFFAOYSA-L [O-]OOO[O-].[Li+].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-]OOO[O-].[Li+].[Li+] NSUQCZRASCOCLD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001499 aryl bromides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001500 aryl chlorides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=C1 QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Se-2].[Cd+2] UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-IDEBNGHGSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical group Cl[13C]1=[13CH][13CH]=[13CH][13CH]=[13CH]1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-IDEBNGHGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001891 dimethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001566 impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ALYPSPRNEZQACK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;methyl sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].COS([O-])(=O)=O ALYPSPRNEZQACK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZJZXSOKJEJFHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;thiocyanate Chemical compound [Li+].[S-]C#N ZJZXSOKJEJFHCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010413 mother solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BHAAPTBBJKJZER-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-anisidine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(N)C=C1 BHAAPTBBJKJZER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000075 poly(4-vinylpyridine) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004424 polypyridyl Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013558 reference substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005555 sulfoximide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFZKOODUSFUFIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoro phosphate Chemical compound FOP(=O)(OF)OF JFZKOODUSFUFIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本發明係關於2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀,其製備方法,及其作為電子裝置或光電子裝置、尤其固態染料敏化太陽電池之電洞傳輸材料之用途。
Description
本發明係關於2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀,一種其製備方法,及其作為電子裝置或光電子裝置、尤其固態染料敏化太陽電池或含有鈣鈦礦的太陽電池之電洞傳輸材料之用途。
使用染料敏化太陽電池或含有鈣鈦礦之太陽電池為經由太陽光照射產生光電流之有前景的技術。液態電解質染料敏化太陽電池達到超過11%之電力轉換效率。然而,就基於液態電解質之太陽電池而言,現存任務之一為避免洩漏問題。因此,研究人員用固體電洞導體或換言之用電洞傳輸材料(HTM)替代液態電解質。迄今為止,選擇電洞傳輸材料2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基苯胺)-9,9'-螺雙茀(螺-OMeTAD)用於固態染料敏化太陽電池(sDSSC)之基準HTM(Nature,1998,395,585)。然而,螺-OMeTAD具有約10-4cm2/Vs之相對低的電荷載流子遷移率。
除螺-OMeTAD之外,JP 2011-258328中描述了其他電洞傳輸材料、尤其化合物39為2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀。
此外,一個待解決的重要問題為HTM之溶解度,因為HTM必須為可自溶液處理的、應有效地填充半導體之電洞且應形成平滑薄膜。
因此,繼續要求電洞傳輸材料進一步最佳化電子裝置或光電子裝置、尤其最佳化sDSSC之效能。
因此,本發明係關於提供待併入電子裝置或光電子裝置中之具有改進特性的替代性電洞傳輸材料之問題。
出人意料地,已發現式(I)化合物2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀為具有所要特性特徵之電洞傳輸材料。
因此,本發明係關於式(I)化合物
與先前技術分子螺-OMeTAD及2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀相比,此電洞傳輸材料具有較好溶解度。出人意料的是,儘管將八個非極性甲基併入結構中以產生式(I)化合物,溶解度比螺-OMeTAD好。
與兩種參考材料相比,本發明之電洞傳輸材料具有較好電洞遷移率。
因此,如實驗部分中所描述之包含式(I)化合物的固態DSSC之電池效能好於參考物質2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀之sDSSC之效能且與包含螺-OMeTAD的sDSSC之效能相等。
本發明進一步係關於式(I)化合物之製備方法,其包含在布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應(Buchwald-Hartwig amination)中使2,2',7,7'-四溴-9,9'-螺雙茀與雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)反應。
起始材料2,2',7,7'-四溴-9,9'-螺雙茀可購自例如TCI或Sigma-Aldrich。
本發明此外係關於起始材料雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)。
雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)可經由5-溴-2-甲氧基-1,3-二甲苯與4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯基苯胺之反應合成。反應條件屬於此項技術中熟知的布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應之條件。
本發明此外係關於一種製備雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)之方法,其包含在布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應中使5-溴-2-甲氧基-1,3-二甲苯與4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯基苯胺反應。
雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)之合成之較佳反應條件為使用第三丁醇鈉作為鹼、使用乙酸鈀(II)作為鈀-催化劑中之鈀(0)的來源及使用1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵(DPPF)作為配位體。布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希反應較佳在例如甲苯、苯、二噁烷、四氫呋喃、二甲基甲醯胺或二甲氧基乙烷之有機溶劑存在下發生。較佳將甲苯用作溶劑。
反應溫度通常在室溫至120℃之間。
此外,式(I)化合物之合成之方法亦為布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應。布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應之反應條件為此項技術中熟知的。式(I)化合物之合成之較佳反應條件為使用第三丁醇鈉、使用乙酸鈀(II)作為鈀-催化劑中之鈀(0)的來源及使用2-二環己基磷酸醯氧基-2',6'-二甲氧基聯苯(SPhos)作為配位體。
SPhos-鈀-錯合物對涉及芳基氯化物或芳基溴化物之布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應展現高活性。布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希反應較佳在例如甲苯、苯、二噁烷、四氫呋喃、二甲基甲醯胺或二甲氧基乙烷之有機溶劑存在下發生。較佳使用甲苯作為溶劑且反應溫度通常在室溫至120℃之間,較佳在120℃。
較佳地,所有布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應在諸如氮氣(N2)之
非反應性氣體存在下進行。
可藉由熟習此項技術者充分已知的多種純化方法,例如藉由層析或再結晶來純化由以上概述之方法製備的式(I)化合物。
本發明此外係關於一種包含式(I)化合物及至少一種溶劑之製劑。
該製劑可包括或包含該等必要的或視情況選用之組分、基本上由或由該等必要的或視情況選用之組分組成。可用於該等製劑之所有化合物或組分為已知及市售的或可藉由已知方法合成。
除式(I)化合物,本文之製劑還包含適用於所用塗覆方法之有機溶劑。適合之方法為浸漬、滴液、刮漿刀、旋塗、刷塗、噴漆或滾塗機。此等技術為熟習此項技術者熟知的。較佳方法為旋塗或浸漬。尤其較佳方法為旋塗。在大多數情況下,用於旋塗之溶劑具有高沸點。
待根據本發明使用之適合有機溶劑為例如氯苯、四氫呋喃、環氧丁烷、氯仿、環己酮、丙酮、諸如甲醇或乙醇之醇類、二甲基甲醯胺、乙腈、二甲氧基乙烷、六甲基磷醯三胺、1,2-二氯苯或其混合物。較佳溶劑為氯苯。
本發明亦關於一種製備此類型之製劑之方法,其特徵在於將式(I)化合物與至少一種溶劑及視情況另外化合物混合及/或溶解。
製劑中之式(I)化合物之典型的莫耳濃度在0.08M至0.5M、較佳0.1M至0.2M之範圍內。製劑中之尤其較佳濃度為0.17M。
出於本發明之目的,莫耳濃度係指在25℃下之濃度。
此外,根據本發明之製劑可包含一或多種其他電洞傳輸材料。
適合之其他電洞傳輸材料為此項技術中熟知的。用於組合之較佳電洞傳輸材料為螺-OMeTAD、2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺茀、參(對大茴香基)胺、N,N,N',N'-肆(4-甲氧基苯基)-1,1'-聯苯-4,4'二胺、2,7-雙[N,N-雙(4-甲氧基-苯基)胺基]-9,9-螺雙
茀、聚(3-己基噻吩)(P3HT)、聚(3,4-伸乙二氧基噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(PEDOT:PSS)、聚[雙(4-苯基)(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)胺](PTAA)、NiO及V2O5。
此外,根據本發明之製劑可包含至少一種鋰鹽。
適合鋰鹽為雙(三氟甲磺醯基)醯亞胺鋰、參(五氟乙基)三氟磷酸鋰、二氰胺鋰、甲基硫酸鋰、三氟甲烷磺酸鋰、四氰基硼酸鋰、二氰胺鋰、三氰甲基鋰、硫代氰酸鋰、氯化鋰、溴化鋰、碘化鋰、六氟磷酸鋰、四氟硼酸鋰、過氯酸鋰、六氟銻酸鋰、六氟砷酸鋰或兩個或兩個以上之組合。較佳鋰鹽為雙(三氟甲磺醯基)醯亞胺鋰。
較佳地,其包含1mM至30mM、較佳8mM至15mM之鋰鹽。
此外,根據本發明之製劑可包含至少另一種添加劑。
適合添加劑為諸如WO2013/026563之技術方案1至15中所揭示及第15頁至17頁所揭示之第三丁吡啶、咪唑之吡啶化合物或諸如聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)或其與例如乙烯基苯乙烯或甲基丙烯酸烷基酯的共聚物之聚合物添加劑。較佳吡啶化合物為第三丁基吡啶。較佳地,製劑包含0.01M至0.3M、較佳0.08M至0.15M之添加劑。
在一個較佳實施例中,在室溫下式(I)化合物:鋰鹽:作為添加劑之吡啶化合物之莫耳比為10:1:10。
根據本發明之較佳製劑為包含先前所描述或較佳地描述之式(I)化合物、至少一種溶劑、鋰鹽及吡啶化合物之製劑。
鋰鹽之有用性描述於Phys.Chem.,Chem.Phys,2013,15,1572-2579中。
吡啶化合物之有用性描述於Sol.Energy Mater.& Solar Cells,2007,91,424-426中。
此外,如上文所描述之根據本發明之製劑可包含p型摻雜劑,諸如N(PhBr)3SbCl6(其中Ph意謂苯基)、V2O5、如Phys.Chem,Chem.
Phys,2012,14,11689-11694中所描述之F4-TCNQ(四氟-四氰基醌二甲烷)、HAT-CN(1,4,5,8,9,11-六氮雜聯伸三苯-六甲腈)或如Chem.Mater.,2013,25,2986-2990或J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2011,133,18042中所描述之Co錯合物鹽。
如上文所描述之式(I)化合物為電洞傳輸材料且因此同樣可用於電子或光電子裝置中。
因此,本發明此外係關於一種式(I)化合物在電子或光電子裝置中之用途。
因此,本發明此外係關於一種包含式(I)化合物之電子或光電子裝置。
本文之電子裝置被用來意謂包含至少一個包含至少一種有機化合物之層的裝置。然而,該裝置亦可包含無機材料或亦完全由無機材料建立之層。
電子或光電子裝置較佳選自由以下組成之群:有機電致發光裝置(organic electroluminescent device;OLED)、有機積體電路(organic integrated circuit;O-IC)、有機場效電晶體(organic field-effect transistor;O-FET)、有機薄膜電晶體(organic thin-film transistor;O-TFT)、有機發光電晶體(organic light-emitting transistor;O-LET)、太陽電池、有機光學偵測器、有機感光器、有機場淬滅裝置(organic field-quench device;O-FQD)、發光電化電池(light-emitting electrochemical cell;LEC)、有機雷射二極體(O-雷射)、有機電漿子發光裝置(D.M.Koller等人,Nature Photonics 2008,1-4)、電子攝影術裝置及波形轉換器。
式(I)化合物為例如波形轉換器之波形轉換層之一部分。
電子裝置較佳為有機電致發光裝置(OLED)或有機發光電化電池(OLEC)。
光電子裝置較佳為固態染料敏化太陽電池或含鈣鈦礦之太陽電池。光電子裝置尤其較佳為固態染料敏化太陽電池。
此外,裝置之特徵在於將式(I)化合物用作電洞傳輸材料。
本發明此外係關於一種包含式(I)化合物之電荷傳輸層。
根據本發明之電荷傳輸層可包含以上所提及之添加劑或如之前所描述之其他HTM。
根據本發明之電荷傳輸層可包含有機黏合劑、較佳聚合黏合劑。
根據本發明待使用之適合黏合劑為聚氧化乙烯(polyethylene oxide;PEO)、聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride;PVDF)、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯或聚矽氧烷。
根據本發明之電荷傳輸層較佳為包含敏化染料或鈣鈦礦及式(I)化合物之光敏化奈米粒子層。
只要LUMO能態略微高於待敏化之光電極之導帶邊緣,對於敏化染料之選擇本身不存在限制。染料之實例揭示於Nanoenergy,de Souza,Flavio Leandro,Leite,Edson Roberto(編),Springer,ISBN 978-3-642-31736-1,第58頁至74頁中或黑色染料如US 8,383,553中所描述。
較佳染料為有機染料,諸如J.Power Sources,2012,214,113-118中所描述之CYC-B11,MK-1、MK-2或MK-3(其結構描述於N.Koumura等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.第128卷,第44期,2006,14256-14257之圖1中),WO 2012/001033之第4頁描述的D29,WO 2012/001033之第4頁描述的D35,D102(CAS第652145-28-3號),D-149(CAS第786643-20-7號),D205(CAS第936336-21-9號),D358(CAS第1207638-53-6號),如T.Bessho等人,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.第49卷,37,6646-6649,2010中所描述之YD-2,Y123(CAS第1312465-92-1號),諸
如N3(CAS第141460-19-7號)、N719(CAS第207347-46-4號)、Z907(CAS第502693-09-6號)、C101(CAS第1048964-93-7號)、C106(CAS第1152310-69-4號)、K19(CAS第847665-45-6號)、HRS-1(如K.J.Jiang等人,Chem.Comm.2460,2006中所揭示之CAS第906061-30-1號)之二吡啶-釕染料或諸如N749(CAS第359415-47-7號)之三聯吡啶-釕染料。
D205之結構為
D358之結構為
尤其較佳染料為Z907或Z907Na,其均為兩親媒性釕敏化劑、
D29、D35、Y123、C106、D358或HRS-1。染料Z907Na意謂NaRu(2,2'-聯吡啶-4-甲酸-4'-甲酸鹽)(4,4'-二壬基-2,2'-聯吡啶)(NCS)2。
極其特定染料為Z907。
對於鈣鈦礦材料之選擇本身不存在限制。已知鈣鈦礦材料充當光吸收部分但亦描述其在功能上充當電洞傳輸材料或半導體。
因此,根據本發明之包含於裝置中的鈣鈦礦材料可為電荷傳輸層之一部分但亦可為裝置內的另一層或架構之一部分。
適合之鈣鈦礦材料為CsSnI3、CH3NH3PbI2Cl、CH3NH3PbI3、CH3NH3Pb(I1-xBrx)3、CH3NH3SnI2Cl、CH3NH3SnI3或CH3NH3Sn(I1-xBrx)3,其中x各自獨立地如下定義:(0<x1)。更廣義地,適合之鈣鈦礦材料可包含兩種對應於式Xa(3-x)Xb(x)之鹵化物,其中Xa及Xb各自獨立地選自Cl、Br或I,且x大於0且小於3。
適合之鈣鈦礦材料亦揭示於WO 2013/171517之技術方案52至71及技術方案72至79中,其全文以引用之方式併入本文中。材料定義為包含兩個或兩個以上選自鹵素陰離子及硫族陰離子之不同陰離子的混合陰離子鈣鈦礦。較佳鈣鈦礦材料揭示於第18頁第5行至17行。如所描述的,鈣鈦礦通常選自CH3NH3PbBrI2、CH3NH3PbBrCl2、CH3NH3PbIBr2、CH3NH3PbICl2、CH3NH3SnF2Br、CH3NH3SnF2I及(H2N=CH-NH2)PbI3zBr3(1-z),其中z大於0且小於1。
如之前所描述的根據本發明之電荷傳輸層或如之前或以下所描述的根據本發明之裝置此外可包含諸如Michael M.Lee等人,Science,338,643,2012中所描述的氧化鋁之絕緣體。
根據本發明之電荷傳輸層或如之前或以下所描述之根據本發明之裝置此外可包含半導體氧化物奈米粒子。根據本發明之電荷傳輸層或根據本發明之裝置較佳包含半導體氧化物奈米粒子。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,半導體係基於選自以下之群之材料:Si、TiO2、SnO2、Fe2O3、WO3、ZnO、Nb2O5、CdS、ZnS、PbS、Bi2S3、CdSe、GaP、InP、GaAs、CdTe、CuInS2及/或CuInSe2。較佳地,半導體包含中孔表面,因此增加視情況由敏化染料或鈣鈦礦材料覆蓋且與電洞傳輸材料接觸之表面。較佳地,半導體氧化物奈米粒子為二氧化鈦奈米粒子。較佳地,半導體氧化物為中孔。
較佳地,如之前所描述之根據本發明之電荷傳輸層視情況連同緻密TiO2層存在於玻璃支撐物或塑膠或金屬箔上。較佳地,支撐物為導電的。
本發明此外係關於包含如之前所描述或較佳描述的電荷傳輸層之電子裝置或光電子裝置。較佳地,本發明此外係關於包含如之前所描述或較佳描述的電荷傳輸層之固態染料敏化太陽電池。
另外包含經混合之鹵化物鈣鈦礦之根據本發明之適合的裝置結構描述於WO 2013/171517的技術方案52至71及技術方案72至79中,其全文以引用之方式併入本文中。
另外包含介電質架構連同鈣鈦礦材料之根據本發明之適合的裝置結構描述於WO 2013/171518之技術方案1至90或WO 2013/171520之技術方案1至94中,其全文以引用之方式併入本文中。
另外包含半導體及鈣鈦礦材料之根據本發明之適合的裝置結構描述於WO2014/020499之技術方案1及3至14中,其全文以引用之方式併入本文中。其中所描述的表面增加之架構結構包含塗覆及/或固定於支撐層上之奈米粒子(例如多孔TiO2)。
包含平面異質接面之根據本發明之適合的裝置結構描述於WO2014/045021之技術方案1至39中,其全文以引用之方式併入本文中。該裝置之特徵在於具有安置於n型(電子傳導)層與P型(電洞傳導)層之間的光吸收或發光鈣鈦礦之薄膜。較佳地,薄膜為緊密薄膜。
另外,本發明係關於一種製備如之前所描述或較佳描述的電化學裝置及/或光電子裝置之方法,該方法包含以下步驟:- 提供第一及第二電極;- 提供如之前所描述之根據本發明之電荷傳輸層。
對於第一及第二電極之選擇本身不存在限制。基板可為剛性或可撓性的。
本發明之一較佳實施例為包含塗佈有F摻雜之SnO2之玻璃基板、緻密TiO2層、如先前所描述或較佳描述的本發明之電荷傳輸層及相對電極之固態染料敏化太陽電池。
較佳地,相對電極為金電極、銀電極或鉑電極。尤其較佳地,相對電極為金或銀電極。
本發明此外係關於包含一個如先前所描述或先前較佳描述的根據本發明之裝置之模組。
本發明此外係關於包含複數個如先前所描述或先前較佳描述的根據本發明之裝置之模組。
現將藉助於以下實例說明本發明,而不限制其範疇。即使無另外註解,假定熟習此項技術者將能夠在最廣泛範疇內利用以上描述。較佳實施例及實例因此應僅被視為絕對不以任何方式為限制性之描述性揭示內容。
在具有冷凝器之4頸燒瓶內將4-溴-1-甲氧基-2-甲苯(3.134mg,
15.6mmol)、第三丁醇鈉(3.053g,32mmol)、乙酸鈀(II)(69mg,0.3mmol)、1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵(DPPF)(169mg,0.3mmol)溶解於甲苯(10mL)中。在N2流下攪拌反應混合物5分鐘,接著添加4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯基苯胺(2.064g,15.0mmol)及40mL之甲苯。將混合物加熱至120℃持續21h。在反應之後,過濾反應混合物。在藉由旋轉式蒸發器濃縮且藉由矽膠(己烷/EtOAc 2%->20%)急驟管柱層析法純化之後,得到呈橙色黏性油狀之產物。以熱方法藉由己烷再結晶此油,得到呈白色固體狀之雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯基)胺[2.725g,10.6mmol,產率70.4%]。
C16H19NO2,MW 257.33,精確值MS 257,GC-MS 257[M]+)。
在具有冷凝器之4頸燒瓶內將2,2',7,7'-四溴-9,9'-螺雙茀(639mg,1.01mmol)、第三丁醇鈉(608g,6.33mmol)、乙酸鈀(II)(29mg,0.13mmol)、2-二環己基膦基-2',6'-二甲氧基聯苯(SPhos)(41mg,0.10mmol)溶解於甲苯(10mL)中。在N2流下攪拌反應混合物5分鐘,接著添加根據步驟1製備的雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)(1.253g,4.87mmol)及甲苯(20mL)。將混合物加熱至120℃持續16h。在反應之後,過濾反應混合物。在藉由旋轉式蒸發器濃縮且藉由矽膠(己烷/EtOAc 5%->40%)急驟管柱層析法純化之後,得到呈米色非晶形固體狀之產物[1.082g,0.81mmol,產率80.0%]。
C89H84N4O8,MW 1337.64,精確值MS 1336,LC-ESI-MS 1337.7[M+H]+)。
在具有冷凝器之4頸燒瓶內將2,2',7,7'-四溴-9,9'-螺雙茀(1.896mg,3.0mmol)、第三丁醇鈉(1.822g,19mmol)、乙酸鈀(II)(1.6mg,0.01mmol)、2-二環己基膦基-2',6'-二甲氧基聯苯(SPhos)(6.8mg,0.02mmol)溶解於甲苯(10mL)中。在N2流下攪拌反應混合物5分鐘,接著添加雙(4-甲氧基苯胺)(3.620g,15.7mmol)及甲苯(25mL)。將混合物加熱至120℃持續70h。在反應之後,過濾且濃縮反應混合物。自二氯甲烷及甲醇再結晶產物。
在具有冷凝器之4頸燒瓶內將5-溴-2-甲氧基-1,3-二甲苯(4.179mg,21.9mmol)、第三丁醇鈉(4.468g,46.5mmol)、乙酸鈀(II)(93mg,0.4mmol)、1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵(DPPF)(220mg,0.4mmol)溶解於甲苯(20mL)中。在N2流下攪拌反應混合物5分鐘,接著添加4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯基苯胺(3.032g,20.0mmol)及60mL之甲
苯。將混合物加熱至120℃持續20h。在反應之後,過濾反應混合物。在藉由旋轉式蒸發器濃縮且藉由矽膠(己烷/EtOAc 2%->20%)急驟管柱層析法純化之後,得到呈橙色黏性油狀之產物。以熱方法藉由己烷再結晶此油,得到呈白色固體狀之雙(4-甲氧基-3,5-甲基苯基)胺[2.961g,10.37mmol,產率51.7%]。
C18H23NO2,MW 285.38,精確值MS 285,GC-MS 285.1[M]+ UV最大288nm。
在具有冷凝器之4頸燒瓶內將2,2',7,7'-四溴-9,9'-螺雙茀(316mg,0.5mmol)、第三丁醇鈉(629g,6.55mmol)、乙酸鈀(II)(12mg,0.05mmol)、2-二環己基膦基-2',6'-二甲氧基聯苯(SPhos)(22mg,0.05mmol)溶解於甲苯(5mL)中。在N2流下攪拌反應混合物5分鐘,接著添加雙(4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯胺)(C-1)(316g,1.11mmol)及甲苯(25mL)。將混合物加熱至120℃持續50min。在反應之後,過濾反應混合物。在藉由旋轉式蒸發器濃縮且藉由矽膠(己烷/EtOAc 5%->80%)急驟管柱層析法純化之後,得到呈米色非晶形固體狀之產物[190mg,0.13mmol,產率26.6%]。
C97H100N4O8,MW 1449.85,精確值MS 1448,LC-ESI-MS 1449.1[M+H]+)。
如下在N2手套箱中製備用於旋塗之溶液:首先,將20mg之電洞傳輸材料溶解於95μL之氯苯中。需要完全溶解電洞傳輸材料。在室溫下分別製備雙(三氟磺醯基)醯亞胺鋰(LiTFSI)及第三丁基吡啶(TBP)之母溶液且將其添加至電洞傳輸體溶液中以在室溫下將莫耳比設定為[電洞傳輸體]:[LiTFSI]:[TBP]=10:1:10。因此,溶液之最終體積為100μL。
定性地評估根據實例1、2及3之HTM之溶解度:
1意謂:在不加熱的情況下完全溶解20mg之HTM
2意謂:在加熱至80℃之後溶解HTM
3意謂:在添加鹽及鹼溶液且加熱至80℃之後溶解HTM
4意謂:在添加另一50μL之氯苯且加熱至80℃之後溶解HTM(最終體積為150μl)。
結果展示於表1中:
根據本發明之電洞傳輸材料具有好於參考材料之溶解度。
使用如實例A中所描述之溶液,根據LukasSchmid-Mende and Michael Grätzel,Thin Solid Films,500,2006,296-301製造固態染料敏化太陽電池。
在用Helmanex及水清潔圖案化ITO/ATO基板(20×20mm)之後,藉由在75℃下使用60mM的TiCl4水溶液30min持續三次之溶膠-凝膠方法製備TiO2緊密層。經由網板印刷含有30nm大小的銳鈦礦粒子(JGC
C&C-30NRD)之TiO2糊狀物,隨後在500℃下燒結30min來製造奈米晶體TiO2層。在75℃下使用60mM的TiCl4水溶液藉由溶膠凝膠方法沈積一次頂部TiO2塗層30min且在500℃下燒結30min。藉由浸漬於兩親媒性聚吡啶基釕錯合物,即具有0.075mM之雙(3,3-二甲基-丁基)-一元膦酸(DINHOP)之順RuLL'(SCN)2(L=4,4'-二甲酸-2,2'-聯吡啶,L'=4,4'-二壬基-2,2'-聯吡啶,Z907)於乙腈:第三丁醇(1:1vol%)中之0.3mM溶液中來敏化所得TiO2基板且將其置放於冷凍機中隔夜。藉由旋塗機獨立地塗佈電洞傳輸材料。在30sec的等待時間及30sec的2500rpm之旋轉條件之情況下將40μL之溶液置放於一個基板上。為了完成裝置製造,在頂部蒸發200nm之銀電極。此程序在一個基板上產生兩個電池。在不密封該等電池的情況下進行效能之量測。
在使用太陽模擬器(L11 Peccell技術)產生之在100mW cm-2照射度下的經模擬AM 1.5G日光下藉由電源電錶(Keithley 2400)量測電流-電壓特徵且使用經校準之矽參考單元(Bukou Keiki,BS-520)校準。用金屬孔口遮蔽太陽電池以限定作用區域,其通常為0.16cm2。
此實驗中量測的電池結構及其電流-電壓特徵概述於表2中。
結果指示,本發明之式(I)化合物具有溶解度好於螺-OMeTAD之類似轉換效率。
量測本發明之化合物2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺雙茀之電洞遷移率且將該數值與根據實例2及實例3之參考材料之彼等者相比。
量測電池之結構為ITO(200nm)/PEDOT-PSS(150nm)/HTM(400nm)/Au(60nm)。
PEDOT-PSS意謂聚(3,4-伸乙二氧基噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸)。
藉助於阻抗光譜法使用四個電池對各HTM進行量測。(參考1.H.Martens等人,Phys.Rev.B,60,R8489(1999),參考2.S.Ishihara,等人,Proc.of IDW'09,第1085頁(2009))。在阻抗量測中,將直流電(dc)電壓施加於測試電池以便自陽極注入電洞。在105V/cm之dc場強度下測定電洞遷移率。量測結果展示於圖1中及表3中。
本發明之化合物2,2',7,7'-肆-(N,N'-二-4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)-9,9'-螺雙茀之電洞遷移率大於螺-OMeTAD之電洞遷移率且大於參考實例3之電洞遷移率一個以上數量級。就所用的電洞傳輸材料之電洞遷移率而言,圖1之結果可很好地解釋表2之結果。
圖1展示了就電洞遷移率而言之量測結果。
Claims (17)
- 一種式(I)化合物
- 一種製備如請求項1之化合物之方法,其包含在布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應(Buchwald-Hartwig amination)中使2,2',7,7'-四溴-9,9'-螺雙茀與雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)反應。
- 如請求項2之方法,其中在100℃與140℃之間的溫度下進行該反應。
- 一種製劑,其包含如請求項1之式(I)化合物及至少一種溶劑。
- 一種如請求項1之式(I)化合物之用途,其係用於電子或光電子裝置中。
- 一種電子或光電子裝置,其包含如請求項1之式(I)化合物。
- 如請求項6之裝置,其為有機電致發光裝置、有機積體電路、有機場效電晶體、有機薄膜電晶體、有機發光電晶體、太陽電池、有機光學偵測器、有機感光器、有機場淬滅裝置、發光電化電池或有機雷射二極體、有機電漿子發光裝置、電子攝影術裝置或波形轉換器。
- 如請求項6或7之裝置,其為固態染料敏化太陽電池或含有鈣鈦礦之太陽電池。
- 如請求項6至8中任一項之裝置,其中該式(I)化合物係用作電洞傳輸材料。
- 一種電荷傳輸層,其包含如請求項1之式(I)化合物。
- 如請求項10之層,其為包含敏化染料或鈣鈦礦及該式(I)化合物之光敏化奈米粒子層。
- 如請求項10或11之層,其進一步包含絕緣體。
- 如請求項10至12中任一項之層,其包含半導體氧化物奈米粒子。
- 如請求項8之裝置,其包含如請求項10至13中一或多項之層。
- 一種模組,其包含如請求項6至9中任一項或請求項14之裝置。
- 一種化合物,其為雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)。
- 一種製備雙(4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯胺)之方法,其包含在布赫瓦爾德-哈特維希胺化反應中使5-溴-2-甲氧基-1,3-二甲苯與4-甲氧基-3,5-二甲基苯基苯胺反應。
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