RU2764195C1 - Adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive for calves - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: feed production.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to feed production, in particular to an adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive for calves. The additive is characterized by the fact that it contains medicinal chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), blue alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), spruce resin, fructose, ascorbic acid, "Vetom 1", "Sel-plex", taken in a certain ratio.

EFFECT: use of the invention will improve digestion in animals, increase disease resistance and productivity potential.

1 cl, 5 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of animal husbandry, fodder production, veterinary medicine and is intended for feeding calves during the milk period.

Young cattle in the initial period of their lives are most sensitive to stress and adverse environmental factors. The immune system is formed in newborn calves gradually. The histohematic barrier, due to the anatomical and physiological structure of the placenta of cows, prevents the flow of antibodies from the mother to the fetus during the prenatal period of development. Therefore, calves are born without immunoglobulins in the blood and are immunologically unprotected from the bacterial flora of the environment, which creates conditions for the occurrence of massive gastrointestinal diseases of various etiologies. They develop dysbacteriosis, which is clinically manifested by diarrhea [1].

If young cattle, which are transferred to the main herd as a replacement, have been ill with gastrointestinal diseases, then its subsequent productivity will be significantly lower than genetically determined. Therefore, the prevention of diseases of young animals is much more expedient than their treatment [2]. To correct microbiocenosis, increase immunoresistance and stimulate the growth and development of animals, complex feed additives are used - synbiotics, which combine the properties of pro- and prebiotics. In order for probiotics - preparations containing symbiont bacteria to successfully compete with pathogens, animals must simultaneously receive prebiotics (nutrient medium) that increase the concentration of beneficial bacteria.

The synbiotic drug "Rumistart" is known, which contains probiotics (live cultures of cellulolytic bacteria Ruminococcus albus - specific inhabitants of the rumen of ruminants), prebiotics (mannanoligosaccharides) and enzymes that provide better absorption of feed [3].

Known drug "Probiocel", which includes cells of Bacillus subtilis, the enzyme endoglucanase, selenium in organic form [4].

A large number of chemical compounds of various types and combinations synthesized by plants have a prebiotic effect. In addition, plants are sources of biologically active substances that promote better digestion of feed, have adaptogenic and immunostimulatory effects, especially in growing animals. At the same time, plants that can increase the body's nonspecific resistance to a wide range of harmful effects of a physical, chemical and biological nature are considered to be phytoadaptogens. The action of adaptogens is determined by the substances that make up the plants. These are flavonoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids, phytosterols, glycopeptides and other biologically active components of natural natural origin. Moreover, it is not individual substances that affect health, but those processes that are triggered or changed with a synergistic effect.

The composition of the above preparations does not include prebiotics of plant origin, which can selectively stimulate the growth of indigenous (normal) intestinal microflora.

The composition of the feed biostimulator is known, including the collection of dry medicinal and feed plants - wormwood, common tansy, St. nonspecific resistance of the organism of dairy calves [5].

The composition of a feed additive is known - a phytobiotic, including a mixture of three types of medicinal plants - a large plantain, a knotweed and a chamomile, glucose and fructose, trace elements of selenium and zinc in an organic form, ascorbic acid, rennet - beef pepsin [6]

The above additives stimulate digestion and the immune system, but do not contain probiotics - indigenous and transient bacteria that help prevent the occurrence of dysbacteriosis and diarrhea in young cattle.

Phytosynbiotics are preparations that include plant components, beneficial microorganisms - probiotics and a nutrient medium for their normal life. For example, the addition of fructose preparations increases the activity of beneficial bacteria, promotes a symbiotic relationship between the animal and the intestinal microflora, eliminates colonization by pathogens, providing a selective increase in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria [7]. In addition, plants with high phytoncidal and immunomodulatory activity contribute to the prevention of various diseases in animals, including gastrointestinal infections.

Known feed additives for cattle, which include components of coniferous plants. Thus, the feed additive "Khvoynaya", intended to increase the milk productivity of cows, contains coniferous flour and crushed pine nut shells [8]. To stabilize the energy balance of the body and increase the productivity of farm animals and poultry, a coniferous energy feed additive based on a glycerin extract of Scotch pine woody greenery was developed [9].

The composition of a feed phytosynbiotic supplement for calves [10] is known, including medicinal chamomile, greater celandine, flax seed, bacteria Bacillus subtilus and the prebiotic part - ascorbic acid, organic selenium and fructose. The complex of biologically active substances that make up the supplement ensured its high preventive effect.

The additives mentioned above do not contain spruce gum, which is resin deposits removed from the tree that form on spruce when the tree is injured. Spruce resin - viscous when fresh, and after hardening dry, fragile mass - is a natural antiseptic, has a pronounced antibacterial and immunomodulatory effect, has a beneficial effect on the intestinal flora.

The objective of the invention is to expand the arsenal of feed phyto-synbiotics that increase the nonspecific resistance of the calf organism, prevent diseases, improve digestion and increase productivity, as well as reduce the use of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of animals, which reduces the risk of their trace amounts being transmitted through the food chain to humans.

The solution of the problem is achieved by introducing into the diet of dairy calves an adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive for calves, characterized in that the feed additive contains medicinal chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), blue alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), spruce resin, fructose, ascorbic acid, " Vetom 1", "Sel-Plex", taken in the ratio, wt. %: medicinal chamomile - 38; blue alfalfa - 25; spruce resin - 5; fructose - 15; ascorbic acid - 10; Vetom 1 - 5; "Sel-GHpex" - 2.

The feed additive is prepared as follows: plants collected during the flowering period (alfalfa - ground part, chamomile - inflorescences) are air-dried, crushed in a crusher and mixed together. Spruce resin to increase the fragility of the structure is preliminarily kept in a freezer at a temperature of minus 15-18°C for an hour; crushed with a mechanical grinder (for example, for vegetables and fruits); then dried at a temperature of 18-20°C; crushed in an electric mill to a powder; finally sieved through a sieve with a pore size of 1 mm. Appropriate vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate and microbiological preparations are mixed with herbs and prepared resin. The finished supplement is mixed with feed.

The chemical composition of the plant part of the adaptogenic phytosynbiotic supplement is represented by a complex of biologically active substances that provide a high pharmacotherapeutic effect. For example, chamazulene (chamomile) has an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effect, inhibits the growth of pathogenic microflora in the intestine, and increases the secretion of the digestive glands [11]. Also, in the raw material of chamomile, there are more than 20 macro- and microelements; essential oil (0.2-0.8%) with a large amount of sesquiterpenes (α-bisabolol - 20-50%), organic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins (choline, thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid), fatty acid glycerides, mucus, gums. All these compounds have a therapeutic and prophylactic effect on various organs and systems of the body.

Blue alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has an anti-inflammatory effect due to the large amount of flavonoids in its composition. The plant also contains vitamins A, C, niacin, biotin, folic and pantothenic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, tannins, amino acids, a large number of macronutrients - iron, phosphorus and calcium. The leaves and stems of young alfalfa are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and phytonutrients (beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin). The chemical composition of the herb contains vitamin U (S-methylmethionine), which has the ability to heal the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Gum is extracted industrially by tapping coniferous trees [12]. The composition of spruce resin includes volatile substances of the turpentine type - monoterpenes (32-35%), diterpenes (lambertianic, levopimaric, palustric and other acids), sesquiterpenes and their derivatives (8-10%), as well as a mixture of fatty acids (stearic, lauric , oleic, etc.), succinic acid, vitamins C and D. The complex of these substances has a wide bactericidal, antiparasitic and regenerating effect.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is included in the supplement to strengthen the immune system, namely for the needs of leukocytes, which consume this vitamin in the synthesis of interferons (antiviral proteins). Vitamin C is involved in redox reactions, iron fixation in the process of hemoglobin synthesis, enhances the action of other antioxidants such as selenium.

The trace element selenium is an indispensable biologically active substance effective in the treatment of many diseases in all animal species. Selenium affects the nutrition of the cells of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and significantly accelerates its regeneration, normalizes the intestinal microflora, and activates fermentation processes. The Sel-Plex preparation is a source of an organic form of selenium obtained by a microbiological method (isolated from yeast cells), which is contained in the form of a chelate compound with amino acids selenomethionine (50%) and selenocystin (25%). 1 g of this drug contains 1 mg of selenium.

Bacillus subtilus bacteria secrete antibiotic-like substances, enzymes, and other biologically active substances in the intestines of animals, under the influence of which the absorption of iron, calcium, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, bile salts improves. Bacillus subtilis stimulates the growth of normal intestinal microflora, in particular bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. 1 g of Vetom 1 contains at least 1×10 ⁶ CFU of live microbial cells of Bacillus subtilis bacteria.

Fructose is an integral part of oligosaccharides contained in feed, such as sucrose, raffinose and others. Fructose is absorbed more slowly than glucose in the intestine, but it is well absorbed by microorganisms, as a result of which it maintains a symbiotic relationship between the animal and the indigenous intestinal microbiota. Beneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are able to use the resulting sugars as a nutrient substrate. When using fructose, there is an improvement in the absorption of minerals in the large intestine.

Example.

Scientific and production experience on calves of the black-and-white breed of the dairy period of cultivation was carried out in the conditions of the breeding plant named after. Lenin, Tambov district, Tambov region. In accordance with the requirements for the selection of analogues, 2 groups of 3-day-old calves were formed - control and experimental (6 heads each). The experimental group received an adaptogenic phytosynbiotic supplement individually once a day, 10 g/head with milk for a month. The additive was not used in feeding animals of the control group.

For two months, the calves were clinically observed, gastrointestinal diseases, feed consumption, dynamics of changes in live weight and average daily gain were recorded. Blood for analysis was taken at the age of 30 days on the last day of experimental feeding. The studies were carried out on biochemical (Mindray VA-88A) and hematological (Mindray ВС-2800 Vet) analyzers. Before taking blood for 3 days, the calves of both groups were routinely vaccinated against salmonellosis. The experimental results were processed by statistical analysis.

According to the daily accounting of feed during the study period, it was found (table 1) that the calves of the experimental group used more voluminous feed (hay, haylage) in relation to the animals of the control group by an average of 7.8%, and compound feed - by 7.7%, respectively.

After a month of feeding the calves, there was some difference in live weight between the groups, which amounted to 1.9 kg (3.8%, p> 0.05) in favor of the animals of the experimental group, and their average daily gain was almost 11% higher (p ≤0.05) (Table 2). Two months after the end of the experimental feeding, the live weight of the experimental calves was on average 2.9 kg more, which was 4.2% (p≤0.05) compared to the control. The gross growth of calves of the experimental group for the observation period was 3.0 kg more (p≤0.01), and the average daily gain for the period was 50 g more, which is 7.7% (p≤0.01) in relation to indicators of the control group.

In the control group, two calves during the first decade after birth showed signs of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which was accompanied by diarrhea. The duration of illness for each calf was four days. The disease was manifested by loss of appetite, increased defecation and liquid consistency of feces. Animals most of the time were in a supine position. Cases of diseases in animals of the experimental group during the observation period were not established. For the treatment of diarrhea in diseased animals of the control group, the veterinary drug "Enronit" was used (3 ml subcutaneously twice a day).

The stimulating effect of the adaptogenic phytosynbiotic supplement is confirmed by hematological parameters. It is known that by the age of 30 days, the content of γ-globulins in the blood serum of calves decreases, because. there is a breakdown of immunoglobulins obtained with colostrum, and their own endogenous synthesis of antibodies only begins to develop slowly, reaching a maximum at 6-7 weeks of their life [13]. With an equal content of total protein in the blood of calves of both groups, the experimental animals showed a higher level of globulins due to the fraction of γ-globulins - by 6.3% (p≤0.05) compared to the control (table 4). The content of immunoglobulins - proteins of specific humoral immunity - in the blood of calves of the experimental group was higher by 6.3% (p>0.05).

Vaccination, being a powerful stress factor, has a significant impact on the blood system in general and, in particular, changes morphological parameters. It is known that under vaccine stress, in the case of low adaptive capacity in farm animals, growth intensity and productivity decrease, and sensitivity to other stress factors increases [14]. A characteristic feature of vaccinal stress in the body is the formation of specific immunity, which begins approximately on the 3rd-5th day after vaccination and ends on the 12th-21st day, which may cause some blood parameters to deviate from the physiological norm. For example, when studying the effect of stress syndrome on the morphological characteristics of the blood of calves, a sharp decrease in the number of eosinophils, an increase in the overall level of neutrophils, and a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes were noted [15].

According to the leukogram presented in table 4, the absolute number of neutrophils in the total number of leukocytes in the blood of calves of the experimental group was more than 3.14×10 ⁹ /l (p≤0.01) in relation to the same indicator in the control. Neutrophils are the most powerful factors in the non-specific cellular defense system. Accordingly, the number of lymphocytes in the blood of experimental calves was less by 1.05 g/l, which amounted to 32% (p≤0.05) in relation to the indicator in the control group. Differences between the groups in the content of other fractions of leukocytes (monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) were not established. At the same time, the number of eosinophils and basophils was below the sensitivity limit of the analyzer.

In most cases, an adaptive response to stress goes through two stages in its development - mobilization and resistance, which are accompanied by corresponding biochemical, immunomorphological and other changes in the body caused by adaptive hormones [16]. The calves of the experimental group at the time of blood sampling for analysis were in the second stage of stress development - increasing resistance. In this stage, the metabolism is normalized, the shifts that occurred at the beginning of the adverse effects of the stressor are leveled. Animals grow and develop normally, while the indicators characterizing specific resistance remain elevated.

Unlike the calves of the experimental group, the animals of the control group were still in the stage of mobilization, as indicated by the increased level of sugar in their blood - 1.4 times higher than the physiological norm (table 4) and more by 1.61 mmol/l (p≤0.001 ) indicator in the experimental group. Under the influence of stress factors, hyperproduction of glucocorticoid hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex occurs, which in turn causes an increase in gluconeogenesis, thereby providing an easily accessible source of energy for adaptation reactions.

The level of activity of transamination enzymes, key participants in the regulation of protein-carbohydrate metabolism, also indicates a shorter period of adaptation of the body of experimental calves to vaccine stress. So the activity of ACT in their body was higher by 18% (p≤0.05), and ALT - by 31% (p>0.05) in relation to the corresponding indicators in the control. The activity of the LDH enzyme in experimental animals was also higher than the control value by 11% (p>0.05). LDH activity in calves in early postnatal ontogenesis is mainly associated with the processes of body weight growth and the active work of the muscular system, when biosynthetic and bioenergetic processes are most intense, which leads to the formation of an additional amount of ATP to activate the biosynthesis of proteins and lipids in muscle tissue. One of the sources of ATP synthesis is glycolysis, which naturally leads to an increase in LDH activity. It should be noted that these parameters in all animals were within the physiological norm.

Macroscopic analysis of the feces of animals of both groups showed that the consistency, color and smell were almost the same, the pH was slightly acidic (5.23-5.22), there were no impurities (intestinal parasites, etc.), which implies that the secretory and absorption functions gastrointestinal tract in calves were normal.

Bifido- and lactobacilli play a leading role in maintaining the body's nonspecific resistance, improving the absorption and hydrolysis of fats, protein and mineral metabolism, and the synthesis of biologically active substances, including vitamins. Most of these "beneficial" bacteria are located in the large intestine, being its main parietal and luminal microbiota. Their deficiency is one of the pathogenetic factors of long-term intestinal disorders, leading to the formation of chronic digestive disorders.

According to the results of microbiological studies presented in Table 5, equally high content of bifidus and lactobacilli was found in the stool samples of both groups of calves. In general, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microflora of calves of both groups corresponded to the physiological norm, however, opportunistic bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae) were isolated in both samples, while in the experimental group there were 10 times less of them compared to the samples of the control group (10 ⁴ vs. 10 ⁵ CFU/g), which indicated a positive effect of the adaptogenic phytosynbiotic supplement on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of calves.

The proposed composition of the components of the adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive is new, as it has not been previously used in animal husbandry. For calves of the first month of growing, an easy-to-prepare feed additive is proposed, consisting of biologically active substances of plant origin, including spruce gum, a vitamin to strengthen the immune system, a natural antioxidant - the microelement selenium in an organic form, a probiotic - a culture of bacteria, a prebiotic - fructose for energy nutrition of the resident microflora of the digestive tract of animals. The feed additive ensures the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and increases the productivity of calves. The described physiological and biochemical changes in the body of animals of the experimental group (recommended adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive) confirm the conclusion that they have an increase in resistance to diseases in comparison with calves of the control group (traditional feeding ration).

The Applicant is not aware of technical solutions that would use a feed additive with the same composition and in the same amounts of components with the same effect, therefore he believes that the composition he claims meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The claimed composition of the feed additive can be widely used in dairy cattle breeding, and therefore meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

The use of an adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive improves digestion in animals, increases resistance to diseases, and realizes the genetic potential of livestock productivity.

Sources of information taken into account:

1. Subbotin V.V., Sidorov M.A. The main elements of the prevention of gastrointestinal pathology in newborn animals // Veterinary. - 2004. - No. 4. - S. 3-6.

2. Instructions on the use of probiotic preparations "Bacell" and "Monosporin" in feeding cattle / L.G. Gorkovenko, A.E. Chikov, S.I. Kononenko, D.V. Osepchuk. - Krasnodar, 2011. - 32 p.

3. Complex drug "Rumistart". Site of OOO PO "Sibbiopharm". - URL: http://www.sibbio.ru/catalog/zhivotnovodstvo/kompleksnyy-preparat-rumistart/

4. Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2600824 Method for increasing the nonspecific resistance of the body of newborn calves A61K 36/185; A61K 36/36; A61K 36/68; A61P 37/00; application: 2015143969/15, 10/13/2015; published: 30.10.2016. Bull. No. 30.

5. RF patent No. 2681343. A method for increasing the nonspecific resistance of the organism of calves of the milk period of feeding A23K 10/30; A61K 36/00; A61K 127/00; A61K 133/00; A61K 135/00; application: 2018100674, 01/10/2018; published: 06.03.2019. Bull. No. 7.

6. RF patent No. 2692609. Phytoenzymatic feed additive for calves A23K 10/30; A61K 36/00; A61K 127/00; A61K 133/00; A61K 135/00; application: 2018121861, 06/13/2018; published: 25.06.2019. Bull. No. 18.

7. Hidaka, N. Fruktooligosaccharides enzymatic preparation and biofunctions / H. Hidaka, H. Hirayama, K. Yamada // J. Carbohjdrate Chem. - 1991. - Vol. 10.-P. 509-522.

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9. RF patent No. 2543814. Coniferous energy supplement A23K 10/00; A23K 10/14; A23K 10/16; application: 2013125728/13, 06/05/2013; published: 10.03.2015. Bull. No. 7.

10. RF patent No. 2739401. Phytosynbiotic feed additive for calves A23K 10/30; A23K 50/10; A23K 50/60; application: 2020123464, 07/08/2020; published: 23.12.2020. Bull. No. 36.

11. Complex extraction of glycans and flavonoids from vegetable raw materials / B.B. Tikhonov, A.I. Sidorov, E.M. Sulman, E.V. Ozhimkova // Bulletin of TVGU. Series "Biology and Ecology". - 2011. - T. 128. - Issue. 19. - S. 57-63.

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13. Physiological state, formation of non-specific resistance and immunological status of calves in the early postnatal period of ontogenesis after the use of Timogen, Polyoxidonium, Roncoleukin and Sinestrol 2% to mother cows before calving: collective monograph. / IN AND. Velikanov, A.V. Klyapnev, L.V. Kharitonov, S.S. Terentiev. - Nizhny Novgorod: FGBOU VO Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy, 2020. - 224 p.

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15. Kuzmin A.I. Influence of the stress factor on the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of the blood of calves / A.I. Kuzmin // Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. Materials of the international scientific-practical conference. -2004. - S. 462.

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Claims (1)

Adaptogenic phytosynbiotic feed additive for calves, characterized by the fact that it contains medicinal chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), blue alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), spruce resin, fructose, ascorbic acid, Vetom 1, Sel-plex, taken in the ratio, wt.%: medicinal chamomile - 38; blue alfalfa - 25; spruce resin - 5; fructose - 15; ascorbic acid - 10; Vetom 1 - 5; "Sel-Plex" - 2.