RU2692609C1 - Phyto-zymotic fodder additive for calves - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to fodder production. A phyto-zymotic fodder additive for calves, including a mixture of three types of medicinal plants – broadleaf plantain, a common knotgrass and Matricaria chamomilla, carbohydrate-energy complex in the form of glucose and fructose, a mineral part consisting of selenium and zinc microelements in an organic form, a vitamin portion – ascorbic acid, a rennet enzyme – pepsin beef taken in the following ratio, wt%: broadleaf plantain – 5.0; common knotgrass – 6.0; Matricaria chamomilla – 6.0; glucose – 20.0; fructose – 30.0; selenium-containing preparation "Cel-Plex" – 1.0; zinc-containing preparation "Bioplex Zinc" – 1.0; ascorbic acid – 30.0; pepsin beef – 1.0.EFFECT: invention allows improving adaptive resistance of calf organism to stress effects of environment (nonspecific resistance) without using antibacterial and other chemotherapeutic preparations.1 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of dairy farming, feed production, veterinary medicine and is intended for calves in the dairy feeding period. The use of phyto-enzyme feed additive allows you to increase the adaptive stability of the body of calves to the stressful effects of the external environment (non-specific resistance) without the use of antibacterial and other chemotherapeutic drugs. In dairy cattle breeding, fodder phytoadditives of immunomodulating action are used to prevent gastrointestinal non-communicable diseases and realize the productive potential of calves.

Young cattle in the initial period of their life is most sensitive to stress and adverse environmental factors. In the process of postnatal development, calves go through several critical periods, due to the formation of the body’s natural defense. Immediately after birth, the body of young animals is subjected to antigenic stimulation, including through the digestive tract, due to the colonization of microorganisms, the number of lymphocytes in the blood increases. However, prior to receiving colostrum, the physiological condition of calves is characterized by an immune deficiency, since cellular protection factors are functionally inactive. The second period is noted at the age of 5-14 days and is associated with the termination of the feeding of colostrum and the expenditure of colostral immunoglobulins with insufficient formation in their own organism. The third critical period is associated with a sharp transfer of calves from dairy feeds to vegetable-concentrated ones. As a result of digestive disorders and antigenic food load in the parietal mucus of the intestine, the content of immunoglobulins decreases and the beneficial microflora dies [1, 2]. The absence in calves of the first two months of life of a full-fledged intestinal microbiocenosis, capable of providing intestinal resistance, creates the conditions for the occurrence of massive gastrointestinal diseases of various etiologies. They develop disbacteriosis, clinically manifested by diarrhea. Along with diarrhea of infectious nature in young animals, alimentary-functional diseases (dyspepsia, colostrum toxicosis, gastroenteritis, etc.) are recorded, which, as a rule, are complicated by conditionally pathogenic microflora [3].

The use of antibiotics, sulfonamides, vitamins and other drugs does not always provide a therapeutic effect, because the body does not include mechanisms that stimulate cellular factors of immunity. For the prevention of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and maintaining the intestinal bacteriocenosis at an optimal level, preparations of pre- and probiotic action are used [4]. Prebiotics are substances that can stimulate the growth and development of the indigenous (normal) intestinal microflora. The prebiotic effect has a large number of chemical compounds of various types and combinations synthesized by plants. Plants have a favorable physiological effect on the body of animals - increase appetite, promote the absorption of food and increase growth, stimulate the development of the immune system [5].

A known method for the prevention of dysbacteriosis in calves with the use of prebiotics "Kumelakt" (based on honey extract of pumpkin seeds with lactulose concentrate and malic acid) and "Lactumin" (based on topinambur extract with lactulose concentrate and succinic acid) [3].

There is a method of increasing nonspecific resistance of calves, which consists in watering them for 21 days daily infusion (at the rate of 5 ml / kg of weight) prepared from nettle leaves, plantain and herb starlets, taken in a 1: 1: 1 ratio [6].

There is a method of increasing nonspecific resistance in calves, which consists in the use of tincture of a mixture of herbs and inflorescences of Echinacea purpurea, grass harmala ordinary, small-leaved linden flowers and licorice roots, taken in equal quantities and used inside for 10-15 days in the form of an aqueous solution 7 -8% concentration in conjunction with intramuscular injection of glycopine [7].

Known additive for calves based on arabinogalactans isolated from Siberian larch wood, which is introduced into dairy feeds for 30 days as a prebiotic and vitamin preparation [8].

These additives require prior preparation (alcohol or water extract from plants), some of them are not intended for long-term prophylactic use. Some of the plants used in them are difficult to collect because they do not have wide distribution in most parts of Russia.

A known feed additive for long-term use (2 months) in diets of poultry and pigs as a plant stimulant under stressful conditions and excretion of toxic substances from the feed [9]. The additive contains sorbent opoku (opalkristobalitovuyu breed) and plant collection, including oregano, St. John's wort, coltsfoot, plantain, tansy, celandine, sweet clover, wormwood, milfoil, dioecious. A significant disadvantage of the additive is the presence of a large number of components and the lack of testing its effectiveness in young cattle.

The objective of the invention is to expand the Arsenal of funds (phytobiotics) based on available plant materials that increase the nonspecific resistance of the body of calves, prevent gastrointestinal diseases in them, improve digestion and increase productivity, as well as reduce the use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of animals, which reduces the risk of transferring their trace amounts through the food chain to humans.

The technical result is achieved by introducing a phyto-enzyme feed supplement into the diet of calves, including a mixture of three types of medicinal plants - large plantain, bird of the hill, and chamomile pharmacy, carbohydrate-energy complex in the form of glucose and fructose, the mineral part consisting of trace elements selenium and zinc in organic form , vitamin part - ascorbic acid, rennet enzyme - beef pepsin, taken in the ratio, mass. %: large plantain - 5.0; highlander bird - 6.0; Chamomile - 6.0; glucose - 20.0; fructose - 30.0; selenium-containing preparation "Sel-Plex" - 1.0; zinc-containing drug "Bioplex Zinc" - 1.0; ascorbic acid - 30.0; beef pepsin - 1.0.

Feed supplement is prepared as follows: collected during the flowering period (plantain - leaves, mountaineer - stems with inflorescences, chamomile - inflorescences), the grass is dried in air, crushed in a crusher and mixed together. Appropriate vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate and enzyme preparations are mixed with herbs. Then the feed additive is mixed with the feed. The technology of preparation of the feed additive is simple, does not require heating, while retaining all its useful properties. This increases its efficiency, does not require expensive equipment, which reduces its cost.

The chemical composition of the phyto-enzyme additive is represented by a complex of biologically active substances that ensure its high pharmacotherapeutic effect. The dominant plant components are flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, polysaccharides, iridoids, alkaloids, azulene, tannins, bitterness, vitamins, organic acids. Flavonoids provide an adaptive-trophic function of the body, counteracting against mediators of inflammation. Glycosides enhance bile formation, reduce fermentation processes in the digestive tract. Polysaccharides have anti-inflammatory, immunocorrective action, stimulate nonspecific immunity and phagocytosis, as well as the bactericidal function of cells. Iridoids are found in plants as glycosides and are synthesized to protect against herbivores, insects, or microorganisms. Azulene (aromatic compounds) have anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic anti-allergenic and antispasmodic properties. Bitterness increases bile secretion, gastrointestinal secretion and peristalsis, improves appetite. Dubin substances improve the functioning of the antioxidant system of the liver, have a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and astringent effect. Carotenoids are precursors of vitamin A (retinol) - an effective antioxidant and immunostimulant. Vitamin K (phylloquinone), in addition to ensuring blood clotting, regulates the passage of many redox reactions, is involved in the synthesis of osteocalcin protein, which is necessary for the formation of bone tissue, and has an antibacterial effect. Vitamin B ₅ (pantothenic acid) is part of the coenzyme acetyl-CoA, which is involved in oxidation reactions with the release of energy, plays an important role in the formation of antibodies, promotes the absorption of other vitamins. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) participates in redox processes, regulates immunological reactions (activates the synthesis of antibodies), protects the body from bacteria and viruses, has an anti-inflammatory effect, promotes phagocytosis, iron fixation in the process of hemoglobin synthesis, enhances the effect of other antioxidants, such as selenium [10].

Plantain large (Plantago major) is a pharmacopoeial plant, the substances of which have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, sitative, wound-healing, bacteriostatic action. The leaves contain up to 20% of pectin substances, polysaccharides (pectic acid, galacto-arabane, galactan), glycosides (aukubin - 0.37%), bitterness, tannins, flavonoids (luteopolin, apigenin, quercetin, scutellarine, his-pidulin, baikalein luteolin), sorbitol, organic acids (salicylic, citric, benzoic), alkaloids, carotenoids, vitamins K, C, B ₅ . Auku-bin, due to its bactericidal and antioxidant properties, is resistant to destruction during long-term storage of plants. Sorbitol, which gives the plant a sweet taste, has an adsorbing effect in the intestine, effectively and gently binds water along with harmful substances without damaging the mucous membrane.

The highlander bird (Polygonum aviculare) has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, as well as astringent and immunomodulatory. The grass contains tannins (1.8-4.8%); flavonoids (up to 9.4%): avikulyarin, hyperin, isorhamnetin, myritin, quercetin, kaempferol; essential oil; vitamins C, K, carotenoids.

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) is used as a carminative, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, choleretic agent. Chamomile contains a large number of active substances: essential oil (0.2-0.8%) with a large number of sesquiterpenes (cadinene, pharsenen, α-bisabolol - 20-50% J, azulene (chamazulene - 4-14%); organic acids (nonyl, isovaleric acid, caprylic acid, salicylic acid, nicotine); flavonoids (apiin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin), glycosides (diok-sikumarin); matricin (precursor chamazulene), carotenoids, vitamins C, _B2 (riboflavin), B ₄ (choline), B ₁ (thiamine). fatty acid glycerides, mucilages, gums, chamomile The feedstock contains more than 20 macro- and microelectr ments. The most valuable component of the essential oil of chamomile -hamazulen, which provides the main therapeutic properties of plants, has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity, inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine, increases the secretion of digestive glands.

Glucose is a part of disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose. It is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and is the main and most universal source of energy for ensuring the metabolic processes in the body. Fructose is contained in the feed in the composition of sucrose, raffinose and levulesans. It is slower than glucose, absorbed in the intestine, but in the liver its transformation into other substances occurs much faster. Glucose and fructose monosaccharides have similar properties, take part in the formation of glycogen (short-term energy reserve in the liver and muscles), the synthesis of amino acids, are transformed into fat (long-term energy reserve). At the same time, fructose is well absorbed by microorganisms, as a result of which it maintains a symbiotic relationship between animals and intestinal microflora, excluding colonization by pathogens, providing a selective increase in beneficial microorganisms. Beneficial lacto-bacteria and bifidobacteria secrete inulinase and are able to use the resulting sugars as a nutrient substrate. Together with iron, fructose forms organic (chelated) compounds that are better absorbed by the body than other forms. When using fructose, there is an improvement in the absorption of minerals in the large intestine.

Selenium affects the nutrition of the cells of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and significantly accelerates its regeneration, normalizes the intestinal microflora, and activates the processes of fermentation. It participates in the production of thyroid and pancreatic hormones, is among the top five strongest antioxidants along with vitamins C and E, has immunomodulatory properties, is actively involved in the formation of leukocytes and in the production of interferon, which is an antiviral protein. The drug "Sel-Plex" is a source of the organic form of selenium in the form of the chelate compound selenomethionine.

Zinc is a vital trace element, a cofactor of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and carbohydrase, is involved in the exchange of nucleic acids and protein synthesis, affects the blood, growth and development of the body. In the preparation "Biopleks Zinc" it is contained in an organic form and corresponds to the natural trace element in forage crops and grain.

Pepsin is a renal catalyst enzyme, stimulates the secretion of gastric juice, pancreas, the formation of bile, acts antiseptically, inhibits fermentation and the development of conditionally pathogenic and putrefactive microflora. The beef pepsin preparation is used in veterinary medicine as a means of preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases of calves.

Example.

Research and production experience on the calves of the black-and-white breed of the dairy rearing period was carried out under the conditions of the breeding plant to them. Lenin Tambov district of the Tambov region. In accordance with the requirements for the selection of analogues, 2 groups of calves were formed - control and experimental (6 heads each). An experienced group of young stock from 3 to 60 days old received a phyto-enzyme supplement of 5 g per head twice a day, individually with dairy feeds. Animals of the control group phyto-enzyme additive was not used. During the reference period (60 days), the animals were followed by clinical observations, hematological parameters were determined, gastrointestinal diseases, feed consumption, changes in live weight and average daily gain were recorded. The results of the experiments were processed by statistical analysis, the level of probability of error - p≤0.05.

Metabolism in calves of both groups proceeded in accordance with age characteristics. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in the content of red blood cells in the blood (Table 1). In experienced calves, their number was higher by 37.7% (p≤0.01) compared to the control group. Erythrocyte saturation with hemoglobin (color index) in calves consuming phyto-enzyme supplement was within optimal limits. Obviously, this was facilitated by better absorption of nutrients in the intestine of the feed, first of all, of vital trace elements.

The content of total protein and its fractions in the blood of animals corresponded to the physiological norm, except for γ-globulins, whose level at the age of 1.5-2 months, as a rule, is still low. This protein fraction is represented mainly by immunoglobulins (antibodies), which are formed in response to the introduction into the body of bacteria, viruses, protein toxins and other antigens. A low level (<10 g / l) of common immunoglobulins in the blood of calves increases the risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Each antibody can react not only with the antigen that caused its formation, but also with other, sometimes completely unrelated molecules. The interaction of antibodies with antigens is not strictly specific, which allows the body to neutralize a variety of pathogens by the most common features [11]. Probably, the immunomodulating action of medicinal plants is associated with this particular feature of nonspecific immunity. The research results showed that the content of immunoglobulins in the blood of calves of the experimental group was 1.8 times higher compared to the control (p≤0.05).

According to the leukogram data (Table 2), the proportion of lymphocytes in the blood of calves of the experimental group was higher by 4.3% (p≤0.05), in absolute terms - by 1.06 × 10%. Lymphocytes are one of the most important parts of the immune system, as they are responsible for the production of antibodies. A high level of significance of the difference in the content of monocytes was noted - their share in the blood of the experimental calves was less by 0.07 × 10%, or 1.04% (p≤0.01). The main function of monocytes is phagocytic protection of the body against bacteria viruses and parasites. Differences between groups in the content of other types of leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) have not been established.

Thus, the use of phyto-enzyme supplements in the diets of calves with a sufficient degree of probability provided them with resistance (resistance to various pathogens of infectious diseases) without increasing the number of cells responsible for nonspecific cellular immunity.

The effectiveness of phyto-enzyme feed additive as a prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is shown in Table 3.

In both groups, cases of gastrointestinal diseases in calves were recorded at 4 days old (4 animals in the control group and 2 in the experimental group). The cause of the disease, apparently, was the feeding of poor-quality colostrum, which was obtained from cows with a hidden form of mastitis (confirmed by analysis of the content of somatic cells). The main signs of calf disease were loss of appetite, liquid consistency and yellow color of feces. The animals most of the time were lying down. The duration of illness of each calf in the control group averaged 5 days, experienced - 4 days. The reduction in the recovery time of calves that consumed phyto-enzyme supplement was probably due to the fact that its plant part, along with other biologically active substances, contains a significant amount of pectic substances that reduce the intensity of the process of rotting in the intestine and bind (remove from the body) poisonous exchange products.

Feeding calves of phyto-enzyme feed supplement was accompanied by a high feed intake of 16.7% and better nutrient absorption, which stimulated the increase in average daily weight gain (Table 4).

In the second month of breeding calves, a statistically significant (p≤0.01) difference in live weight between the groups was 2.7 kg (4.3%) in favor of the animals of the experimental group. During the period of experimental feeding, the gross gain in live weight of the experimental calves was higher by, 9.0% (p≤0.05), and the average daily gain - by 9.4% (p≤0.05).

The proposed composition of the components of phyto-enzyme feed additive has a novelty, as it has not previously been used in animal husbandry practice. For calves of the dairy feeding period, an easy-to-prepare feed additive was proposed for long-term feeding, consisting of biologically active substances of plant origin, vitamins, trace elements in an organic form, the energy part in the form of simple carbohydrates and a digestive enzyme. Feed supplement provides prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and increase the average daily gain in live weight of calves. The described physiological and biochemical changes in the animals of the experimental group (recommended phyto-enzyme feed additive) confirm the conclusion that their nonspecific resistance is increased in comparison with the calves of the control group (traditional feeding ration).

The applicant does not know the technical solutions in which the feed additive with the same composition and in the same quantities of components would be used with the same effect, therefore he believes that the composition claimed by him meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The inventive composition of the feed additive can be widely used in dairy farming, and therefore meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

INFORMATION SOURCES:

1. Emelianenko, P. A. The immune system of ruminants / P. A. Emelianenko // Problems of Veterinary Immunology. - M .: VASHNIL, 1985. - p. 40-46.

2. Molchanov, M.V. On the issue of the timing of immunological reactivity in calves / M.V. Molchanov, N.G. Bukarov, P.F. Fortieth // Agricultural Biology. - 1981. - №2. - pp. 292-294.

3. Balyshev, A.V. Microbial landscape of calves using new lactulose-containing dietary supplements / A.V. Balyshev // Polythematic network electronic scientific journal of the Kuban State Agrarian University. - 2011. - №69. - p. 315-319.

4. Lipatov, O.A. The use of immunomodulators to improve the immune status of calves / O.A. Lipatov, M.A. Bagmanov // Scientific notes of the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. N.E. Bauman. - 2011. - T. 206. - p. 125-129.

5. Avakayants, B. Medicinal plants in veterinary medicine / B. Avakayants. - M .: AQUARIUM LTD., 2001. - 336 p.

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7. Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2370274. Bioactive veterinary drug and method for increasing nonspecific resistance in calves with its use А61K 36/185; A61K 36/28; A61K 36/484; A61P37 / 00; application: 2008127095/15, 07/03/2008; published: 10/20/2009. Bul №29.

8. RF patent №2350098. A method for increasing non-specific resistance of calves during the period of milk supply А23K 1/00; application 2007116887/13, 04.05.2007; published: 27.03.2009. Bul №9.

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Claims (1)

Phyto-enzyme feed additive for calves, which includes a mixture of three types of medicinal plants - plantain, bird's knotweed and chamomile pharmacy, carbohydrate-energy complex in the form of glucose and fructose, the mineral part, consisting of trace elements selenium and zinc in organic form, vitamin part - ascorbic acid, rennet enzyme - beef pepsin, taken in the ratio, wt.%: plantain large - 5.0; highlander bird - 6.0; Chamomile - 6.0; glucose - 20.0; fructose - 30.0; selenium-containing preparation "Sel-Plex" - 1.0; zinc-containing drug "Bioplex Zinc" - 1.0; ascorbic acid - 30.0; beef pepsin - 1.0.