RU2559064C2 - Nutrient peat briquette for growing plants and method of its production - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. The mixture for forming nutrient peat briquettes contains wt %: sod-podzol or loam soil - 20-40, moss peat - 50-60, crushed lowland peat of high degree of decomposition as a binder - 10-15, compost obtained by aerobic fermentation of litter cattle manure as a nutrient component and activator of biodegradation processes - 5-10. The method of preparing the nutrient peat briquette comprises preparation of peat and sod-podzol or loam soil (drying, cleaning from foreign inclusions, grinding), consistent mixing of the components in the given concentrations, molding of briquettes, and the binder is used as crushed lowland peat of high degree of decomposition - 10-15 wt %, and the nutrient component and the activator of biodegradation processes - the compost (obtained by aerobic fermentation of the litter cattle manure) - 5-10 wt %.

EFFECT: inventions enable to obtain environmentally friendly cost-effective nutrient peat briquettes, characterised by sufficient strength, high moisture capacity, high humus content, beneficial microflora, nutrient elements.

6 cl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to obtain nutritious peat briquettes for growing plants. Nutritious peat briquettes can serve as a complete replacement of turf land and can be used for the rapid formation of a fertile layer in unsuitable for farming areas, arid, depleted due to intensive farming and contaminated by industrial emissions areas; in landscape gardening for the construction of lawns and flower beds; for landscaping and strengthening the slopes of highways and railways; in personal subsidiary plots and in agricultural production for the construction of greenhouses and hotbeds.

The expansion of the use of peat as a valuable organo-mineral raw material for the production of fertilizers, nutrient substrates, ameliorants helps to increase the efficiency of agricultural production and restoration of soil fertility.

Known plant mixture for growing lawns containing soil (sandy loam / loam / chernozem), peat and sand (Homestead Farm, M., 1986, No. 2, p. 75). The resulting mixture is characterized by a fairly high nutritional properties and agronomically valuable structure. However, the use of molded peat-based briquettes to create a fertile layer in landscape gardening and in reclamation of territories is much more promising than the use of imported loose peat soil due to a significant reduction in transportation costs, construction time and labor costs. In addition, the fertile layer, created on the basis of loose soil, is not protected from water and wind erosion, especially on the slopes of highways and railways.

Known briquettes obtained by pressing dry peat with nutrients, and a method for their production (Reference peat. M: Nedra, 1982, p. 48-451).

When pressing known briquettes, binders and activators are not used that are capable of harnessing the potential of peat as a unique source of humus, microflora, macro- and microelements. This leads to briquettes with insufficient strength and nutritional value.

Known peat briquetted ameliorant obtained by pressing a raw material mixture consisting of peat with nutrients, into which a lignosulfonate solution was added before pressing (RF Patent No. 2082747, C10F 7/00, 1997).

Lignosulfonates possess the universal properties of surfactants and increase the hydrophilicity and strength of the briquette, however, adding them to peat does not increase the nutritional value of the briquette, since the lignosulfates themselves are biodegradable and do not affect the ability to transform the organic component of peat.

A known composition for forming briquettes containing dry peat (humidity 15-20%) 60-70 wt.%, Nutritious mineral additives, dolomite flour for regulating acidity, sawdust, vermicompost to increase nutritional value and sulfonated lignin as a binder (Patent RF N 2029461, A01G 31/00, 1995).

Biohumus is a plant growth stimulator, however, the use of coarse peat and sawdust as the basis of a briquette (up to 75 wt.%) Does not allow achieving optimal indicators of its agronomic value. Coarse peat fibers have high adhesion and biodegradability, and as a result coarse peat is characterized by poor wettability and low nutritional value. In addition, unseparated top milling peat is characterized by a particle size in a very wide range - from fine dust to rather large pieces (over 30 mm in diameter), which leads to the formation of a heterogeneous structure and reduces the strength of briquettes.

The closest in composition to the claimed invention is a composition for forming briquettes for growing plants, mainly for prefabricated lawn, containing finely divided peat with a degree of decomposition of 10-15% with an average particle size of 0.2-0.5 mm, turf up to 98%, mineral fertilizers and / or growth stimulants and / or sapropel (RF patent No. 2148904, class A01G 9/10, 05.20.2000). A method for the production of briquettes based on this composition involves the preparation of horse peat (grinding to a weight average particle size of 0.2-0.5 mm), drying (in furnaces to a moisture content of mainly 20-40%) and forming briquettes.

One of the most important disadvantages of the composition and method of briquette production according to the prototype is the use of large quantities (up to 98) of turf, rich in humus and nutrients. In accordance with the mandatory requirements for the restoration of land disturbed as a result of human activities (in the development of minerals, construction of linear structures, geological exploration, survey and other works), the fertile soil layer should be preserved and mainly used on site (Nature Protection. Lands General requirements for land reclamation GOST 17.5.3.04-83 (ST SEV 5302-85) Harvesting turf that is not caused by industrial necessity is prohibited on an industrial scale Because it generates conditions for soil erosion and impaired balance, substantial removal of nutrients and humus, disruption of the soil structure.

In this regard, it is advisable to limit the use of turf in the production of briquettes without reducing the nutritional value and strength of the molded product.

The disadvantages of the method are the high complexity, energy consumption and fire hazard (fine peat when heated is prone to self-ignition and explosion). Peat overdrying also leads to a significant decrease in water absorption due to changes in its structure and destruction of functional groups responsible for water sorption.

The claimed invention allows to eliminate these disadvantages due to the fact that the content of sod-podzolic / loamy soil in the mixture for forming nutritious peat briquettes is reduced to 20-40 wt.%, The degree of grinding of peat is limited to a particle size of 10-20 mm, moisture to 40-60%, and to preserve the strength and nutritional value of briquettes, the composition includes: a finely divided fraction of low-lying peat with a high degree of decomposition (10-15 wt.%) And compost obtained by aerobic fermentation of cattle bed manure (5-10 wt.%) . The nutritional briquette molding mixture of the present invention may contain mineral fertilizers and / or growth stimulants and / or various deoxidizing agents and / or plant seeds.

Shredded lowland peat (particle size 2-5 mm) with a high degree of decomposition (at least 20%) is a binder that can form compact coagulation network structures due to the high content of soluble fulvic acids and humic acids. The introduction of ground lowland peat into a mixture of high peat with a preserved fibrous structure and sod-podzolic / loamy soil contributes to the production of strong structures also due to the reinforcement effect. This allows you to increase the humidity range of the compressibility of the resulting mixture, reduce crumbling and increase the strength of the final product. It was experimentally established that the optimal concentration of lowland peat to obtain a given briquette strength of 10-15 wt.%.

It is preferable that the sod-podzolic / loamy soil used for the production of molding sand, meet the following agricultural requirements: density - 0.9-1.2 g / cm ³ ; particle size distribution - 2-5 mm; soil salinity - not more than 0.1-0.2 wt.%; the absence of clogging by unwanted plants (nettle, hogweed, etc.), construction and household waste.

When choosing the optimal degree of grinding of peat, it should be remembered that the achievement of a positive effect of increasing the moisture capacity is accompanied by a negative effect of reducing the strength of the finished briquettes. It is known that the more severe the drying regime and the higher the dispersion of peat, the higher the gradients of internal stresses reach and the greater the number of microdefects appear in the volume of the dried material, which leads to a decrease in the strength of the finished product.

Grinding peat leads to an increase in its moisture capacity also only to a certain limit. It is scientifically proven that grinding more than 0.2 mm leads to the opposite effect, because the cell cavity size of peat-forming plants that determine the moisture capacity of high peat is 0.16-0.20 mm (Solopov S.G. Influence of dispersion on the structure and physico-mechanical properties of peat in connection with the task of obtaining high-quality lump fuel from deposits with low humidity Works of Instorf, No. 1 (54), pp. 55-74).

When using peat with a dispersion of 10-20 mm, a sufficient moisture capacity of the briquette (the ability to retain moisture by sorption and capillary forces) is achieved, while the fibrous structure that determines the strength of the briquette is preserved.

Preservation of the fibrous structure characteristic of peat from nature also allows for high breathability of briquettes and the fertile layer formed on their basis. The air permeability of the soil and its enrichment with oxygen are of great hygienic importance, associated with biochemical oxidation processes that occur in the soil and contribute to its self-cleaning.

The positive effect of lowland peat on the agronomic value of the obtained briquettes also lies in the high calcium content, which helps to intensify the decomposition of organic matter in the root layer, neutralizing acidity and intensifying microbiological activity.

Compost obtained by aerobic fermentation of cattle litter manure, due to the beneficial microorganisms contained in it, active enzymes and vitamins also serves as a bioactivator for the decomposition of peat with the formation of humic compounds. The introduction of compost in a concentration of 5-10 wt.% Creates foci of bioactivation in the mixture. The introduction of compost in a higher concentration is impractical, as it can lead to a decrease in the strength of the briquette and the cost of the finished product.

A method of obtaining a nutritious peat briquette of the claimed composition includes the preparation of peat and sod-podzolic / loamy soil (drying, cleaning of foreign matter, grinding), sequential mixing of the components in predetermined concentrations, forming briquettes. At the same time, crushed low-lying peat of a high degree of decomposition — 10–15 wt.%, Is used as a binder, and compost (obtained by aerobic fermentation of cattle bedding manure) —5–10 wt.% As a nutrient component and activator of biodegradation processes.

Preferably, lowland peat is ground to a weight average particle size of 2-5 mm. Preferably, when using lowland peat with a degree of decomposition of at least 20%.

If necessary, special additives (mineral compounds of macro- and micronutrients, growth accelerators, lime or dolomite flour, or other deoxidizing agents) are introduced into the mixture before molding to obtain the most enriched substrate with an optimal pH, to achieve a fast-acting effect when growing various crops.

To reduce the time of reclamation, the construction of flower beds and lawns, plant seeds can be placed in the mixture before molding.

Obtained by the claimed method, environmentally friendly, nutritious peat briquettes are characterized by sufficient strength, high moisture capacity, high humus content, beneficial microflora, nutrients.

The invention is generally implemented as follows. Compost is preliminarily prepared by aerobic two-stage fermentation of cattle litter manure with intermittent aeration from the bottom-up air, the first stage proceeding in the mesophilic mode at 25-30 ° C, the second in the thermophilic one at 65-80 ° C.

Milled peat (60% humidity) and sod-podzolic / loamy soil from loaders of preliminary storage are loaded with loaders into the preliminary screening stage, where large particles and foreign objects (wood residues, stones, permafrost, etc.) are separated .) larger than 100 mm.

Further, the components enter the conveyor belt and are fed into the sifter drum. As a screening surface, a grid with cells of 20 × 20 mm is used. Particles larger than 20 mm enter the waste receptacle.

After separation, peat can be dried in ovens to a moisture content of 40%. Lowland peat is crushed in a crusher in a known manner to a particle size of 2-5 mm and passes through a vibrating screen. A fraction with a particle size of more than 5 mm is sent for re-grinding.

The prepared components are mixed sequentially in the following concentrations, wt.%: High peat - 50-60, sod-podzolic or loamy soil - 20-40, crushed low-level peat of high decomposition - 10-15, cattle compost - 5-10.

After mixing from the resulting mixture, briquettes of various shapes are formed on known equipment (for example, a piston screw unit) under a pressure of 100-180 kg / cm ² . The optimal pressure value is set for each specific mixture composition.

Finished briquettes, if necessary, can be dried. Briquettes are transported in plastic bags, paper bags, corrugated cardboard boxes, wooden board boxes, multi-turn plastic boxes and other containers that ensure the safety of products, or in bulk without packaging.

The proposed solution is industrially applicable. For its implementation, classic simple equipment is used: mixers, crushers, vibrating screens, presses.

The applicability of the invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting example.

Example

Of the pre-storage collars, horse peat with a moisture content of 60% - 55 kg, lowland peat with a moisture content of 60% - 12 kg, sod-podzolic soil with a moisture content of 40% - 8 kg with the help of loaders are alternately loaded into the preliminary screening stage, where large particles and foreign objects are separated (wood residues, stones, permafrost, etc.) larger than 100 mm.

The cleaned components and the prepared compost with a humidity of 50% obtained by aerobic fermentation of cattle bed manure with intermittent aeration from the bottom-up air, the first stage proceeds in the mesophilic mode at 25-30 ° C, the second in the thermophilic mode at 65-80 ° C, arrive at the conveyor belt and fed into the sifter drum. As a screening surface, a grid with cells of 20 × 20 mm is used. Particles larger than 20 mm enter the waste receptacle.

Lowland peat is crushed in a crusher to a particle size of 2-5 mm and passes through a vibrating screen. A fraction with a particle size of more than 5 mm is sent for re-grinding.

Next, wood-podzolic soil is added to the peat and mixed at room temperature for 20 minutes. Then crushed lowland peat is added to the resulting mixture, stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. Then, cattle compost is added to the resulting mixture, stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes.

After mixing from the resulting mixture, cylindrical briquettes are formed on a piston screw unit under a pressure of 160 kg / cm ² .

The resulting briquettes are sent for packaging in plastic bags.

Ready-made nutrient briquettes are characterized by sufficient strength (less than 0.8% weight loss under standard mechanical stresses), high moisture capacity (1.08 kg / kg), high humus content (5.8 wt.%), Beneficial microflora, nutrients.

Claims (6)

1. A mixture for forming nutritious peat briquettes, containing, wt.%: Sod-podzolic or loamy soil - 20-40, high peat - 50-60, crushed low-lying peat with a high degree of decomposition as a binder - 10-15, compost obtained by aerobic fermentation of cattle litter manure, as a nutrient component and activator of biodegradation processes - 5-10. 2. A mixture for forming nutritious peat briquettes according to claim 1, characterized in that lowland peat with a particle size of 2-5 mm is used. 3. A mixture for forming nutritious peat briquettes according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that low-lying peat with a degree of decomposition of at least 20% is used. 4. A mixture for forming nutritious peat briquettes according to p. 1-3, characterized in that they use horse peat with a moisture content of 40-60%. 5. A mixture for forming nutritious peat briquettes according to claim 1-4, characterized in that they use horse peat with a particle size of 10-20 mm. 6. A method of obtaining a nutritious peat briquette, including the preparation of peat and sod-podzolic or loamy soil (drying, cleaning from foreign matter, grinding), sequential mixing of the components in predetermined concentrations, forming briquettes, characterized in that crushed lowland peat is used as a binder a high degree of decomposition - 10-15 wt.%, and as a nutrient component and an activator of biodegradation processes - compost (obtained by aerobic fermentation of cattle bed manure) - 5-10 wt.% .