RU2515491C1 - Method to manufacture multi-layer panels, multi-layer panel, folding formwork for manufacturing of multi-layer panels, process line for manufacturing of multi-layer panels, method to erect cast-in-place concrete frame building from multi-layer panels with decorative external lining - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to methods and ways to erect and construct cast-in-place concrete frame buildings with different number of floors with multilayer walls that do not require insulation, additional treatment and finishing of internal and external surfaces, from multi-layer panels with longitudinal internal cavities, and also to equipment for production of construction materials, to large-panel folding formworks. In the method to manufacture multi-layer panels, the decorative layer is applied by the method of concrete guniting, and longitudinal through channels are formed in a heat insulation layer. In the multilayer panel they arrange a strengthened layer between the decorative layer and the heat insulation layer, and the heat insulation layer is equipped with through longitudinal channels. In the folding formwork they arrange additional end boards with folding, non-folding and collapsible boards, and upper end boards are equipped with fixators for longitudinal pipes. In the process line for manufacturing of multi-layer panels they use a multi-stream section for filling of formworks, comprising several lines with tilters for reloading and distribution of formworks along the lines in the inlet zone and for step feed of filled formworks from the outlet zone into the stacking zone, and the section of drying of finished panels in formworks is equipped with chambers of heat treatment and a stacking crane, besides, the process line is equipped with facilities for unloading of panels from formworks with subsequent tilting of panels with a decorative layer upwards, their washing and drying. In the method to erect a cast-in-place concrete frame building with decorative external finishing they use multi-layer panels with a strengthened layer, arranged between the decorative and heat insulation layers, in which cavities for pouring concrete are made in the form of vertical channels arranged in the heat insulation layer.EFFECT: simplified erection of a cast-in-place concrete frame building with increased strength characteristics of a building frame with prefabricated monolithic walls that do not require additional finish and repair of inner and outer surfaces, simplified process of pouring a concrete mix into longitudinal cavities of multi-layer panels during erection of building walls regardless of weather conditions, higher reliability, strength and aseismic stability of a structure, facilitated manufacturing, tilting and transportation of panels.23 cl, 119 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of construction, in particular to methods and methods of construction and construction of monolithic frame houses of different floors with multilayer walls that do not require insulation, additional processing and finishing of the inner and outer surfaces, of multilayer panels with longitudinal inner voids, as well as equipment for the production of building materials, to large-panel folding formwork.

A building module is known, comprising a fixed formwork including a facade, facing slab with a smooth or textured outer surface, an internal shuttering and facing slab with a smooth or textured outer surface, an insulation panel and a screed between them (see patent for utility model RU No. 97752, class E04C 1/00, published in 2010). A well-known technical solution is used for the tiered construction of low-rise houses from slabs and panels manufactured in the factory. However, such a building module does not make it possible to erect high high-strength building structures.

A set of removable formwork with a multilayer wall blank is known, characterized by the presence of a pallet with a multilayer wall blank and a formwork cover located in its inner cavity, while the multilayer wall blank consists of at least one decorative and at least one heat-insulating layer connected by a reinforcement, made with external ends protruding beyond at least one heat-insulating layer, and the pallet is made of bottom and sides located at obtuse angles ohm to the plane of the bottom, while the pallet is equipped with removable end panels located at right angles to the bottom of the pallet at its ends, while at least one decorative layer is made gutter-shaped, and the bottom and sides of the pallet from the inside are made with the possibility of reproducing a relief pattern on the surface of the decorative layer of the wall blank, while the formwork cover is made of a top sheet and sidewalls of the cover located at an obtuse angle to the plane of the top sheet, the pallet provided with grooves and the cover and the formwork is equipped with locks for connection with each other, and the length of the cover is less than the length of the pallet by an amount equal to the height of the ceiling of the building wall (see patent for invention RU No. 2415238, class. EB04 1/20, publ. in 2011). The well-known kit allows you to make panels for prefabricated monolithic-frame buildings, but its use involves a large number of concrete work at a construction site, which significantly reduces the scope of use of the kit.

Known detachable wall formwork, including the bottom and the cover, and in the inner cavity of the bottom there is a wall facade part comprising at least one decorative layer and at least one heat-insulating layer connected by reinforcement partially protruding beyond the insulating layer into the cavity formed by the cover and a front wall part, the inner cavity of the cover is formed with a transverse dimension H ₁ in adjacency to the bottom area smaller than the transverse dimension of the front wall ₂ H items in the same zone, it longitudinal size of the bottom and the longitudinal dimension of the front wall parts exceeds the longitudinal dimension of the cover, the formwork is equipped with a detachable locking mechanism (see. utility model patent RU №98210, cl. E04S 1/00, publ. in 2010). Such split formwork allows the manufacture of large panels for prefabricated monolithic frame buildings, however, the use of such formwork also involves a large number of concrete work at a construction site, which significantly narrows the scope of its use.

A monolithic-frame building with decorative decoration is known, including walls erected on a foundation with openings for windows and doors, crossbars with reinforced concrete floors and a roof, while the walls are made of reinforced concrete and include factory-made wall billets consisting of at least one decorative layer and at least one heat-insulating layer, interconnected by reinforcing elements made with outer ends protruding beyond the heat-insulating layer moreover, a monolithic bearing concrete layer erected at a construction site and connected to a heat-insulating layer by means of reinforcement is adjacent to the insulating layer, and reinforced concrete monolithic ceilings are connected by reinforcement to reinforced concrete monolithic walls and crossbars, while the corners of the building are made either of brick or of blocks, or poured with concrete mixture (see patent for utility model RU No. 93419, class ЕВВ 1/20, published in 2010). Such a building is erected from large panels having an external decorative finish, requiring additional pouring of concrete mixture to form a bearing layer of the wall, which somewhat complicates the installation of the building.

A known method of erecting a precast-monolithic frame of a multi-storey building, including the floor-mounted installation of non-cantilever reinforced concrete columns along the alignment axes, placement in the spans between the last mounting bridges installed on the support racks for installing prefabricated supporting elements of the prefabricated monolithic transverse crossbars for strapping the cantilever columns and formwork for forming reinforced concrete monolithic spacer longitudinal coupling tie rods, laying on the supporting parts of the prefabricated mon cast transverse crossbars in the design position for the formation of floor disks - hollow reinforced concrete slabs, installation of reinforcement for crossbars, simultaneous laying of high-strength concrete along the entire floor with the formation of longitudinal spacers and bearing precast monolithic transverse crossbars and monolithic with them into a single unit through concrete longitudinal seams forming discs of cells; flooring adjacent and supported on each previously mentioned supporting precast-monolithic crossbar of adjacent multi-hollow reinforced concrete slabs, exposure of laid high-strength concrete, stripping of the flooring after gaining design strength by the last and rearrangement of the mounting bridges to the finished decked-out flooring for subsequent subsequent use floor overlap, with the formation of each supporting precast monolithic cross beam ki are produced in two stages, at the first of which they are installed in the design position with the supporting elements resting on the racks of the mounting bridges, which are prefabricated and overlapping the transverse span between adjacent non-cantilevered columns pre-stressed vibro-pressed reinforced concrete beam with lateral step ledges symmetrical to its longitudinal axis forming the bottom of the fixed formwork of the upper monolithic part of this transverse crossbar, and at the second stage, the formation of the tical walls of the said fixed formwork and the common working cavity of the bed of concrete longitudinal seams and recesses for the transverse reinforced key tongues of the upper monolithic part of the transverse crossbar, by using the fixed formwork to form the above components after installation in the design position on the lateral step ledges of the prestressed vibropress reinforced concrete beams forming one of the disks of the interfloor overlap of adjacent prestressed vibropressed multi oral reinforced concrete slabs in contact with each other and forming a bed of concrete longitudinal seams located in the lower parts of their side surfaces with symmetrical longitudinal shelves with upper profiled surfaces and having longitudinal hollows on the upper surface of the vertical walls of the permanent formwork of the ends of the multi-hollow reinforced concrete slabs to form transverse during concreting reinforced key projections of the upper cast part of the aforementioned transverse crossbar (see patent for invention RU No. 2318099, cl. EB04 1/20, publ. in 2008). The known method of monolithic housing construction involves the construction of a monolithic frame of the building, consisting of pillars and floors, the space between which is further filled either with blocks, or with brick, or panels (not executed monolithic with the frame).

A known method of forming a multilayer wall, including the formation using the formwork of three vertical layers of reinforced concrete, interspersed with heat-insulating layers and fastened together by rigid jumpers placed not coaxially (see patent for invention RU No. 2335604, class. EV 2/84, publ. in 2008). This method allows the construction of monolithic walls of different thicknesses with a sufficiently high strength, but does not solve the problem of increasing the durability of the building. Walls built using this technology require additional decoration and subsequent regular repairs.

A known method of construction of buildings, including the construction of a frame of monolithic prefabricated elements of reinforced concrete, some of which are made on a production line containing equipment for laying concrete, devices for supplying and installing reinforcement, formwork with a brook longitudinal molding cavity under the corresponding, simultaneously manufactured structures, including forming surface and pallet, which is installed on discrete supports with rigid fixation in the central part along the length and the possibility of the rest part of the length of the directional slip on both sides along the length and alignment of the height position of the pallet on the supports, and the pallet is equipped with centrally mounted fastening nodes of the central side forming the formwork surface of the formwork, as well as fixing and opening longitudinal outer nodes located along the longitudinal edges of the pallet hinged boards of the formwork forming other forming surfaces, the formwork being provided with transverse forming shut-off removable end diaphragms (with . Patent for invention RU No. 2293822, Cl. EB04 1/18, publ. in 2007). This method of building a building is technically complex and requires a lot of additional operations and funds for the construction.

A known production line for the production of building wall billets for removable formwork, including a receiving station for pallets, a storage area, a washing and inspection workshop, a workshop for filling pallets, a drying and storage station for finished sets with a building wall billet, a post for shipping finished sets with a building wall billet, and several self-propelled loaders, while the pallet filling shop includes pallets for pallets, tilting and final assembly of pallets, sequential at least one decorative layer in the inner cavity of the pallets, a post for laying reinforcement on the decorative layer and pouring at least one heat-insulating layer, a post for stacking poured pallets, while the pouring shop is equipped with guide racks with rollers for transporting pallets along the entire length of the process, a pallet feeding station and a stacking station for filled pallets are included centrally; the elevator located on the frame and the movable movable side frames longitudinally mounted on the frame with hydraulic cylinders, and the tilting and final assembly of pallets contains a frame with a rotary tilter pivotally mounted on the side frame beam and connected with it by hydraulic cylinders, and the installation and filling station is not less than one heat-insulating layer includes a hopper with a distribution slit outlet channel connected to the solution preparation system and located on the guides copulating perpendicular to downstream process (see. the utility model patent RU №98768, Cl. V28V 5/00, publ. in 2010 YG). Such a production line allows the production of large panels with an external decorative finish for prefabricated monolithic frame buildings. But its use implies the presence of a large amount of manual labor, which reduces the productivity of the line.

The closest technical solution is the method of erecting a monolithic-frame building with a decorative exterior finish, including pouring the foundation, knitting the reinforcing structure of the first floor, filling the walls of the first floor with removable formwork, installing reinforcement of the crossbars and filling the ceilings and crossbars, knitting the reinforcing structure of the second and subsequent floors with pouring walls, installing reinforcement for crossbars and pouring ceilings and crossbars of subsequent floors and erecting a roof, while prefabricating the foundation reinforcing tabs and vertically mounted supports for removable wall formwork are laid vertically, and reinforcing tabs are knitted to the reinforcement of the lower floor walls when ceiling is poured, and fixing stops for removable wall formwork are laid, and the reinforcing wall structure is knitted to the reinforcing tabs, leaving vertical openings for windows and doors, then on top of the reinforcing structure of the walls, removable wall formwork consisting of a hollow cover and a pallet with the factory x the conditions of the wall blank, which includes at least one decorative and at least one heat-insulating layers connected by reinforcing elements to each other, located with the decorative layer to the outside, and in the hollow cover of the removable wall formwork, have the reinforcing structure of the bearing layer of the walls, then the removable wall formwork is fixed in fixing supports of the foundation with mounting braces and pour concrete voids around the reinforcement inside the hollow covers of removable wall formwork, forming a concrete bearing layer of the building wall and the rest pouring unfilled concrete the upper zone of the removable wall formwork adjacent to the heat-insulating layer of the wall billet, and after removing the removable wall formwork on the load-bearing concrete layer of the wall in the unfilled concrete upper zone, the beam formwork is adjacent to the wall billet, while before filling it with the last floor lay fasteners for the roof frame (see patent for invention RU No. 2421580, class. EB04 1/20, publ. in 2011). This method allows you to erect monolithic-frame houses with factory exterior finish and high quality internal walls, however, it requires a significant amount of concrete work in the conditions of the construction site, which narrows the scope of its application.

The present invention is aimed at solving the technical problem of simplifying the construction of a monolithic-frame building while increasing the strength characteristics of a building frame with prefabricated monolithic walls that do not require additional decoration and repair of internal and external surfaces, simplifying the process of pouring concrete into the longitudinal voids of multilayer panels during the erection of building walls regardless of weather conditions, improving the reliability, strength and seismic stability of the structure, facilitating the manufacture of tising and transportation panels.

The solution of the technical problem is achieved by the fact that in the method of manufacturing multilayer panels, which includes the sequential supply of industrial folding formwork to fill the panels in the factory, stage-by-stage and layer-by-layer application of building mixtures into folding formwork, including the formation of decorative and heat-insulating layers and installation of reinforcement in folding formwork in the time of formation of the layers, the drying of the panels and their transportation to the building object, the decorative layer is applied by the shotcrete method concrete, and on the decorative layer, a reinforced layer having high strength and elasticity is applied in several passes, and the reinforcement is laid in the folding formwork after the reinforced layer is partially formed, and the heat-insulating layer is applied after the complete formation of the reinforced layer, and inside the reinforcement before by applying a heat-insulating layer, hollow longitudinal pipes (hollow formers) are laid on a fully formed hardened layer and a heat-insulating layer is poured. The heat-insulating layer is formed shortened in the upper zone of the panel with respect to the hardened layer by the thickness of the floor of the building. The hardened layer is made with a recess in the upper front zone of the panel for fixing the cornice of the building. The drying of finished panels in folding formwork is carried out in a heat treatment chamber. Finished dried panels are removed from the folding formwork and sent to the sink, followed by drying.

And also the fact that in a multilayer panel, including decorative and heat-insulating layers and reinforcement made with outer ends protruding beyond the heat-insulating layer, provide a hardened layer located between the decorative and heat-insulating layers, and the panel is equipped with at least one longitudinal channel located inside the insulating layer. At least one channel in the insulating layer is made in a circular cross section. At least one channel in the heat-insulating layer is made in a square section. At least one channel in the heat-insulating layer is made in a rectangular section. The heat-insulating layer is made shortened in the upper zone of the panel with respect to the hardened layer. The hardened layer is made with a pad in the upper outer zone to form a building floor.

And also by the fact that in the folding formwork for the manufacture of multilayer panels, including a gutter-shaped bottom with non-folding lateral sides and end panels, the end panels are pivotally connected to the bottom and are provided with additional end panels, while at least one of them is made rotary, and non-folding the lateral sides are provided with additional rotary sides, and on the inner surface of the additional end panels fixed clamps of longitudinal pipes. The formwork is equipped with a plastic liner.

Additional turning sides are made shortened in length and equipped with elements for attaching an additional end panel.

And also the fact that in the technological line for the manufacture of multilayer panels, including sections for disassembling, assembling and washing formwork, a formwork filling area, a drying area for finished panels in formwork, a canting zone and a formwork stacking area, a finished product warehouse, a finished product shipment area, a section the formwork filling is multi-ribbed, consisting of several lines, and equipped with reloaders for overloading and distributing the formwork along the lines in the input zone and for the step-by-step feeding of the completed formwork from the output th zone into the stacking zone, and the stacking zone of the filled formwork is equipped with a rotary table connected to the stacker-drive using a conveyor, and a storage-rotary device, while the drying section of the finished panels in the formwork is equipped with heat treatment chambers and a stacker crane, and the production line is equipped with by means of unloading the panels from the formwork, followed by turning the panels with the decorative layer up, trimming the edges, calibrating, washing, and drying. Loaders for reloading and distributing formwork along the lines in the input zone and for the step-by-step feeding of the completed formwork from the output zone to the stacking zone include a roll table frame transversally mounted along the process of the conveyor with levers and hydraulic cylinders for lifting it and longitudinally mounted rigidly on the frame of the tilters along the technological process of the conveyor frame with rollers and synchronizing shafts interconnected by synchronizing chains, ensuring uniformly horizontal lifting of the roller conveyor frame. The stacker crane of the drying section of the finished panels in the formwork includes a bed located on a supporting frame with rail wheels 145, the rail wheels being provided with a drive for longitudinal movement along rail tracks, and the bed is equipped with a drive for lateral movement along guides transverse to rail tracks on the supporting frame, a rotary support device with a drive is located on the bed, while a mast with a counterweight equipped with vertical guides for carriages is mounted on the rotary support device ki with forks and drive its vertical movement. Means for unloading panels from formwork with subsequent turning of the panels with a decorative layer upwards include a separator conveyor designed for step-by-step supply of formwork to the panel unloading device and panel tilter, the panel unloading device including a crane mounted for movement along crane tracks installed on racks at the same time, behind the end section of the conveyor of the separation device, there is a rotary table for feeding discharged panels from the panel side to the washing area, and the tilter designed to turn the panels includes support racks located on the frame with jaw brackets located on the shaft and drive them to rotate, while under the tilter there is a multi-belt conveyor designed to receive panels overloaded with a crane, and their supply to the jaw brackets, and in the output zone of the multi-strand conveyor there is a transverse conveyor, the rollers of which are installed between the brook tracks of the conveyor, designed for overloading inverted panels onto the conveyor of the washing and drying complex of panels. The finished product warehouse includes a warehouse crane, designed to receive stacks of panels from the conveyor, to store them and to load a conveyor, designed to feed the stacks of panels to the landing stage, a landing stage crane, designed to reload the stacks of panels from the conveyor onto road vehicles, and the crane - the warehouse manipulator includes crane rails located on beams with racks and a bridge span with carriages having rail wheels, while the bridge span is equipped with a rail high tracks with hydraulic dampers for the lateral movement of the carriage with the rail wheels of the crane, and the carriage has a drive associated with the gear: the gear is a gear rack by means of a chain gear with a shaft, and the gear rack is located longitudinally on the bridge span, while the frame is fixed to the carriage with a vertical rail that has the ability to move vertically relative to the guide rollers mounted on the frame by means of a lift drive, the vertical rail in the lower zone It is connected to the traverse by means of a rotary support device with a traverse rotation drive, while the traverse is equipped with lateral rotary grippers with a drive, synchronizing gears and a chain transmission.

And also the fact that in the method of erecting a monolithic-frame building from multilayer panels with decorative exterior decoration, including the formation of a foundation with reinforcing tabs and fixing stops, the walls of the first floor with vertical installation of multilayer panels having voids for pouring concrete, decorative layer outward and vertical openings for windows between them, the frame of the building, floors and the construction of subsequent floors, for the formation of walls using multilayer panels with a hardened layer located between the dec with decorative and heat-insulating layers, in which the voids for concrete pouring are made in the form of vertical channels located in the heat-insulating layer, and the building frame is formed by pouring vertical channels, and the reinforcement overlapping the vertical channel reinforcement of the previous floors is located in the vertical channels. When erecting the internal corners of the building at the construction site, corner elements are cut off from the side of the decorative layer, panels are joined at an angle of 90 °, and when forming the floor overlap, the corner zone formed between the heat-insulating layers is poured with concrete. When erecting the external corners of the building, the corner elements are cut off from the side of the heat-insulating layer at the construction site, the panels are joined at an angle of 90 °, and when the building frame is formed, the longitudinal channel formed at the joint of the panels in the heat-insulating layers is poured with concrete. When pouring concrete into vertical channels with reinforcement, thermal blankets are used for installed panels.

The invention is illustrated by drawings. Figure 1 schematically depicts a production line for the manufacture of multilayer panels with internal voids, a plan view. Figure 2 - plot washing and stacking of finished panels. Figure 3 - rotary drive and stacker drive formwork with ready-made panels. Figure 4 - plot stacking filled formwork. Figure 5 - rotary drive and stacker drive formwork with ready-made panels for feeding into the steaming chamber. In Fig.6 - a warehouse of finished panels and a warehouse of pallets (pallets). Figure 7 - washing complex of formwork, consisting of metal molds and plastic molds. On Fig - manipulator connector formwork, designed to reload the plastic mold on the second line of the washing complex. In Fig.9 - manipulator collecting formwork before filling. Figure 10 - plot filling formwork. 11 - tilter for the distribution of formwork along the filling lines at the moment of lateral movement of the formwork. On Fig - tilter for the distribution of formwork along the filling lines at the time of longitudinal movement of the formwork to the third line. On Fig - rotary table for filled formwork. On Fig - rotary table, bottom view. On Fig - stacker drive filled formwork. In Fig.16 - the drive mechanism of the stacker drive. On Fig - a mechanism for the vertical movement of the filled formwork stacker-drive. On Fig - stacker drive and rotary drive filled formwork. In Fig.19 - the same, at the time of loading the rotary drive in Fig.18. In Fig.20 - steaming chamber for filled formwork. In Fig.21 is the same drive thermally insulating curtains of the steaming chamber, side view. In Fig.22 is the same, bottom view of a heat-insulating curtain. In Fig.23 - the same, at the time of loading the steaming chamber with a stack of filled formwork. In Fig.24 is the same side view of the steaming chamber at the time of its loading. On Fig - the same, the loading of the upper zone of the steaming chamber. In Fig.26 is the same, the loader crane steaming cameras, rear view. On Fig - the same, slewing ring of the crane loader. In Fig.28 - crane loader steaming cameras, front view. On Fig - the same, the carriage with a pitchfork crane loader. On Fig - the same drive carriage crane loader. On Fig - the same bearing bearing carriage of the crane loader. On Fig - plot disassembly of formwork and finished panels. On Fig - crane manipulator panels and tilter panels. On Fig - plot forming stacks of finished panels. On Fig - conveyor pallets (pallet). On Fig - a stack of pallets (pallet). On Fig - the same, at the time of overloading a stack of pallets (pallets). On Fig - pallet (pallet), bottom view. On Fig - stacker pallets (pallet), top view. On Fig - the same side view. On Fig - the same, at the time of lifting the stack of pallets (pallets). On Fig - the same, at the time of separation of the lower pallet from the stack of pallets (pallets). On Fig - stacker crane finished panels on pallets (pallets). On Fig - the same gripper stacker finished panels. On Fig - tilter for turning over the finished panels at the time of filing the panel to the tilter. On Fig - the same, at the time of capture of the panel. On Fig - the same, at the time of rotation of the panel. On Fig - the same, at the time of overloading the panel. On Fig - conveyor inverted panels, side view. In Fig. 50 is the same, bottom view. In Fig.51 - crane manipulator panels depicted in Fig.33. On Fig - the same, at the time of removal of the panel from the formwork. On Fig - the same, at the time of transportation of the removed panel, side view. On Fig is the same, end view. On Fig metalform formwork. On Fig - metalloform complete with a plastic mold. On Fig - the same, at the time of applying to the plastic form of concrete mixed with dye and plasticizer, the lower folding sides are raised. On Fig - the same, at the time of installation of the reinforcing cage. On Fig - the same, after the start of pouring fiber-reinforced concrete. On Fig - the same, after pouring several layers of fiber concrete. On Fig - the same, at the time of lifting the upper hinged sides. On Fig - the same, after laying longitudinal hollow formers. On Fig - the same, all sides are raised. On Fig - formwork after the panels are completely filled. On Fig - warehouse finished panels. On Fig - rail crane, the carriage. On Fig - the same drive carriage. On Fig, the same drive rotation of the beam. On Fig - the same gripping device of the rail crane. On Fig - the same, at the time of release of the gripper. On Fig - gripper rail crane over the stacks of finished panels. On Fig - the same, at the time of capture of the stacks. And Fig. 73 is the same at the time of lifting the stacks. On Fig - the same, at the time of transporting the stacks for reloading. On Fig - the same, the spread of the stack. On Fig - the same, the loading of piles on the platform. On Fig - the same, the rise of the gripper. On Fig - monolithic frame building with external and internal corners, 1 floor. On Fig - the same, with a stepped element of the wall. On Fig - the formation of the first floor. On Fig - the formation of the cornice of the second floor. On Fig - the formation of the overlap of the second floor. On Fig - fixing panels in a vertical position on the overlap of the second floor. On Fig - bottom mounting element of the panel. On Fig - internal support device for mounting panels. On Fig - lock lower bracket. On Fig - panel at the time of installation, bottom view. On Fig-formation of the inner corner of the wall of the house. On Fig - cut-off panel elements for the inner corner. On Fig - docking of trimmed panels when forming the inner corner of the wall. On Fig - the same, rear view. On Fig - the formation of the outer corner of the wall of the house. On Fig - cut-off panel elements for the outer corner. On Fig - cropped panel before docking, rear view. On Fig - formed the outer corner of the wall, rear view. On Fig is the same front view. On Fig - the formation of the stepped angle of the wall of the building. On Fig - cut off the elements of the panels when forming a stepped corner of the wall of the building. On Fig - trimmed panels before docking for a stepped angle. On Fig - formed stepped angle, front view. In Fig.101 is the same, rear view. On Fig - manufactured at the factory a multilayer panel with internal longitudinal voids of circular cross section, having a decorative exterior finish. On Fig - the same front view. On Fig - panel after installation on the reinforcement elements of the 1st floor with reinforcement fixed in longitudinal voids, rear view. On Fig - the same front view. On Fig - panel with voids of square section. On Fig - the same with the reinforcement. On Fig - panel with a void of rectangular cross section. On Fig - the same with the fittings. In FIG. 110 - formwork with cells for laying tiles laid on the bottom and sides of a plastic form. In Fig.11 - the same, with ceramic tiles laid on the bottom and sides of the plastic form. On Fig - panel, lined on the outside with ceramic tiles, stylized as bricks. On Fig - panel, lined on the outside with ceramic tiles stylized as granite. On Fig - panel, decorated with a pattern for a decorative insert-wicker. On Fig - panel with a three-dimensional pattern with a large step. On Fig - the same, with a small step. On Fig - panel with a pattern in the form of an insert with a floral ornament. In Fig.118 - the same, with an insert in the form of parallelepipeds. On Fig - building under construction, the vertical panel after pouring concrete into the longitudinal cavity is covered with a thermal blanket.

A method of manufacturing a multilayer panels 1 (see Fig.55-64) includes the phased and layer-by-layer application of building mixtures in an industrial folding formwork 2 in the factory. First, the lower zone of the formwork 2 is assembled: in a gutter-shaped metal mold 3 (which may have a flat bottom) with non-folding lateral sides 4 and tilted (rotary) side sides 5, with tilted rotary lower end (panels) sides 6 and upper (panels) sides 7 ( moreover, one of them is also made rotary) lay a removable plastic gutter-shaped form (liner) 8, having on its outer surface a certain decorative pattern. The implementation of the method is possible without the plastic mold 8. In this case, the metal mold 2 is provided with a bottom with a given pattern on the surface (not shown in the figure). The use of forms 8 with different patterns makes it possible to vary widely with the appearance and design of buildings being built. Then, shotcrete of the concrete is performed on the surface of the plastic mold 8. In this case, high-quality concrete is used with the addition of dyes, plasticizer and other components that determine the appearance of the panel, for example, marble chips, granite chips, etc. Shotcrete of concrete allows eliminating the formation of voids and sinks on the outer surface of the panels 1 and forming a glossy outer decorative layer 9 of the formed multilayer panel 1.

On the decorative layer formed by shotcrete of concrete, a reinforced layer 10 is applied in several passes, having high strength and elasticity, for example, of fiber-reinforced concrete containing either mineral, steel, or polymer fibers (fiber). The fiber content provides micro-reinforcement of concrete, which eliminates the formation of cracks on the outer surface of the panels during operation of the house. However, in some cases, the use of lightweight concrete (foam concrete, pumice concrete, aerated concrete, expanded clay concrete, expanded polystyrene concrete) is allowed. In this case, it is advisable to use another outer finishing layer. For example, using tiles laid on the bottom of a plastic mold 8 before forming the layer 10 (Fig. 110). Then, on the partially formed surface of layer 10, reinforcement 11 is placed that extends beyond the lower tier of the formwork 2 with the lower end walls 6 raised and several more layers of either fiber-reinforced concrete or expanded clay concrete or material with similar properties are applied until the mass is aligned with the edges of the sides 4 and 6, the upper part of the reinforcement 11 remains outside the layer 10. After that, the folding side walls 5 are lifted and hollow longitudinal pipes 12 (hollow formers) are placed inside the reinforcement 11 onto the fully formed layer 10. Pipes 12 can be made of cardboard or a material with similar properties, but its preferred embodiment is made of a composite material based on carbon fiber (see Fig. 62). The preferred shape of the pipe 12 is a cylindrical shape, but pipes 12 with either a square or a rectangular section can be used, and pipes 12 with other types of sections can also be used. Raise the upper end (panels) of the side 7, fix with fixing screws 13 and fill the remaining empty space of the formwork 2 with lightweight types of concrete or other insulation with heat-insulating properties, such as expanded clay concrete, expanded polystyrene concrete, aerated concrete (cellular concrete), vermiculite concrete, e.g. wood shavings, forming a heat-insulating layer 14. At the same time, pulling hooks 15 of the reinforcement 11 protrude from above from above the panel 1. eraser form 8, has a larger longitudinal dimension than layer 14 due to the fact that the folding (swivel) side 5 is shortened relative to the plastic form 8 on one side. On this side, the upper end board 7 is adjacent to the ends of the sides 5, forming a shortened space for filling the layer 14.

The multilayer panel 1 formed by the above method (see Figs. 102-109, 112-118) has the following properties: the decorative layer 9 is a relief pattern with a strong, smooth (glossy), weather-resistant surface of a certain color. The hardened layer 10 provides high strength of the outer surface of the panel 1, acting as a supporting structure for the decorative layer 9 and the heat-insulating layer 14. The heat-insulating layer 14, performing the function of heat and noise insulation, covers the pipe 12 from all sides, which is a natural limiter of future monolithic columns of the building formed when high-quality concrete is poured through channels 16, 17 or 18 with reinforcement 19, 20 or 21 during the construction of buildings. Moreover, the use of composite-cardboard pipe 12 with fiberglass (Fig) is the preferred option, providing higher structural strength. The presence of the insulating layer 14 makes it possible to use all-weather technology to fill the channels 16, 17 or 18 with high-quality concrete. Reliable thermal insulation of layer 14 guarantees the solidification of concrete and the formation of a monolithic frame of the building at low ambient temperatures. Especially effective is the use of the embodiment depicted in FIG. Channels 16 of a cylindrical type with a circular cross section involve the use of embedded reinforcement 19, which has a small taper in the upper zone to facilitate putting on reinforcement 19 of the next floor. The reinforcement 19 (Figs. 90-91) is a spiral 22 screwed and welded to several vertical rods 23. The channels 17 with a square cross section require the use of reinforcement 20 (Fig. 107), consisting of transverse frames 24 of square cross section welded onto the vertical rods 25. In a similar manner, reinforcement 21 (FIG. 109) is made for channels 18 of rectangular cross section, consisting of transverse rectangular frames 26 welded onto vertical rods 27. All embedded reinforcement 19, 20 and 21 are made with the formation of empty space inside , which is filled with concrete during the installation of the building.

Folding formwork 2 (see Figs. 55-64) for the manufacture of multilayer panels 1 includes a metal mold 3 having non-tilting lateral sides 4 rigidly fixed to the bottom 28, to which tilting lateral sides 5 are connected by hinges 29, having smaller longitudinal dimensions than the bottom 28. At the ends on the bottom 28 of the metal mold 3, lower hinge sides 6 are installed by means of hinges 30. Moreover, one upper hinged (folding) side 7 is installed on the free end of one side 6 through hinges 31, and a second upper side 7 is installed when assembled for assembly to the ends of the hinged side boards 5. The formwork 2 may have a removable gutter-shaped plastic form 8, which is located in the gutter formed by the bottom 28 and sides 4. As well as the plastic form 8 can be rigidly connected to the bottom 28, forming with it a rigid integral whole . The sides 7 have clamps 32 for installing longitudinal pipes 12 (void formers). Panel 1, formed in such formwork 2, in a vertical position is a part of a wall the size of one floor of a building. The decorative layer 9 in the upper zone of the panel 1 ends with a protrusion 33, designed to install the eaves 34 of the building on the one hand and the formation of the ceiling 35 on the other side. The protrusion 33 has a transverse dimension equal to the width of the layer 10. The layer 14 of the panel 1 has smaller longitudinal dimensions than the layer 10. Its upper part is designed to form and fill the ceiling 35 of the next upper floor.

The processing line for the manufacture of multilayer panels 1, schematically depicted in figure 1, can be compactly located near the construction site to facilitate the delivery of panels to the building under construction. Such a production line includes several sections with different functional purposes, but some objects of this line are unified, which significantly reduces its cost and simplifies the installation process. The washing complex 36 for washing formwork 2 is designed to separate metalforms 3 and plastic molds 8, separate wash them, assemble formwork 2 and feed them step-by-step to section 37 of forming panels 1 (pouring, filling formwork 2). Section 37 is multi-strand and consists of several lines 38, on which several formwork 2 can be filled in parallel and sequentially. The number of parallel lines 38 is determined by the productivity of the entire production line. When sequentially filling the formwork 2 provide the movement of the formwork 2 with a snake along the lines 38. This method of movement of the formwork 2 can significantly increase the time of their passage through section 37, which may be due to technological problems. Depending on the given parameters of the technological line as a whole (including the given productivity), section 37 can be fully automated. Section 39 overloading and stacking formwork 2 is responsible for the formation of stacks of formwork 2 for their subsequent processing in the chambers 40 heat treatment. Section 41 of the drying and processing of panels 1 in formwork 2 contains several rows of chambers 40, the number of which is determined based on the productivity of the line and the specified processing parameters of panels 1. Section 42 of the screeding (de-stacking) of formwork 2 and the separation of panels 1 is designed to reload dried formwork stacks 2 with panels 1 on a separation device for separating the formwork 2 from the stacks and their step-by-step feeding to the device 44 for unloading the panels 1 from the formwork 2 with the subsequent receipt on the tilter 45 of the panels 1, rednaznachenny for their revolution through 180 °. The washing and drying complex 46, where the inverted panels 1 are fed, sends them after processing to the stacker crane 47 of the panels 1, connected to the warehouse 48 of the finished product and the warehouse 49 of pallets 50 (pallet).

Formwork 2 is washed to the washing complex 36 after unloading the panels 1 in the device 44. The washing complex 36 includes the conveyor 51 for feeding the formwork 2 to the separator-manipulator 52 (Figs. 8 and 9) and to the first line conveyor 53 for further advancement of the metal mold 3 inside washing complex 36. The separator-manipulator 52 removes the plastic molds 8 from the formwork 2 and feeds them to the conveyor 54 of the second line for feeding to the sink. The divider-manipulator 52 includes a traverse 55 with vacuum suction cups 56 mounted on the guide 57 of the caliper 58 with the drive 59. The divider-manipulator 52 is located on the beam 60 with the struts of the supports 61, has a linear drive with a stator 62, a rotor 63, a linear bearing 64 and a guide 65. The vacuum conduit, power supply cables, and control cable are located in the main flexible cable layer 66, and in the additional flexible cable layer 67 there is a vacuum pipe. The frame 68 of the conveyor 51 is mounted on supports with supporting platforms 69 with the possibility of vertical movement by means of adjusting screws 70. A drive 71 of the conveyor 51 is mounted on the frame 68. At the outlet of the washing complex 36 there is a manipulator 72 for formwork assembly, similar in design to the divider-manipulator 52 and designed for grabbing plastic forms 8 from the conveyor 54 and their installation on the formwork 2 located at the output end of the conveyor 53. The reloader 73 is designed to receive washed and assembled after the complex 36 formwork 2 to the conveyor 53 and their distribution over the lines 37. The portion 38 handlers 74 for supplying filled formwork 2 to the turntable 75.

The reloaders 73 and 74 include a roller table frame 77 mounted on a frame 76 reloaders (73 or 74) along the technological process with rollers 78, levers 79 and hydraulic cylinders 80 for lifting the frame 77 and rigidly mounted on the frame 76 longitudinally located along the technological process frame 81 conveyors with rollers 82. The synchronizing shafts 83 are interconnected by synchronizing chains 84, providing uniformly horizontal rise of the roller table frame 77. Conveyors 85 are designed to move the formwork 2 along the lines 38 of the section 37 of the formation of the panels 1. The turntable 75 includes a frame 86 of a roller conveyor 87 mounted on a slewing rotary device 88, the frame 89 of which is fixed to the foundation. The drive 90 of the roller conveyor 87 is located on the lower side of the frame 86. The conveyor 93 of the section 39 is designed to feed the completed formwork 2 from the turntable 75 to the stacker drive 94 of the formwork 2 with panels 1. The stacker drive 94 (Fig. 15) includes a frame 95 with rail wheels 96 for movement on rail track 97. Wheels 96 are connected to the axles 98 and have a linear displacement drive 99. A slewing rotary device 100 is installed on top of the frame 95. The frame 101 of the stacker drive 94 is made in the form of a vertically arranged parallelepiped and mounted on a slewing rotary device 100. A roller conveyor 102 with a drive 103 is located in the lower zone of the frame 101 to receive filled formwork 2 from the conveyor 93. The stacker drive 94 is equipped with a device for vertical movement of the formwork 2, including two vertically and symmetrically located on the frame 101 chain circuits 104 with grippers 105. Chain circuits 104 have upper and lower sprockets 106 and 107. The upper sprockets 106 are located on the same shaft 108 with the driven sprockets 109 of the chain drives 110. The leading sprockets 111 of the software chain drives are mounted on the axles 112 associated with the gear 113 provided with the drive 114. The tensioning stars 115 are located in the sliding bearings 116 and regulated by a pair of bracket 117 and the tension screw 118.

The stacker-drive 94 is designed to prepare the stacks of formwork 2 and feed them to the fork stackers 121 of the storage-rotary device 122. The device 122 has a support-rotary mechanism 124 located on the frame 123, on which the frame 125 is fixed. The fork stackers 121 are located on the frame 125 crosswise and are intended for the simultaneous presence on the storage-rotary device 122 of four stacks of filled formwork 2.

The number of chambers 40 heat treatment of the filled formwork 2 is determined based on the productivity of the production line. The higher the design capacity, the more chambers 40 are required to simultaneously process a large number of filled formwork 2. Chambers 40 can be arranged in one row, two rows, four rows, etc. Along the heat treatment chambers 40, rail tracks 128 of the stacker crane 129. The heat treatment chambers 40 consist of a cabinet 130 with racks 131 for accommodating several stacks of formwork 2. The heat treatment chambers 40 are equipped with means for heating the filled formwork 2 (not shown) and a heat-insulating door made in the form of a web 132, in the folded state, wound into a roll on a shaft 133 in the upper front zone of the chamber 40. the lower crane of the web 132 is equipped with a load bar 134 with the possibility of its vertical movement along the guides grooves 135 located in the inner front zone of the side walls of the cabinet 130. The guide shaft 136 is designed to support the web above the guide grooves 135. The drive 137 of the web 132 is located on the brackets 138 and is connected to the shaft 133 of the driven sprocket 139. The leading sprocket 140 is connected to the driven sprocket 139 through chain 141.

The stacker crane 129 includes a bed 146 arranged on a supporting frame 144 with rail wheels 145. The rail wheels 145 have a drive 147 for longitudinal movement along rail tracks 128. The bed 146 has a lateral movement drive 148 along rails 149 located transverse to rail tracks 128 on the supporting frame 144 On the bed 146 there is a pivoting device 150 with a drive 151 including a pinion gear 152 for interacting with the teeth of the pivoting device 150. A mast 153 with a counterweight 154 is supported on the pivoting device 150. achta 153 is provided with vertical guides for carriages 155 156 with forks 157 and 158 drive its vertical movement.

To the section 42 of raking (de-stacking) of the formwork 2 and the separation of the panels 1, there is a cumulative-rotary device 161 (Fig. 3), similar to the device 122 (Fig. 5), designed to accumulate filled formwork 2, processed in heat treatment chambers 40, which supply here with a stacker crane 129, and for transferring them to the formwork screeding device 162 2 (FIG. 3), similar to the stacker drive 94 (FIGS. 5 and 15). The conveyor 163 of the separation device is designed for the step-by-step feeding of the formwork 2 to the device 44 for unloading the panels 1 from the formwork 2 and then entering the tilter 45 of the panels 1. The device 44 includes a crane 164 (Figs. 51-54) located with the possibility of movement along the crane tracks 165 mounted on racks 166, from the conveyor 163 to the tilter 45 of the panels 1.3a, the end section of the conveyor 163 is a rotary table 167 for feeding the formwork 2 freed from the panels 1 to the washing section 36. On the frame 168 of the manipulator 164 there is a support 169 with a drive 170 for lifting the yoke 171 along the vertical guide 172. The yoke 171 is equipped with grippers 173 with actuators 174 for lifting the panels 1 by pulling hooks 15. A drive 175 for its longitudinal movement is mounted on the frame 168 of the manipulator along the crane tracks 165 and wheels 176. At the ends of the tracks 165 are hydraulic dampers 177.

The tilter 45 (FIGS. 45-48), designed to turn the panels over, includes support posts 181 located on the frame 180 with jaw brackets 183 located on the shaft 182 and a drive 184 for turning them. Under the tilter 45 there is a multi-walled conveyor plate 185 designed to receive panels 1 overloaded with a crane 164 and feed them to the jaw brackets 183. In the receiving area of the conveyor 185, its drive 186 is located. In the output zone there is a transverse conveyor 187, whose rollers 188 are installed between the brook paths of the conveyor 185. On the frame 189 of the conveyor 187 its drive 190 is located. The conveyor 187 is designed to transfer the inverted panels 1 onto the conveyor 191 of the washing and drying complex 46 of the panels 1, where oizvodyat trimming panels 1, their calibration, washing and drying.

The crane stacker 47 (Fig. 43) of the washed and dried panels 1 is located at the output end of the conveyor 191 and is similar in construction to the crane 164. Its difference from the crane 164 is that the grippers 192 of the traverse 193 are made in the form of rotary hooks , the ends of which capture the panel 1 in the area of its layer 14. The drive 194 provides for the capture and retention of the panels 1 when they are moved to the stack. The turntable 197 is intended for receiving pallets (pallets) 50, stacking panels 1 on pallets 50 and moving stacks on pallets 50 using the rotary device 198 and conveyor 199 to the finished product warehouse 48. Captured from a warehouse 49 by a forklift truck, stacks of pallets 50 with niches 200 for the forks of the loader and brackets 201 for gripping are fed to a conveyor 202 (Figs. 35-37) with drive rollers 203 and drive 204, designed to transfer stacks to unstack pallets 50. Device 205 (Figs. 39-42), intended for unloading pallets 50, includes live rolls 207 with a frame 208 and a rotation drive 209 and hydraulic cylinders 210 and a lifting lever mechanism 211 located on the supporting frame 206. Rotary sides 212 with gripping bars 213 are located on the sides of the device 205 and are equipped with turning cylinders 214 and an optical sensor 215.

Warehouse 48 of the finished product is used to store stacks of finished panels 1 and feed them to the landing stage 220, where the truck 221 is loaded. The warehouse 48 is equipped with a crane 222 (Figs. 65-70). The crane 222 is designed to receive stacks of panels 1 from the conveyor 199 and store them in a warehouse 48. As well as to load the conveyor 223 that feeds the stacks of panels 1 to the landing stage 220. For longitudinal movement of the crane 222 are located on beams 224 with struts 225 crane rails 226 and bridge span 227 with carriages 228 having rail wheels 229. Bridge span 227 is equipped with rail tracks 230 and hydraulic dampers 231 for lateral movement of carriage 232 with rail wheels 233 of the crane 222. The carriage Ka 232 has a drive 234 associated with the gear: the gear 235 - the gear rack 236 by means of a chain gear 237 with a shaft 238. The gear rack 236 is located longitudinally on the bridge span 227. On the carriage 232 is mounted a frame 239 with a vertical rail 240 having vertical movement relative to the guide rollers 241 mounted on the frame 239 by means of a lift drive 242. The rail 240 in the lower zone is connected to the traverse 243 by means of a rotary support 244 equipped with a traverse 243 turning drive 245 and a gear pair 246. The traverse 243 is equipped with lateral rotary grips 247 with a drive 248, synchronizing gearboxes 249 and a chain transmission 250. Side rotary grips 247 traverses 243 are designed for raising, moving and lowering several stacks of panels 1, as well as for moving onto a conveyor 223 to the landing stage 220. The crane 255 (Figs. 71-77) of the landing stage 220 has a design similar to a man-crane puller 222, and is designed to reload stacks of panels 1 from conveyor 223 to motor vehicles 221. This design of the main components used in warehouse 48 can significantly facilitate the transportation of finished panels 1 to the construction site, since there is no need to use special vehicles - panel transports, and delivery panels can be produced by conventional road transport with a trailer.

An important element of the work of the technological line for the manufacture of multilayer panels 1 is the cyclic rhythm of its work, which consists in synchronizing all longitudinal, transverse, vertical movements of the formwork 2, their parts (metal mold 3 and plastic mold 8), panels 1, pallets 50 along the way technological process. The optimal cycle is when the interval between movements of formwork 2 is 1 minute. Every minute they change their position, moving one step, giving way to the next part. With the longitudinal movement of the formwork 2, the step length is commensurate with the length of the formwork 2. With transverse movement, the step length is commensurate with the width of the formwork 2. Such synchronization makes it possible to significantly increase the productivity of the production line, eliminates the downtime of its main mechanisms.

The method of erecting a monolithic-frame building from multilayer panels with decorative exterior decoration for the construction of buildings and structures of different storeys and types (Figs. 78-101) provides for the formation of a foundation 256 with embedded elements (not shown in the drawing) for the vertical installation of panels 1 and fixing stops (not shown) for mounting supports 257 with clamps 258 for installing screw tie rods 259. Panel 1 is fixed in the lower brackets 260 by means of locks 261 and holders 262 located in areas corresponding to niches am 263 of the lower end of panel 1 and in the upper brackets 264 with locks 265. Panels 1, having the height of the floor of the house being formed, are lowered vertically onto the embedded elements of the foundation 256 using a crane so that they fall into the longitudinal channels 16, 17 or 18 of panels 1 The distances between the panels are determined by the size of future windows. In this case, the panels 1 are placed with a decorative layer 9 outside, and inside the house with a heat-insulating layer 14, and vertically set using the adjusting screws 266 with supports 267. The screw tie rods 259 are connected via pivots with brackets 260 and 264, and with opposite ends with the clamps 258 of the supports 257. Inside the longitudinal channels 16, 17 or 18 (depending on the selected type), the valves are lowered 19, 20 or 21, respectively, before connecting with the embedded elements. The vertical dimensions of the fittings 19, 20 or 21 exceed the vertical dimensions of the panel 1 so that the free ends of the fittings 19, 20 or 21 are used to bond with the fittings 19, 20 or 21 of the subsequent floor, as well as the guides for installing the panels 1 of the subsequent floor. Longitudinal channels 16, 17 or 18 with reinforcement 19, 20 or 21 are poured with high-quality concrete, forming a strong reinforced concrete frame of the building.

After installing the panels 1 of the first floor of the building to the outer side of the protrusions 33 of the hardened layer 10 in a special recess 270, the cornices 34 of the building are attached. When pouring ceilings 35 between floors, all structural elements are rigidly fixed to each other: panels 1, reinforcement 19, 20 or 21, cornices 34, completing the formation of a strong reinforced concrete frame of the building. The method of forming overlappings 35 is described in the patent for invention RU No. 2421580. Panels 1 on subsequent floors are exposed, fixed and poured in the same way as on the first floor. The openings 272 between the panels 1 are designed to install windows (not shown in the drawing). Depending on the design of the building, a different design of prefabricated windows is used, consisting of several elements laid in openings 272 with subsequent sealing of the joints. The inner surface of the walls, which is a factory-made heat-insulating layer 14, does not require additional decoration and plastering due to its high-quality performance.

To form a building with a complex configuration, different techniques are used. For example, as shown in FIGS. 88-91, the internal corners 273 of the building are erected. To do this, cut off the corner elements 274 from the side of the decorative layer 9, join the panels 1 at an angle of 90 °, and when forming the floor overlap, corner element 275 is poured with concrete. The formation of the outer corners 276 is performed as shown in Figs. 92-96, cutting off the corner elements 277 from the side of the heat-insulating layer 14, panels 1 are joined at an angle of 90 ° and the joint is sealed when pouring longitudinal channels 16, 17 or 18. More complex, for example, stepped silhouettes of a building, are formed as shown in Figs. 97-101 using the techniques described above. The manufacture of cut panels 1, necessary for the formation of angles 273 and 276, it is preferable to produce in the factory, providing high accuracy of the joining surfaces. However, this technology does not preclude the preparation of panels for forming angles 273 and 276 at the construction site.

This method also provides for the possibility of erecting walls of a building with corners free of concrete structures, which allows angles of different geometry to be made. In this case, after the erection of the roof, the corners of the building are laid with bricks or blocks, as well as other decorative materials. Due to the above properties of this method, you can vary the appearance of the building, the number of floors, the location and execution of windows, their width and height, covering free spaces with additional docking units (not shown in the drawing), as well as the internal layout, while maintaining the advantages of a monolithic-frame technology when using 1 prefabricated panels. This invention allows not only to increase the strength of the frame-monolithic structure of the building, since all its vertical and horizontal elements are rigidly interconnected by reinforced concrete elements and monolithic. This design is solid, while the building has a decorative appearance that does not require insulation and sound insulation, as well as additional internal and external finishing work.

The manufacture of the panel 1 in the factory provides high quality decorative layer 9, which after the construction of the building forms its outer surface. The decorative layer 9 formed by shotcrete of concrete onto the surface of a plastic mold 8, onto which a reinforced layer 10 is subsequently applied in several passes, has a beautiful glossy relief pattern on the outer surface of the building, which does not require decoration and repair. This layer 9 is unusually resistant to temperature extremes and precipitation, and due to the creation of a uniformly glossy surface, the external porosity of layer 9 is excluded, which in traditional panels during operation of the building leads to the ingress of dust and microorganisms into these cracks. And if traditional panels change the color of the outer surface and burn out over several years, cracks appear, and colonies of microorganisms of different colors (usually green and brown) settle in them, then panels 1 made in the way described above retain all consumer properties throughout period of operation of the building. For the manufacture of panels 1, shown in FIGS. 112 and 113, a plastic mold 8 is performed with special cells 278 for laying ceramic tiles 279, stylized as brick, or tiles 280, stylized as stone (granite, marble, etc.). After laying tiles 279 or 280 in the cells 278 form a decorative and hardened layers 9 and 10, observing the above technology. To increase the strength of the whole monolithic frame, pipes 12 made of composite materials are used, for example, with a carbon fiber or fiberglass mesh 281. They are a solid formwork when pouring concrete during the construction of a building and increase its life. Improving the versatility of building technology can be achieved by reducing dependence on seasonal cold. On Fig shows a fragment of a building under construction using thermal blankets 282 for insulation of panels 1 after pouring concrete into pipes 12 at low ambient temperatures. The ends of the reinforcement 19 are also closed with a thermal blanket 282 so that cold air does not enter the concrete. Thermal blankets can be made of cheap porous plastics or other materials with similar thermal insulation properties. Due to the heat generated by concrete during solidification, the temperature necessary for hardening concrete is maintained inside the thermal blanket 282. Heat is held in the cavity under the blanket 282 for a long time, allowing concrete to reach full brand readiness. Such an improvement in concrete pouring technology allows builders not to depend on changes in ambient temperature in regions with a cold climate.

Thus, the technical result achieved using the claimed invention is to simplify the construction of a monolithic-frame building while increasing the strength characteristics of the building frame with monolithic walls of factory manufacture, not requiring additional decoration and repair of internal and external surfaces, simplifying the process of pouring concrete into longitudinal voids of multilayer panels during the erection of the walls of a building, regardless of weather conditions, increasing reliability, strength and earthquake resistance These structures facilitate the manufacture, tilting and transportation of panels.

Claims (23)

1. A method of manufacturing multilayer panels, including the sequential supply of industrial folding formwork to fill the panels in the factory, stage-by-stage and layer-by-layer application of building mixtures into folding formwork, including the formation of decorative and heat-insulating layers and the installation of reinforcement in the folding formwork during the formation of the layers, drying the panels and their transportation to the construction site, characterized in that the decorative layer is applied by concrete spraying, and the decorative layer is applied in several runs, a hardened layer having high strength and elasticity, the reinforcement being laid in a folding formwork after the hardened layer is partially formed, the heat-insulating layer being applied after the hardened layer is completely formed, and inside the reinforcement, they are laid on the fully formed hardened layer before applying the heat-insulating layer layer hollow longitudinal pipe-hollow and fill the insulating layer. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat-insulating layer is formed shortened in the upper zone of the panel with respect to the hardened layer by the thickness of the floor of the building. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hardened layer is performed with a recess in the upper front zone of the panel for fixing the cornice of the building. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the drying of the finished panels located in the folding formwork is carried out in a heat treatment chamber. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the finished dried panels are removed from the folding formwork and sent to the sink, followed by drying. 6. A multilayer panel including decorative and heat-insulating layers and reinforcement made with external ends protruding beyond the heat-insulating layer, characterized in that it is provided with a hardened layer located between the decorative and heat-insulating layers, and the panel is equipped with at least one longitudinal through channel located inside the thermal insulation layer. 7. The panel according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one channel in the insulating layer is made in a circular cross-section. 8. The panel according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one channel in the heat-insulating layer is made in square section. 9. The panel according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one channel in the heat-insulating layer is made in the cross section of a rectangular shape. 10. The panel according to claim 6, characterized in that the heat-insulating layer is made shortened in the upper zone of the panel with respect to the hardened layer. 11. The panel according to claim 6, characterized in that the hardened layer is made with a pad in the upper outer zone to form a building ceiling. 12. Folding formwork for the manufacture of multilayer panels, including a gutter-shaped bottom with non-folding lateral sides and end sides, characterized in that the end sides are pivotally connected to the bottom and provided with additional end sides, while at least one of them is made rotatable and non-folding lateral sides are equipped with additional rotary sides, and on the inner surface of the additional end walls fixed latches of longitudinal pipes. 13. The formwork according to item 12, characterized in that it is equipped with a plastic liner. 14. The formwork according to claim 12, characterized in that the additional pivoting side flanges are made shortened in length and provided with elements for attaching an additional end wall. 15. Technological line for the manufacture of multilayer panels, including sections for disassembling, assembling and washing formwork, a section for filling formwork, a section for drying finished panels in formwork, a canting zone and a zone for stacking formwork, a warehouse for finished products, a section for shipping finished products, characterized in that the section the formwork filling is multi-ribbed, consisting of several lines and equipped with reloaders for overloading and distributing the formwork along the lines in the entrance zone and for the step-by-step feeding of the completed formwork from the passage zone into the stacking zone, and the stacking zone of the filled formwork is equipped with a rotary table connected to the stacker-drive using a conveyor and a storage-rotary device, while the drying section of the finished panels in the formwork is equipped with heat treatment chambers and a stacker crane, and the production line is equipped with by means of unloading the panels from the formwork, followed by turning the panels with the decorative layer up, trimming the edges, calibrating, washing and drying. 16. The line according to claim 15, characterized in that the tilters for overloading and distributing the formwork along the lines in the input zone and for the step-by-step feeding of the completed formwork from the output zone to the stacking zone include a roller conveyor frame with levers mounted on the frame of the tilters along the technological process and hydraulic cylinders of its lifting and rigidly fixed on the frame of tilters longitudinally located along the technological process of the conveyor frame with rollers and synchronizing shafts, interconnected si synchronizing chains providing uniformly horizontal lifting of the roller conveyor frame. 17. The line of claim 15, wherein the stacker crane for drying the finished panels in the formwork comprises a bed located on a supporting frame with rail wheels 145, the rail wheels being provided with a drive for longitudinal movement along rail tracks and the bed is equipped with a drive for lateral movement along guides located transversely to rail tracks on the supporting frame, and on the bed there is a rotary support device with a drive, while a mast with a counterweight equipped with a counterweight is mounted on the rotary support device vertical guides for the carriage with forks and a drive for its vertical movement. 18. The line of claim 15, wherein the means for unloading the panels from the formwork, followed by turning the panels with the decorative layer up, include a separator conveyor for stepwise feeding the formwork to the panel unloading device and the panel tilter, the panel unloading device including a crane located with the possibility of movement along the crane tracks installed on racks, while for the end section of the conveyor of the separation device there is a rotary table for giving freed formwork panels to the washing area, and the tilter designed to turn the panels includes support racks located on the frame with jaw brackets located on the shaft and drive them to rotate, while under the tilter there is a multi-belt conveyor designed to receive panels overloaded a crane, and their supply to the jaw brackets, and in the output zone of the multi-strand conveyor there is a transverse conveyor, the rollers of which are installed between near brook tracks of the conveyor, designed for overloading inverted panels onto the conveyor of the washing and drying complex of panels. 19. The line according to clause 15, wherein the finished product warehouse includes a warehouse crane designed to receive stacks of panels from the conveyor, store them, and to load a conveyor designed to feed the stacks of panels to the landing stage, a landing stage mounted crane for reloading stacks of panels from the conveyor to road vehicles, the crane of the warehouse includes crane rails located on the beams with racks and a bridge span with carriages having rail wheels, etc. this bridge span is equipped with rail tracks with hydraulic dampers for the transverse movement of the carriage with the rail wheels of the crane, and the carriage has a drive associated with the gear: the gear is a gear rack through a chain transmission with a shaft, and the gear rack is located longitudinally on the bridge span, while a frame is mounted on the carriage with a vertical guide rail having the ability to move vertically relative to the guide rollers mounted on the frame by means of a lifting drive, a vertical rack in the lower region associated with the crosspiece means slewing device with a rotation-drive traverses, wherein the crosspiece is provided with lateral pivoting grippers driven, synchronizing gearboxes and chain transmission. 20. A method of erecting a monolithic-frame building from multilayer panels with decorative exterior decoration, including the formation of a foundation with reinforcing tabs and fixing stops, walls of the first floor with vertical installation of multilayer panels having voids for pouring concrete, a decorative layer to the outside and vertical openings for windows between them, the frame of the building, floors and the construction of subsequent floors, characterized in that for the formation of walls using multilayer panels with a hardened layer located between in decorative and insulating layers, in which cavities are made for pouring concrete in the form of vertical channels disposed in the heat insulation layer, the frame of the building is formed by filling the vertical channels with vertical channels in a reinforcement armature overlapping vertical channels previous floors. 21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that when erecting the internal corners of the building at the construction site, corner elements are cut off from the side of the decorative layer, panels are joined at an angle of 90 °, and when forming the floor overlap, the corner zone formed between the heat-insulating layers is poured with concrete. 22. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that when erecting the external corners of the building at the construction site, cut off the corner elements from the side of the insulating layer, join the panels at an angle of 90 °, and when forming the frame of the building, pour the longitudinal channel formed at the junction of the panels into the insulating layers. 23. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that when pouring concrete into vertical channels with reinforcement, thermal blankets are used for installed panels.

Images