RU2474100C2 - Method of growing crop yield according to environmentally friendly energy-saving technology - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes layer by layer loosening of the treated soil layer, application of fertilisers in the soil and sowing seeds. The layer by layer loosening is carried out by separation of the treated layer to three horizons. Each horizon is loosened by cycloidal rack. For moisture accumulation in the soil, separation of weeds and large particles of soil in each horizon a small lumpy active layer of the soil is formed. The active layer of the soil is formed by shear and friction of soil layers under the influence of the side surface of the grooved rod attached to the bracket. After the formation of the soil active layer the seeds are sown and pre-emergence separation of soil on the sown area is carried out. The soil separation is carried out with roller-separators and/or racks with the formation of thickness of the small lumpy active layer of the soil which is 3.5-4 diameter of the bar rod or the roller-separator.

EFFECT: technology enables to reduce energy costs and to improve environmental safety and quality of the yield.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agricultural production, namely to environmentally friendly energy-saving technologies that are performed by special tillage machines created for these purposes. The method is applicable for soil preparation for sowing sugar beets, cereals, vegetables and fodder crops.

A known method of tillage and sowing according to patent RU 2197801 of February 10, 2003, which is the closest analogue to the proposed solution. It includes layer-by-layer cultivation of the arable horizon, fertilizing and sowing seeds of the main crops in the soil. The formation of furrows is carried out by cleaving the soil to the depth of the arable horizon with the introduction of fertilizers and the formation of dense trapezoidal partitions between them. The subsequent shift of the dense partitions is carried out to the depth of seed placement and fertilizers are applied to the shear plane. A repeated shift is carried out to the depth of the arable horizon with the formation of a faint layer in the zone of the main mass of the root system of cultivated plants and the formation of a compacted layer. Sowing seeds is carried out on a compacted layer. The topsoil and weeds located above the depth of sowing are separated and form a mulching layer. This technology provides loosening of the soil to a depth of the main mass of the root system, reduces the cost of herbicides and fuels and lubricants. The disadvantage of this method is that, firstly, it does not provide for the complete absorption of moisture by deep loosening and destroying the plow sole and creating a small-crumbly structure of soil particles, 1-2 mm in size, in the lower horizon due to layer-by-layer friction with bar working bodies of circular cross section rod cultivators and separator rollers, and secondly, the known method does not provide surface tillage to a shallow depth without medium and deep cultivation, when this is not necessary, in the presence of moisture which has already been sufficiently accumulated by deep treatments earlier.

In addition, compared with the prototype, the proposed method is universal, since it can be used both simultaneously, treating three soil layers to the entire depth at once, or separately, for example, deep processing every 3-4 years, and small presowing treatment is carried out every year, either with the second or third layers separately. In this case, moisture accumulates and energy is saved for deep tillage in 3-4 years. At the same time, small-crumbling loosening by rods or separator rollers is carried out during the processing of each layer.

The objective of the invention provides for the accumulation of moisture, pre-sowing and pre-emergence mechanical destruction by separating weeds in the upper soil layer and at the depth of the separating working bodies without the use of herbicides, the creation of a fuzzy layer in each horizon.

This task is achieved by the fact that the soil layer is up to 60 cm thick conditionally, and then by adjusting the working machines, it is divided in depth into three horizons. The first horizon is up to 10 cm deep (horizon for laying seeds); the second horizon with a depth of 10 to 20-25 cm for the cultivation of row crops; a third horizon with a depth of 25-60 cm is processed in order to accumulate moisture and destroy the waterproof sole. Weeds and their seedlings are destroyed by rollers-separators and corrugated rod-bar working bodies. Small crumbling soil crumbling in the first upper, second middle and third lower horizons is performed by round corrugated rods of roller separators and cycloidal cultivators.

List of drawings

Figure 1 shows 3 working bodies for tillage of the arable layer with a total depth of 60 cm, which is divided into three horizons. Cultivation of each horizon is carried out by a cultivator equipped with uprights and staffs 5. The upper horizon up to 10 cm deep can be processed separately: with roller separators, or rod cultivators, together with roller separators, depending on the tasks of the technology.

Each horizon is treated with a cycloidal energy-saving rack and a corrugated rod 5 mounted on an arm 4 (FIG. 1).

Figure 2 shows the combined with racks, the roller separator (top view), for the separation of soil and weeds by the proposed method.

Figure 3 shows the combined roller separator for the separation of soil and weeds according to the proposed method (fork side).

Figure 4 shows the formation of the separated "active layer" of the soil (C _a , C ₁ , C ₂ ) when the unit moves in the direction of V _a for subsequent seed placement during sowing without herbicides.

The movement of the rotor rod and the rod cultivator rod equally creates in the soil horizon layer-by-layer friction and the movement of soil particles at a certain speed, which decreases with distance from the surface of the rod.

The general calculation equation for the velocities of soil layers from layer-by-layer friction has the form (Fig. 4) (no proof is given):

with a positive exponent at e, but in the denominator.

Since the thickness of the active soil at the point of contact between the particle and the rod is zero for the first moving layer, the velocity v _{1 of} the particles of the first layer from layer-by-layer friction will be equal to the aggregate velocity v _a or

v ₁ = v _a .

At the last moving layer, the particle velocity is approximately equal to zero, and in the thickness of the active layer v varies in the range:

0 <v <v _a ,

where v is the speed of movement of any soil active layer from layer-by-layer friction caused by the forces of friction, the moving bar of the cultivator and the rod of the roller-separator;

v _a - the speed of the unit with a cultivator or roller separator (m / s);

e is the base of the natural logarithm (e = 2.7);

k is the gradient of decrease (decrease) in the velocity between adjacent moving soil particles along the thickness of the moving layer;

with _a - the thickness of the active soil layer C ₁ and C ₂ (figure 4) created on both sides of the moving rod.

The active moving layer in depth is 4-5 layers of average diameters of soil particles, shifted by a rod.

Our experiments established that for seeded fractions of soil with a diameter of 2 to 10 mm, the total thickness of the active layers (C _a , C ₁ , C ₂ ) located on two sides of the rod and rod is determined by the equation:

C _a = (3.5-4) d _rod ,

where d of the _rod is the diameter of the rod of the corrugated rod.

So, for a rod of a separating rotor, with a diameter of 25-30 mm, the thickness of the "active layer" is about 100 mm. A similar thickness of the "active layer" takes place during the operation of the corrugated rod of the rod cycloidal rack of the cultivator.

The above mathematical estimation of particle velocities served as the basis for the installation of a corrugated rod on a cycloidal rack and rotors of separator rollers.

These parameters of the separating “active layer” must be taken into account when describing the application and when processing the soil and performing the technology, which ensures capillary rise and moisture accumulation in each layer and in the “active layer” zone during seed placement after sowing.

Plantations are separated before emergence.

Separation of the top soil layer, ejection of weeds to the surface and the creation of a compacted bed for sowing seeds provides friendly seedlings of cultivated plants. The operation is performed by a roller-separator in combination with a cycloidal rack (FIGS. 2 and 3) or a rod 5 mounted on an arm 4 (FIG. 1), as well as single-functional separate machines.

The listed components disclosed in the description of the application material provide grounds for presenting the claims taking into account the comments and suggestions made by the expert.

Claims (1)

A method of growing crops using environmentally friendly energy-saving technology, including layer-by-layer loosening of the treated soil layer, fertilizing the soil and sowing seeds, characterized in that layer-by-layer loosening is carried out by dividing the layer to be processed into three horizons with loosening of each horizon with a cycloidal rack, and for accumulation in soil moisture, separation of weeds and large particles of soil in each horizon form a lumpy active soil layer by shear and friction of layers of soils under the influence of the side surface of the corrugated rod mounted on the bracket, after which the seeds are sown and pre-emergence soil separation is carried out on the sown area, and the soil is separated by rollers-separators and / or rods with the formation of a thickness of a shallow-crusted active soil layer of 3.5-4 the diameter of the rod rod or roller separator.

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