RU2794772C1 - Drying and humidifying system in the conditions of the north-eastern part of the republic of belarus - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used for irrigation of irrigated areas due to the accumulation of local runoff and drainage from the irrigated area. The accumulated water can be used for irrigation during the dry season, as well as for other economic purposes. The drainage and humidification system comprises a drainage network associated with a drainage conduit and storage pond 15. The drainage network flows into drainage collectors-channels 8 and pipes at the border of the fields. Channels or pipes have a slope to header 13 with mobile pumping station 14. Pumping station 14 pumps drainage water into storage pond 15. The bottom of storage pond 15 is made with a slope to discharge pipeline 17. Drainage pond 15 also includes discharge pipe 18 with valve 19 and pumping station 21, which is located at the base of storage pond 15, connected to pressure pipeline 22 connected to the irrigation network with regulation structures. Storage pond 15 of the drainage runoff is equipped with a protective screen made of two sheets of material. The lower screen made of a waterproofing polymer geomembrane, at least 1 mm thick, is additionally connected to the upper screen made of a waterproof geotextile material made of propylene fiber. Both screens around the perimeter are tightly sealed from the ends and interconnected by fixing them with a thin strip in the form of a crate using fasteners. The ends are connected to winches installed on opposite banks of the pond. Both screens connected to each other, forming a hollow cavity inside, are divided into two parts, interconnected by a container fixed on cables and consisting of a rigid frame, on which a container made of mesh with 1.0-1.5 mm cells is mounted. The floats for attaching the cable from the side of the lower part of the screen are provided with support platforms, configured for successive changes in their height above the surface of the float with an increase in height from the container frame to the bank. The screens are also divided into packs of modules, the cavities of which are filled with compressed air from the compressor by fixing polyethylene perforated pressure light tubes 10-12 mm inside the cavities of the packs of modules, the ends of which are plugged. The protective screen filled with air forms a convex surface of the upper part of the screen made of a geotextile waterproof material with a positive slope towards the drain of the container fixed on the cables.

EFFECT: increased reliability of the screen operation by filling its entire cavity with compressed air, which is supplied to the packs of modules separated from each other, the ability to quickly wash away debris and dust from its surface with rain, taking into account the slope of the screen, created by fixing it on the support platforms, the height of which is successively increased from the middle of the pond, where the mesh container is located, reducing the loss of water for evaporation from the surface of the drainage pond.

7 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the irrigation of irrigated areas due to the accumulation of local runoff and drainage from irrigated areas. The accumulated water can be used for irrigation during the dry season, as well as for other economic purposes.

Drainage and moistening of heavy mineral soils in Belarus is associated with groundwater underlain by supported horizons at various soil slopes, while the zone is characterized by a large indentation of the relief, which leads to an uneven distribution of moisture. The efficiency of land irrigation in this case depends not only on the parameters of the regulatory network, but mainly on the organization of surface runoff.

The natural and climatic conditions of the soddy-podzolic soils of Belarus are taking them into account and the direction of the economy to increase the ecological way to increase the productivity and quality of growing crops on these lands, where, along with the difficult terrain, there is also an excess amount of moisture and flushing when mineral and organic fertilizers.

In addition, it should be noted that such a negative effect can also occur during sprinkling irrigation, when groundwater rises in low places on the catchment area, which leads to an increase in operating costs, as well as a decrease in crop yields.

Sprinkling on such pastures is the most promising way to moisten agricultural crops on drained lands.

The intensity of rain in the form of drops varies between 0.5-5 mm, the diameter of the drops is not more than 1-2 mm, and also depends on the type of soil. When sprinkled, the soil is moistened to a shallow depth, which allows plants to better use the nutrients and various fertilizers applied to the soil. At the same time, in order to save pipes and reduce the cost of construction, it is necessary to use semi-stationary closed humidification systems on such systems, consisting of a discharged network of closed pressure pipelines and sets of collapsible portable pipelines or flexible conduits.

Drainage on irrigated lands should ensure the removal of excess salts from the root layer of the soil, as well as maintain the level of groundwater, excluding the possibility of secondary salinization and waterlogging of the lands. Therefore, water is often diverted to storage ponds and in its place, then fresh irrigation water enters.

Soils are heterogeneous in granulometric composition. Among them, in the Mogilev region of Belarus, more than half of arable land - 53.98%, clay and loam - 37.3%, peat - 0.004% - account for sandy and sandy. Therefore, it is noticeable that the soils are not fertile enough and require increased attention when introducing them into agricultural circulation.

When solving issues related to the preservation of soil fertility and environmental protection, the creation and maintenance of their optimal agrophysical condition using agrochemical methods of soil reclamation on drained lands is of great importance.

Drainage and humidification systems allow the most complete control of the water-air, thermal and food regimes of reclaimed lands in accordance with the needs of crops. Drainage and moisturizing systems for cultivated pastures are especially effective (the yield increases by 1.5-2 times).

Soil fertility, fertilizer system affect crop yields.

Significant damage to the environment is caused by the content of residual fertilizers in drainage wastewater, so the targeted supply of drainage water to storage ponds can be designed for a certain degree of treatment (sludge), as well as minimizing water evaporation from storage ponds exposed to hostile environmental conditions.

The need for water conservation, along with the requirement for environmental protection, is becoming more and more obvious over time. This raises interest in ways to minimize evaporation from open reservoirs.

Numerous proposals, which we consider below for minimizing evaporation, have been made in patent searches for a solution to this problem, with varying degrees of success and related requirements. Despite this, the surface areas of ponds (reservoirs) during use are subject to extreme weather conditions, and in particular winds, debris and dust, which means that it is necessary to increase the reliability of the screen over the surface of the pond (reservoir) by washing debris and dust from the surface shape with rain. due to the inclination of the air-filled screen, created by mounting it on the supporting platforms in general and the entire device on the bank of the pond.

Known storage pond drainage flow, located in the lowest part of the drained area. The collected water is used for drip irrigation with pumping from the pond (B.S. Maslov, V.S. Stankevich, V.Ya. Chernenok. Irrigation and drainage systems. M. "Kolos", 1981. S. 98, 129-130).

The disadvantage of this pond is a significant loss of water for evaporation, as well as the reproduction of microalgae in the water that clog pumping and irrigation equipment.

A device is known for accumulating natural heat by the water area of a reservoir, including a ray-absorbing coating in the form of a blackened film panel with culvert windows attached to air-filled floating tanks, while the air-filled floating tanks are made in the form of plastic pipes with plugged ends, and the blackened film panel is attached to the lower generatrix of the latter. , while the device is equipped with a continuous translucent panel laid on the top forming a pipe, and the outlet windows are placed along the sides of each pipe in a checkerboard pattern (Author's certificate SU No. 1783103, E04H 4/06 dated 12/23/1992).

The disadvantage of this device is the placement of the screen parallel to the surface of the water in the pond. This causes various wind-blown debris to accumulate on its surface between rains, including ground dust, leaves, twigs and grass. All this debris accumulates from above, calmatizes and puts pressure on the cloth from above, squeezing water out of the cavity, while the shape changes in the direction of concavity down. In addition, water with floating particles of fertilizers and other substances through the windows fills the cavity between the panels, which reduces the reliability of the device.

Known drainage-humidification system, including a system of drains associated with a drainage collector associated with a pond-accumulator of drainage runoff and an irrigation network. During the operation of this system during the spring flood, water is accumulated in the pond from the drains to the collector. During the dry season, water from the pond is supplied through the irrigation network to the field (Author's certificate SU No. 1631121, E02B 11/00 dated 02/28/1991).

The disadvantages of this system are high irrigation rates and low utilization of accumulated water due to the need to spend it not only for irrigation, but also for evaporation from the surface of the pond and maintaining dead water, as well as a significant area occupied by the pond.

Also known, for example, floating modules cover the water surface: SU No. 943138, 975507, 1070078; RU No. 2372459, 2652334.

However, the known devices are complex due to the numerous elements that are not practical to manufacture, which is not suitable for mass production and makes them less suitable for production.

A drainage and irrigation system is known, including a drip irrigation system connected to a pump installed on the shore of a drainage pond, which is associated with a drainage collector and is equipped with a protective screen made of membrane film strips mounted on cables attached to floats and interconnected quick couplings, as well as fastened with bayonet joints having a through hole. At the same time, the ends of the cables are connected to winches installed on the banks of the pond (Patent RU No. 2663596, Е02В 11/00 dated 06/20/2018).

The disadvantage of the design of this storage pond drainage runoff is the placement of the screen parallel to the surface of the water in the pond. This causes various wind-blown debris to accumulate on its surface between rains, including ground dust, leaves, twigs and grass. When it rains, all this debris is washed away by rainwater to the quick couplings, clogging them with dusty particles, and larger debris blocks the holes in the bayonet couplings, preventing water from flowing into the pond. Therefore, part of the water accumulates on the surface of the screen, and it settles down, and after the rain stops, it evaporates. At the same time, a thin layer of silt forms on the surface of the screen, which clogs the pores of the upper layer of the membrane film, making it impermeable to air, which impairs the air exchange of the pond. The accumulation of water and debris on the surface of the screen increases the load on the quick connections and reduces their reliability.

The objective of the invention is to expand the functionality of using floating screens of the storage pond cover, the cavities of which are filled with compressed air, and, as necessary, the shape of the upper part of the cover of the panel is changed, with the convexity of the form upwards.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the reliability of the cover of the screen of the storage pond of drainage runoff and the accelerated flushing of debris and dust from its surface by rain by also simultaneously tilting the screen towards the fixed mesh container, towards the shore.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the drainage and humidification system in the conditions of the north-eastern part of the Republic of Belarus, containing a pond-accumulator of drainage flow, coupled with a drainage collector and equipped with a protective screen, which is mounted on cables attached to floats and attached to winches mounted on opposite banks of the pond, a pumping station connected through a fine water filter to a network of water distribution pipelines, according to the invention, a protective screen mounted on floats and blocking the drainage water storage pond is made of two layers and consists of the lower layer of a web of material made of a waterproofing polymer geomembrane rolled, at least 1 mm thick, covered with a second layer of geotextile material made of propylene fiber on top, the edges of the two panels are sealed at the ends and interconnected by fixing with a thin strip in the form of a plastic crate using fasteners, the lower layer of the screen web is attached to the cables , the ends of which are brought out to the winches installed on the banks and wound on drums, while the protective screen is divided into two equal parts in the longitudinal direction along the length of the pond, interconnected by a mesh container fixed on cables and consisting of a rigid frame on which is mounted a mesh container with a mesh size of 1.0-1.5 mm for collecting atmospheric precipitation, the ends of the cables are led to additional winches on the banks near the short sides of the pond with a storage chute, the screen cloths are tilted towards the mesh container, while the protective screen is made from two different canvases, additionally divided along its entire plane of overlap into closed packages of modules glued together internally and / or tightly, stitched with seams in the transverse direction in the middle part of the coating to form filling them with compressed air from the compressor, in addition, along the overlap line and parallel to gluing and/or seams, each module package inside between two layers of sheets is fixed using polyethylene perforated pressure tubes with a diameter of 10-12 mm, the ends of which are plugged and thereby form air tubes that create air jets that form between the panels, while create internal pressure, and the perforated pressure tubes are equipped with valves and connected to a distributing supply air pipe laid along the edges of the shore on each side of the storage pond in the longitudinal direction along the length of the storage pond and connected to an individual compressor on each side of the shore of the storage pond , while using the supply of compressed air from the latter, in addition, the accumulated drainage water from the storage pond is fed through a closed distribution pipeline for irrigation by pumps for sprinkling equipment, followed by irrigation with drainage water using sprinkling equipment, while irrigating the field on which mineral or organic fertilizers provide clean water and conduct up to 70-80% of the lowest moisture capacity, without destroying the soil structure, ensuring the absorption of drainage water, with the formation of a grass stand that naturally grows in this field in accordance with the seeding rate and the formation of hay-pasture grass stand.

In addition, a brush equipped with cables can be installed on the frame with the container, the ends of which are led to additional winches installed on the banks near the short sides of the pond, where inclined gutters are made.

In addition, the protective screen, filled with air towards the convex shape of the surface of the geotextile fabric, is directed with a positive slope in the direction of draining the container, fixed on the cables, to the shore.

In addition, a two-layer screen made of two sheets of material of different structure in terms of the composition of its sheet of impervious coating, the lower one which is the basis for laying the second impervious screen on it, has additional buoyancy, while the filled air of the module package ensures a reduction in static pressure on the platforms of fixed floats on different heights above the water surface, without disturbing the operation of the screens.

In addition, the walls of the polyethylene perforated tubes are rigidly fastened from the top and bottom to both sheets from the inside, and their side walls with holes are connected to the air outlet in the cavity of the module package.

In addition, each perforated air tube is equipped with a valve with the possibility of regulating the supply of compressed air, which are connected to a separate inlet air pipe with a compressor.

In addition, an automatic compressor operation system is used.

A new technical result from the application of the invention is that it allows to increase the reliability of the screen by using it from two connected panels of different materials, one of which is the lower one is a sheet of waterproofing polymeric rolled geomembrane of high or low density, with a thickness of at least 1.0 mm , and the second upper screen is a waterproof geotextile durable material, by creating, between them, creating cavities filled with compressed air from the compressor, with the ability to regulate the air pressure inside the module package around the entire perimeter of the storage pond. At the same time, the inclination of the canvases is made in the direction of fixing the mesh container on cables with winches, towards the shore.

Air-filled polyethylene tubes are filled in the closed cavities of the module packages directly with compressed air to a given shape of the convexity of the upper part of the geotextile material, which allows the rapid flushing of various debris and dust by rainfall along the slope towards the mesh container fixed in the middle part of the pond with the possibility of mechanically extracting this debris from the container, for example, using cables to move a metal brush (not shown for simplicity) in one direction or the other, a cable that is wound on winches. The silty fraction, washed off the surface of the upper screen, accumulates at the bottom of the pond and is removed in the fall, during its next cleaning. Thus, the container can be cleaned as needed, and garbage caking at the bottom of the container can be eliminated.

The analysis of the level of technology carried out by the applicant, including the search for patent and scientific and technical sources of information and the identification of information from sources containing information about analogues of the claimed invention, made it possible to establish that the applicant has not found, characterized by features identical to all essential features of the claimed invention.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "novelty" under the current legislation.

To verify the compliance of the claimed invention with the requirement of "inventive step", the applicant conducted an additional search for known solutions in order to identify features that match the distinguishing features of the claimed invention from the closest analogue, the results of which show that the claimed invention does not follow for a specialist explicitly from the prior art and technologies, since, from the state of the art and technologies defined by the applicant, the influence of the transformations envisaged by the essential features of the claimed invention on the achievement of the technical result has not been revealed.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the requirement of "inventive step" under the current legislation.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the drawing, where in Fig. 1 shows a dehumidifying and humidifying system; in fig. 2 shows a drainage pond, top view; in fig. 3 is a cross section of the drainage storage pond along the A-A axis; in fig. 4 cross section of the frame with the container on an enlarged scale; in fig. 5 shows a fragment of a longitudinal section of the connection of two panels with air perforated tubes and seams of the connection; in fig. 6 shows the groundwater level regulator, cross section.

The drainage and humidification system in the conditions of the north-eastern part of Belarus is located on site 1 and consists of closed drains 2, groundwater level regulators 3, connected via outlet pipes 4 to collectors 5, 6 and 7, which have a slope and are associated with a collector 8, connected by means of pipes 9 and 10 with valves 11 and 12. Pipes 9 and 10 with valves 11 and 12 are connected to a closed open collector 13 for collecting drainage water with a mobile pumping station 14 located on the bank of the collector 13.

To supply drainage water to the drainage water storage pond 15, the pumping mobile station 14 is connected to the pressure pipeline 16. The bottom of the pond is made with a slope to the discharge pipeline 17. The drainage water storage pond 15 also includes a discharge pipe 18 with a valve 19, a filter 20 and a pump station. station 21, which is located at the sole (base) of the storage pond 15, is connected to a pressure pipeline 22 with an irrigation network with control structures, for example, to sprinklers (not shown).

On the surface of the storage pond 15 there is a two-layer protective screen, consisting of a bottom screen 23 of high (HDPE) or low (LDPE) density Solmax with a thickness of at least 1 mm, which are produced in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 56586-2015 . Specifications". At the same time, the second layer of the screen 24 from a geotextile waterproof material made of propylene fiber is additionally fixed from above, the edges of both sheets are sealed at the ends and interconnected additionally by means of a thin strip (not shown) in the form of a plastic crate using fasteners.

The lower screen 23 and the upper screen 24 consist of separate strips, the edges of which are connected at the ends by a crate (not shown), the lower side is fixed on the support pads 25, and the other side is connected to the adjacent strip using a quick-release connection 26 (for example, Velcro or soldering ) and fastened with bayonet connections 27. The ends of the cables 28 are fixed to the winches 29. The lower screen connected to the cables 28 is connected to the support platforms 25. In this case, the installation height of the platform is located above the fixed floats 30 with a slope to the shore by 0.6-0, 7 cm, while increasing in relation to the next float 30. Protective screens 23 and 24 are like one solid screen, consisting of two different panels of material. Screens 23 and 24 are glued inside or stitched together with seams 31 in cross section, thereby forming separate closed module packages, the internal cavities of which are filled with compressed air. The cavities of the module packages inside fix polyethylene perforated pressure tubes 32 of small diameter 10-12 mm with holes in the side walls, the ends of which are plugged. The filling tubes 32 are connected to an air supply pipe 33 connected to the longitudinally laid along the edges of the pond 15, which are connected to a compressor 34 operating in automatic mode.

The screens 23 and 24, interconnected into one common bonded screen, are connected by the ends of the cables 28 and fixed to the winches 29. A frame 35 is attached to the middle part of the cables 28, carrying the container 36 with a slope towards the coast and the latter is made of a grid with cells 1, 0-1.5 mm. In the middle part of the vertical walls 37, in the alignment of the pit of the pond 15, the end section of the underground drainage supply pipeline 16 with a pumping station 14 is brought out. ) storage pond 15 is connected to a pressure pipeline 22 with an irrigation network with control structures. The installation of the pumping station 21 provides a place in the well for the installation of pumping equipment operating in automatic mode.

Using the pads 38, the interconnected lower screen 23 and the upper screen 24 are attached to the frame 35. On the upper surface of the pads 38, clamps 39 of the cables 28 are installed.

The groundwater level regulator 3 includes a well 40 connected to the inlet drain 2 with a branch pipe 41, into which an additional inlet pipe 42 is inserted, which can move in the vertical direction. The shut-off body consists of a housing 43, including a supra-membrane cavity in the form of a working chamber 44, a flexible membrane 45. A flow divider 46 with a throttling tube 47 is installed on the membrane 45. The rigid center of the membrane with a throttling tube 47 installed in it forms a regulating body with an additional inlet pipe 42 . The working chamber 44 in its lateral part has an L-shaped drain pipe 46 through which water from the working chamber 44 can be drained into the well 40.

The outlet end of the L-shaped drain pipe 46 is equipped with a shut-off valve, made in the form of a cone 47 with a small float 48, placed, respectively, in its lower part. A small float 48 with a cone 47 is fixed on a two-arm lever, including levers 49 and 50, the latter is rigidly connected at one end to the second two-arm lever, consisting of a rod 51 with a large float 52, fixed on the rod 51 in various positions by a latch 53 with a lever 54 located at one of its ends with a pressure disk 55, made in the form of a valve for the outlet pipe 4. The rod 51 moves up and down along the guides 56 and 57. The small float 48 with a cone 47, connected to the levers 49 and 50, move due to the kinematic connection connected to the rod 51 with a large float 52 and the lever 54, on which the pressure disk 55 is fixed. On the body 43, a screw 58 with a nut 59 is fixed, placed above the floor slab 60. The screw pair 58 and 59 serves as a setting mechanism for the height of the regulatory body above the inlet pipe 42.

In order to reduce the float device with a large float 52, the system is designed so that the weight of the stem 51, lever 54, disk 55 and levers 49 and 50, cone 47 (valve) is balanced by the lifting force of the small float 48, when the total lifting force of both floats becomes equal to or greater than the pressure of the water column on the cone 47 and pressure disk 55.

An example of a specific implementation.

The study object was the Tushkovo-1 training and experimental irrigation complex (UOOK), located near the village of Charny, Goretsky district, Mogilev region, Republic of Belarus.

The relief of the territory is strongly indented and is an alternation of hilly uplands and high plains, composed of moraine clays, loess-like loams and loesses. The main type are soddy-podzolic, loamy soils. The slope in the middle part of the slope on the ground has i=0.002. In this experimental field, the water source is a drainage water storage pond with a mirror area of 12.2 ha and a useful volume of 153 thousand ^{m 3} , equipped with a stationary pumping station with a total flow rate of 0.136 m ³ /s and distribution pipelines with sprinkler equipment. In general, the soils of the experimental plot are intended for growing and cultivating perennial grasses, including hay-pasture grass mixtures.

The mixture of herbage gives the highest yield of the best quality if the components of the mixtures are selected according to the species and varietal composition, taking into account the criterion of their compatibility. Therefore, soil-climatic and hydrological conditions must be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to take into account hydrological indicators: the depth of groundwater in a particular field, the duration of wastewater, soil moisture corresponding to 100% PWL, and capillary rupture moisture. In this case, the terrain, the steepness and the direction of the slope of the field should be taken into account.

Taking into account the content of mineral nutrition elements in the soils of the experimental plot (mg/kg) and depending on the level of the planned yield, it is determined by calculating the dose of mineral fertilizers for hay-pasture grass mixture.

Irrigation (humidification) is carried out by sprinkling, which includes a drum-hose sprinkling installation equipped with a rotating drum with built-in hydraulic supports, a two-wheeled chassis. The hose sprinkler is equipped with a long-range blaster. Irrigation by sprinkling is carried out when the moisture in the root layer of the soil reaches the level of the lower thresholds of optimal moisture with a given calculated irrigation rate from 300 to 900 m ³ /ha, with the achievement of a moisture content of 70-80% of HB for hay-pasture grass mixture.

As a second example for irrigation (moistening) by sprinkling, an Austrian-made drum-hose sprinkling plant of the Austrian type Bauer "Rainstar T-61" with nozzles with a diameter of 16 and 30 mm with a rain rate of 0.25 and 0.35 mm/min, respectively, is given.

Table 1 shows the results of determining the volume of surface runoff.

Note: NSR _0.5% = 2.7; average error of experience 1.3.

Analysis of Table 1 showed that at an irrigation rate of 20 mm, with an increase in artificial rain intensity from 0.25 to 0.35 mm/min, the volume of surface runoff increases from 6 to 8 mm, and the average wetting depth decreased from 26 to 24 cm, respectively, which took place at the top of the slope. With an irrigation rate of 30 mm, with an increase in rain intensity from 0.25 to 0.35 mm/min, the runoff volume increased from 8 to 10 mm, while the average depth of soil wetting decreased from 31 to 30 cm, which occurred at the base of the slope. This reflects the relationship between irrigation rates and surface runoff volumes.

It follows that the formation of surface runoff has a relationship between the density of the soil composition and the absorbing capacity. With continuous sprinkling of hay-pasture grass mixture on hay-pasture grass mixture on soddy-podzolic loamy soils, the erosion-permissible norms for 70 and 80% of HB are 17.8 and 15.6 mm, respectively, and the irrigation time before the appearance of surface runoff is 68 and 60 min respectively. Thus, the experiments confirmed that with the implementation of intermittent sprinkling, i.e. when dividing the irrigation rate by cycles, it was found that with irrigation rates of 20 and 30 mm, there is no runoff. Irrigation area at one parking lot is from 50 to 200 m ² . The height of the sprinkling apparatus is 1 meter above the ground, the irrigation radius of the apparatus is in the range from 3.5 to 8.0 m. In general, sprinkling is promising for hay and pasture lands.

где K - приведенный коэффициент фильтрации в осушаемом грунте в слое i+Т (i - глубина заложения дрен, м); Н - мощность слоя, в котором изменяется уровень грунтовых вод, м; b - среднесуточный за расчетный период приток воды к дренам; м/сут; Т - глубина от дрены до водоупора, м; α - коэффициент дрен, который зависит от расчетного диаметра дрены в сравнении с наружным диаметром трубы с учетом фильтрирующей обсыпки, м.The drainage of the considered soil under the conditions of application of drainage depends on the filtration coefficient m/day. The distance between closed collectors, depending on the composition of the soil, is 6-12 m. At such distances, closed collectors are economically justified when cultivating crops in high agricultural conditions. It should be noted that the reduction in the need for materials can be carried out by reducing the depth of drains to 0.7-0.9 m and increasing the distance between drains for heavy loams, as well as the width of the trench (slit). At the same time, closed drainage from plastic pipes with good filtering material (crushed stone and other materials) was used. The depth of the collectors of pipelines with manholes is not less than 0.8 m. The distance between the drains is specified by calculations using the formulas of the filtration theory and is checked according to the data of experiments conducted by this organization on experimental drainage systems. Filtration calculations are aimed at determining the flow rate of drains and, consequently, collectors, the time for lowering groundwater levels (GWL) to a given depth, and the distance between drains. This is done at the design stage specifically for this section of the drainage field. With a shallow aquiclude (W / T ≥ 3), the distance between drains (W, m) is determined by the formula of S.F. Averyanov:

where K is the reduced filtration coefficient in the drained soil in the i + T layer (i is the depth of the drains, m); H is the thickness of the layer in which the groundwater level changes, m; b - average daily water inflow to drains for the calculation period; m/day; T - depth from the drain to the aquiclude, m; α - drain coefficient, which depends on the calculated drain diameter in comparison with the outer diameter of the pipe, taking into account the filter cake, m.

For deep occurrence of aquiclude (W/T<3) use the formula A.N. Kostyakov.

It should be noted that the productivity of pastures increases the application of mineral fertilizers to 240 kg/ha of nitrogen, 30-45 kg/ha of phosphorus and 30 kg/ha of potassium. At the same time, drainage on irrigated lands ensures the removal of excess salts from the root-inhabited soil layer, and also maintains the level of groundwater, which excludes the possibility of secondary salinization and waterlogging of lands. The drainage diverts mineralized water from the soil into the storage pond, and irrigation water from the storage pond enters its place after settling, and suspended particles fall to the bottom of the storage pond.

The operation of the proposed drainage and humidification system in the conditions of the northeastern part of Belarus is carried out in the following sequence.

Initially, irrigation fields are used on a drainage and humidification system with a pressure pipeline with a control valve. To do this, closed drains 2 are laid on the drained area 1 during the construction of the drainage system, mating them with a groundwater level regulator 3, the latter are connected to the outlet pipe 4 with collectors 5, 6 and 7 (they can be closed or open), combined by a collector 6, connected by means of pipes 9 and 10 with valves 11 and 12. For ease of operation, pipes 9 and 10 are connected to a closed open collector 13 for collecting drainage water (or groundwater). On the bank of the open collector 13, a mobile pumping station 14 (SNP) is installed, an intake pipe with a protective mesh is lowered into the open collector 13 to the level of the dead volume. The pressure line of the pipeline 16 of the pumping station 14 is connected to the pond - storage 15 and then taken vertically upwards above the maximum water level in the pond - storage 15. The pressure line of the outlet pipeline 18 with a valve 19, the filter 20 is connected to the pumping station 21 to the pressure pipeline 22 with an irrigation network with regulating structures, for example, to sprinklers (not shown). To remove excess water, a discharge pipeline 17 is installed.

Before filling the storage pond 15 with drainage water, a frame 35 is placed in its middle part with a mesh container 36 fixed on it, with the help of guide pads 38, with a slope towards the shore. After installing the frame with the container, a system of cables 28 is mounted, placing their middle part on the frame of the container 36. The ends of the cables are fixed to the winches 29. Then floats 30 made of foam are attached to the cables 28. The installation of the floats starts from the frame 35. The support platform 25 is installed at the level of the top of the frame, the cable 28 is attached to it with a bracket (for example, 10 m) and the platform 25 is screwed into this float to a height exceeding the installation height of the previous platform by 5 cm. The installation height increases by 0.5 cm for each meter of distance between the floats. Cable 26 is also attached to this site with a bracket. Sequentially, every 10-11 m, the following floats are installed, increasing the height of the platform 25 additionally above the surface of the float by 5 cm.

As a lower impervious screen 21 high (HDPE) or low (LDPE) density Solmax with a thickness of at least 1 mm, which are produced in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 56586-2015 “Roll waterproofing polymeric geomembrane. Specifications".

As the upper anti-filtration screen 24, a web of geotextile waterproof material is used to avoid the penetration of precipitation from above, which is usually of a shower character, while in May there is often a dry period, the so-called "May drought". At this time, in the absence of grass cover, the wind carries a significant amount of dust and litter. These dusts and debris are deposited on the surface of the geotextile screen 24 .

To prevent the formation of excess pressure from above storm water, to exclude the deposition of silt particles on the surface of the screen 24, the debris is washed off due to the convex shape, which is formed when the internal cavity between the layers of cloths 23 and 24 is filled in the form of modules formed and separated from each other. To do this, the lower polymeric geomembrane for flooring, which acts as an impervious function of the screen 23, supplied in rolls 6.8 m wide, is rolled into separate panels of the required length. Separate panels are stacked with an overlap of 10-15 cm and, as an option, are easily welded together into a continuous bottom cover (instead of Velcro). Welding is carried out using welded equipment by contact or extrusion method.

The formation of air pressure between the two sheets with module packages makes it possible to create, by means of control valves (Fig. 2) on perforated pressure tubes 32, the necessary internal air pressure that can lift the top panel from module packages and maintain pressure in them over the entire area of the panels, demolishing the most debris and dust rain, ie. by changing the intensity of their slope.

In the contact method, welding is carried out using a heating element installed on a self-propelled automatic welding machine. The heating element (wedge) heats the panels at the point of their contact above the melting point of the polymer. The pressure rollers generate the required welding pressure. As a result, the process of diffusion of polymer molecules in the contact zone occurs and a weld is formed.

Example. It should also be noted that the attachment of the core of the top screen 22 composed of geotextile fabric is new and promising, and it is used in many branches of agriculture, etc. It has a low weight - it can be cut with ordinary scissors, allows it to withstand operational loads: thin material with a density of 100 g/m ³ , thicker material - 600 g/m ³ .

Durability of geotextile - resistant to acids, alkalis and other aggressive substances contained in water and debris. Synthetic fibers are not subject to decay, they are not afraid of moisture, frost, heat or sunlight.

Geotextiles are environmentally friendly, do not emit harmful substances during operation and are safe for the environment. The term of use is at least 30 years. It should be noted that the fastening and laying of geotextiles is simple, does not require special skills in the production of GTS, it is more durable for a possible rush in comparison with conventional film, i.e. has high strength; it is easy to apply and adhesive for gluing to another - to the lower proposed screen 23. In addition, the edges when connecting the geotextile material 24 (waterproof fabric) of the lower waterproof fabric 23 (waterproofing polymeric geomembrane roll) serve as waterproofing, and are fixed with fasteners in the form of a plastic plate in thin strips. The welding of the layers of fabrics is also described in detail by the authors. All this generally reduces the cost of construction and operation of the storage pond as a whole.

During extrusion welding, the molten polymer is supplied under pressure to the zone of connection of the panels using a manual welding machine "extruder". The surfaces to be welded pass into a viscous state, welding occurs due to the pressure of the melt.

Next, an additional second screen 24 is laid on top of a geotextile waterproof material made of propylene fabric. At the same time, cavities are formed inside from the module packages, which are glued along the edges of the entire perimeter of the two screens 23 and 24 to each other and, at the same time, the module packages are divided into sections by gluing inside the canvases or they are tightly stitched with seams 31 in the transverse direction, creating a common single screen in in general. In addition, compressed air pressure is simultaneously created in the cavities of each module package due to the device and fastening of light polyethylene perforated tubes 32 in them with holes in the side walls with a diameter of 10-12 mm, which are plugged at the ends, and each tube 32 is equipped with a control valve , capable of changing the pressure inside the panels as a whole, and this also makes it possible to additionally float (maintain) the screen 23, facilitating the operation of the floats 30 themselves.

In the inflatable screen through the openings of polyethylene tubes 32, the working flow of compressed air is injected through the perforated tubes 32 into the closed packages of the module until the specified excess air pressure is provided in them by regulation by closing the valves (Fig. 2) connected to a separate inlet air pipe 33 with compressor, and laid along the edge of the pond 15. It should also be noted that according to the pressure gauges (not shown), it is determined in which position the top screen 24 of the geotextile fabric is convex, which means that it is possible to periodically pump in and regulate the supply of compressed air with a control valve, or per turn, the pressure is released to the atmosphere by opening the valves (not shown) at the end of the distributing supply air pipe, while the compressor is turned off. Thus, inflating and expanding, they fill the entire cavity between the two screens 23 and 24, which means that it is also possible to adjust the inclination of the convexity of the walls of the module packages.

The presence of control valves located at the beginning of the perforated air polyethylene tubes 32 allows, when they are closed, to form packages of modules that are self-powered from the separating inlet air pipe 33 associated with the compressor 34, which will allow the regulation of the compressed air pressure between the two panels 23 and 24 by means of created module packages, i.e. closing valves, adjusting the amount of air pressure in them, opening or closing valves (Fig. 2), achieving different values of air pressure for the intake of air jets through the perforation holes of polyethylene tubes 32, in accordance with the task, to achieve the specified air pressure in the module packages. Between two panels 23 and 24.

The inflatable screen, consisting of two sheets of material 23 and 24 with the formation inside of numerous packages of modules connected to a source of compressed air in the form of a compressor 34, is filled with working compressed air, thereby providing their convex shape upwards of a screen 24 made of geotextile durable material under pressure. At the same time, creating a bulge and a slope of the form towards the seam 31. When precipitation occurs, the upper panel 23 vibrates, which allows, depending on the intensity of pressure from above the precipitation, the flow of water with debris along the formed depressions in the form of seams towards the container 36 and the inclination of its fastening to the shore in the most efficient way, even with minimal water flow. The screen 24 is generally inclined towards the container 36, which makes it possible to flush the litter from the surface of the screen 24 at any water level in the pit of the pond 15. 24. Dust and debris are quickly transferred by a large flow of water into the capacity of the mesh container 36. The silty fraction of the flow, together with water, passes through the cells of the container mesh, and larger debris accumulates in the container and then it may be removed towards the short shore. After the rain stops, this debris can be mechanically removed by removing it from the container, for example, using a metal brush (not shown), moving it with cables additionally on runners along the guides. At the end, the garbage is removed from the container, to one side or another of the shore. The silty washout fraction according to the shape of the convexity of the packages of screen modules 24, then accumulates at the bottom of the pond 15 with incoming drainage water, which is filled from the fields using the above structures and devices. Winches 29 provide lowering of the screens 23 and 24, the cavities of which are provided with light perforated polyethylene tubes with holes, and when the water level in the pond 15 drops, by unwinding the cables from the drums of the winches 29. In general, the screens 23 and 24 are inclined towards the container 36, which ensures the possibility of flushing litter from the surface additionally from the convex shape of the screen 24. The operation of the compressor 34 is connected by automatic mode due to block diagrams that are not shown, since they do not relate to the essence of the proposed proposal. However, control is also optionally possible via signal link connections.

After the end of the dry period, when precipitation occurs, water is replenished in the storage pond 15, and, if necessary, irrigation is continued. Dismantling of screens 23 and 24 with perforated lightweight polyethylene tubes is carried out after the compressed air source is turned off and the irrigation season is over and the drainage pond is empty.

The results of rain intensity showed that artificial rain irrigation of 0.25 and 0.35 mm/min, respectively, did not reveal a significant effect of the slope of the experimental plot on the amount of surface runoff, which predetermines the possibility of using these sprinkler nozzles on slopes of various steepness. To explain the reason for the formation of surface runoff, the relationship between the density of the soil composition and the absorbing capacity over the years of observation was noted. In addition, for the average dry in terms of moisture supply and warm period of 2018, the water consumption coefficient with natural moisture was 299 and 324 m ³ /t for 70% of the HB, and 288 and 302 m ³ /t for 80% of the HB when calculated according to water balance method. At the same time, the irrigation rate reached 900-300 m ³ /ha, depending on the year of the study. The minimum irrigation interval was 8 days. 5 irrigations were carried out.

Fertilizers carried out from the field by drainage water during irrigation of sprinkler equipment are returned through sprinkler nozzles directly to the root system for the cultivation of perennial grasses. It is known that the growth, yield and value of both cereals and legumes, as well as other agricultural crops, depend on the amount of available fertilizer and availability with sufficient moisture in the soil. Therefore, it is sprinkling that can be economically justified with a high organization of the use of irrigated fields and a sufficient level of mineral nutrition for the movement of sprinkling by machines (aggregates), i.e. water intake from the drainage water storage pond, as well as the ability to supply easily soluble mineral fertilizers for vegetative top dressing with irrigation water, which is very important for increasing crop yields.

It should be noted that watering will also be associated with the operation of the groundwater level regulator 3 (or drainage water). In the closed position, the pressure disk 56 (valve) is pressed against the seat of the outlet pipe 57. To turn on the device at the required flow rate in the well 40, the lever 50 is fixed rigidly to the stem 51 (from the graduated one in advance) to enable opening in the L-shaped weir tube 46, respectively, the required for a given opening of the cone 47. In this case, the supra-membrane cavity in the form of a working chamber 44 is connected to the atmosphere.

When water is supplied to the outlet pipe 42, the membrane 45 rises, and the water flows freely into the well 40. At the same time, water enters the working chamber 44 through the throttling tube 47 and then freely drains through the L-shaped drain pipe 46, flowing around the cone 47 in the drainage well 40. Water, entering the well, rises to a level where the lifting force of the large 52 and small 48 floats becomes equal to and greater than the pressure of the water column on the cone 47 and the pressure disk 56. The buoyancy force of the water acting on the floats 48 and 52 associated with cone 47 and disk 56, lifts up. The float 52 performs the function of the displacement transducer of the disc 56 and, simultaneously with the float 48 of the transducer of the displacement of the cone 47, to close the opening of the weir pipe 46, and the outlet 4 to open. This allows you to open the disc gradually and eliminate the popping effect. In this case, the large float 52 is fixed with the help of the job latch 53 (settings for the rod 51, also adjusted in advance), and the position of the float 52 on the rod 51, necessary for a given filling, is set accordingly, taking into account the kinematic connection with the levers 49 and 50 with a small float 48 with a cone 47, thus, the performance of the drainage well 40 is interconnected for the release of water into the outlet pipe 56 towards the collectors 5, 6 and 7. The condition for lifting the disk 55 is the connection, the difference in the excess height of the small float 48 with the cone 47 over the large float 52 with the stem 51 , providing drainage of water from the drainage well 40 and stopping the flow of water through the inlet pipe 42 using a regulatory body. The water drain starts.

In the future, the process is repeated in the work as a whole. The repetition period depends on the adjustment of the float 52 and the stroke of the driving mechanism, made in the form of a screw pair consisting of a screw 58 and a nut 59.

Ground water (or drainage water) level regulator to simplify water discharge, protect irrigated areas from salinization, etc. The yield of green mass of hay-pasture grass mixture was taken into account by the method of continuous mowing of the herbage. The dry matter yield of hay-pasture grass mixture over the years of observation ranged from 29 to 62 c/ha.

The term and application of fertilizers allow, at the time of sowing a mixture of grass stand naturally growing on sod-podzolic, light loamy, prepared with a drainage network, to use the supply of water available for mineral or organic fertilizers containing a high content of available nitrogen, as a stimulant for the intensive development of decomposition microorganisms, such as manure and tracking the development of a seeded mixture of perennial grasses (growth, acceleration and harvesting) during a certain period of the year, taking into account irrigation rates by sprinkling.

Thus, in order to obtain the maximum amount of crop production from each hectare of arable land, it is necessary to have a characteristic of each field contour according to the following indicators: soil granulometric composition; depth of groundwater; field slope and orientation; soil solution reaction (pH _salt ); hydrological acidity and the amount of absorbed bases; the content in the arable layer of humus, easily hydrolysable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, molybdenum boron and other trace elements; soil moisture corresponding to 100% of the LPV. From this factor, it is possible to classify fields (field contours) according to close parameters of the listed indicators of the physical, hydrological and chemical properties of the soil. Then, in accordance with the characteristics of the soil of the crop rotation, it is necessary to develop a technological scheme for the cultivation of each crop, adapted to the conditions of the field.

Soil moisture fluctuations near the optimal level for increasing soil fertility also favorably affect the restoration of soil structure for drainage and moistening lands. In addition, a short-term sanitary pass from the storage pond is possible, and bottom sediments are washed into the downstream through the discharge pipeline into the watercourse. After the end of the short-term washing of the bottom of the storage pond, the valve is closed.

Thus, the use of the proposed drainage and humidification system provides an increase in the reliability of the design of the drainage runoff storage pond, makes it possible to increase the reliability of the screen using these materials, consisting of two panels, by filling the cavity between them with compressed air from the source and flushing debris and dust with rain from the top with a convex shape of the screen, allowing it to vibrate, made of geotextile material, and also due to the inclination of the screen, created by fixing it on the supporting platforms, the height of which is successively increased from the middle of the pond, where the mesh container is placed to the shore, and also due to the created air pressure to maintain the panels in the working position (precipitation, which are rainy in nature); improve the operating conditions of the drainage storage pond and reduce the loss of water to evaporation from the surface of the pond, subject to hostile environmental conditions. In addition, the past drainage of the humidification system with irrigation of the accumulated water uses irrigation technology in dry years, providing a favorable ecological and reclamation situation in the whole territory, and increase the yield of cultivated hay and pasture perennial grasses when irrigated on the drainage and humidification system and drained water for accumulation closed collector. All this gives a significant advantage over the prototype, which means reducing the cost of growing hay and pasture lands, and improving the ecological situation.

The invention makes it possible to carry out a dehumidifying system in a wide range due to the successful layout of the structural elements as a whole. It should be noted that in this technological scheme, a promising approach to the issue of the staged creation of a system can be traced, which fully corresponds to an integrated approach. In addition, the role of air flows between two layers of different flexible panels working together is most obvious, which effectively affects their operation of the drainage water storage pond, providing the ability to quickly wash away debris and dust from the surface of the upper flexible panel made of geotextile durable material in the working position.

The creation and implementation of a drainage and humidification system in the conditions of the northeastern part of Belarus allows solving a multi-purpose problem in the construction of reclamation systems that provide the above task, and also creates favorable environmental operating conditions in the conditions of a drainage and humidification system in a given territory, as well as to expand the area of applicability this system.

Claims (7)

1. Drainage and humidification system in the conditions of the north-eastern part of the Republic of Belarus, containing a pond-accumulator of drainage flow, coupled with a drainage collector and equipped with a protective screen, which is mounted on cables attached to floats and attached to winches installed on opposite banks of the pond, a pumping station connected through a fine water filter to a network of water distribution pipelines, characterized in that the protective screen installed on the floats and blocking the drainage water storage pond is made of two layers and consists of the lower layer of a web of material made of a waterproofing polymer roll geomembrane, thickness not less than 1 mm, on top covered with a second layer of geotextile material made of propylene fiber, the edges of the two panels are sealed at the ends and interconnected by fixing with a thin strip in the form of a plastic crate using fasteners, the lower layer of the screen web is attached to cables, the ends of which brought to the winches installed on the banks and wound on drums, while the protective screen is divided into two equal parts in the longitudinal direction along the length of the pond, interconnected by a mesh container, fixed on cables and consisting of a rigid frame, on which a mesh container is mounted with mesh sizes of 1.0-1.5 mm for collecting atmospheric precipitation, the ends of the cables are led to additional winches on the banks near the short sides of the pond with a storage chute, the screen cloths are tilted towards the mesh container, while the protective screen is made of two different canvases are additionally divided along its entire overlapping plane into closed packages of modules, glued internally to each other and / or tightly stitched with seams in the transverse direction in the middle part of the coating to form their filling with compressed air from the compressor, in addition, along the overlap line and parallel to gluing and /or seams, each module package inside between two layers of canvases is fixed using polyethylene perforated pressure tubes with a diameter of 10-12 mm, the ends of which are plugged and thereby form air tubes that create air jets that form between the panels, while creating internal pressure, and perforated pressure tubes are equipped with valves and are connected to a distributing inlet air pipe laid along the edges of the shore on each side of the storage pond in the longitudinal direction along the length of the storage pond and connected to an individual compressor on each side of the shore of the storage pond, using the feed compressed air from the latter, in addition, the accumulated drainage water from the storage pond is supplied by means of a closed distribution pipeline for irrigation by pumps for sprinkling equipment, followed by irrigation with drainage water using sprinkling equipment, while irrigating a field on which mineral or organic fertilizers are applied, provide clean water and carry out up to 70-80% of the lowest moisture capacity, without destroying the soil structure, ensuring the absorption of drainage water, with the formation of grass stand, naturally growing in this field in accordance with the seeding rate, and the formation of hay-pasture grass stand. 2. Drainage and humidification system according to claim 1, characterized in that a brush can be installed on the container frame, equipped with cables, the ends of which are led to additional winches installed on the banks near the short sides of the pond, where inclined gutters are made. 3. Drainage and humidification system according to claim 1, characterized in that the protective screen filled with air towards the convex shape of the surface of the geotextile fabric is directed with a positive slope in the direction of the drain of the container, fixed on the cables, to the shore. 4. Drainage and humidification system according to claim 1, characterized in that a two-layer screen of two panels of material of different structure in terms of the composition of its impervious coating web, the lower of which is the basis for laying a second impervious screen on it, has additional buoyancy, while being filled the air of the module package provides a reduction in static pressure on the platforms of fixed floats at different heights above the water surface, without disturbing the operation of the screens. 5. Drainage and humidification system according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls of polyethylene perforated tubes are rigidly fastened from the top and bottom to both sheets from the inside, and their side walls with holes are connected with the release of air into the cavity of the module package. 6. Drainage and humidification system according to claim 1, characterized in that each perforated air tube is equipped with valves with the ability to control the supply of compressed air, which are connected to the separating inlet air pipe with a compressor. 7. Drainage and humidification system according to claim 1, characterized in that an automatic compressor operation system is used.

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