RU2628338C1 - Method for industrial cultivation of jerusalem artichoke as monoculture - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method is in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers in seedbeds in the first year, carrying out inter-row cultivations, harvesting green mass and tubers. Wherein, the harvesting of tubers, autumn or spring, is carried out in a separate way, using a digger-swather, which digs out the tubers and puts them in a swath, and a combine harvester that, after drying the swaths, picks up the tubers. Part of the tubers of the planting fraction is taken to the planting module of the harvesting combine and planted.

EFFECT: method allows to obtain annually high yields of tubers and green mass as well of Jerusalem artichoke while cultivating it as a monoculture, to substantially increase the heap purity and productivity, and to reduce labour costs.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke, and can be used in the conditions of cultivation of crops on light, medium and mechanically difficult soils on plantings with different row spacings.

A known method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke, including pre-planting tillage with the addition of organic and mineral fertilizers, cutting ridges, spring loosening of the soil with restoration of the ridges, planting tubers in ridges, harrowing to seedlings and seedlings, row cultivating cultivators, hilling, harvesting green mass, harvesting tubers potato harvester [V.N. Zelenkov et al. Jerusalem artichoke (earthen pear) - a promising multi-purpose culture. Scientific and technological company "Afis". Novosibirsk, 1988, with. 12].

The disadvantage of this method is that when harvesting green mass of Jerusalem artichoke, the engines of the forage harvesters partially jam and condense the zone of the tuber nest, which significantly worsens the conditions for subsequent harvesting of tubers. This is due to the small row spacing when landing. In addition, modern potato harvesters do not provide high-quality separation of Jerusalem artichoke tubers from their root system and stem mass, which affects the purity of the heap in the bunker of the harvester and entails additional costs for sorting.

There is a method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture, which consists in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers, conducting inter-row cultivations, and harvesting green mass and tubers. The cycle of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke in one field is 5 years. At the same time, planting in the first year is carried out with a density of 20-25 thousand tubers per hectare in the ridges, the tops are mowed for forage 2-3 weeks before harvesting the tubers, during the harvesting of which large and medium fractions are collected, and the seed fraction is annually sent in a narrow ribbon to the side with a shift of 30-40 cm and fall into the soil by 10-12 cm, forming a swath, in the second and subsequent years in the spring the field is up to shoots, and then the shoots are cultivated with tape fertilizing on the sides of the row, when the rows are thickened, transverse cultivation is carried out for thinning I planted [Russian Federation Patent RU 2250585. The method of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke. Authors: Starovoitov V.I., Chernikov V.I., Starovoitova M.V., Rytchenko V.V., Khoves V.V.]. The known method is closest to the claimed and adopted for the prototype.

A disadvantage of the known method is that the seed fraction directed by a narrow ribbon is distributed extremely unevenly on the field surface. With this method, the optimal agrotechnical requirements for the distribution of planted tubers cannot be maintained both in terms of the width of the planting line and in the distance between the tubers in it. This drawback leads to an increase in the volume of planted material per unit area, the need for an additional operation of lateral thinning of the plantings, which, however, does not exclude local thickening of plantings in rows and, as a result, reduces the percentage of large tuber yield in subsequent cycles after the first year of production, and reduces the yield of green mass. The disadvantages of this method can also be attributed to the lack of fitness of modern potato harvesters for the qualitative separation of Jerusalem artichoke tubers from their root system and stem mass, which reduces the purity of the heap in the bunker of the harvester and entails additional costs for post-harvest sorting.

An object of the invention is to obtain annually high yields of both tubers and green mass of Jerusalem artichoke when cultivating it as a monoculture, while significantly reducing production costs, increasing the purity of the heap and productivity.

The stated technical problem is achieved by the fact that in the method of industrial cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture, which consists in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers in ridges in the first year, inter-row cultivating, harvesting green mass and tubers, according to the invention, harvesting tubers, autumn or spring , carried out in a separate way using a digger-swather that digs up tubers and puts them into the swath, and a combine that, after drying the rolls, selects the tuber And a portion of the landing tubers fraction withdrawn in lander harvester and precipitated.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows a scheme for the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke on ridges; in FIG. 2 is a diagram of a digger-swather for harvesting Jerusalem artichoke tubers; in FIG. 3 is a diagram of a combine for harvesting and planting Jerusalem artichoke tubers at the same time.

Against the background of compliance with high agricultural technology, the duration of Jerusalem artichoke cultivation in one place can be 8-10 years.

The method includes cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers, performing inter-row and protective treatments, harvesting green mass and tubers.

In the first year, Jerusalem artichoke is placed in a crop rotation on the field after perennial legume-grass herbs. In autumn, soil cultivation is carried out with scoops to a depth of 6-8 cm after harvesting the previous crop. Autumn plowing is performed by reversible plows, which eliminates the formation of pile ridges and breakup grooves on the field surface and does not require additional costs for its leveling.

In the spring, winter chills are harrowed, mineral fertilizers are applied superficially, and cutting and formation of ridges are carried out. For planting use tubers weighing 30-50 grams. Planting of tubers is carried out with a potato planter intended for row planting. Two weeks later, a continuous pre-emergence harrowing is carried out to destroy weed seedlings. The cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke is carried out by row cultivators with a plant height of up to 20 cm. Depending on weather conditions, additional inter-row cultivations are carried out to a depth of 10-12 cm. If necessary (upon reaching the severity threshold), chemical treatment of the plantings is carried out against sclerotinia, larvae of May beetle and bear caterpillars of a meadow moth. For 2-3 weeks before harvesting tubers, Jerusalem artichoke tops are mowed for forage by forage harvesters, leaving stems 20-25 cm high. Harvesting Jerusalem artichoke tubers is carried out in a separate way using a digger-swather and combine. During movement, the digger-swather, equipped with a top-lifting device with a tuber separation mechanism, digs up the tubers and stacks them in the roller.

The technological process of the digger-swather is as follows.

Under the digging share 2, the depth of which is set by adjusting the copying roller 1, the soil layer with the tuberous Jerusalem artichoke nest located therein is partially destroyed and partially destroyed. At this point, the stalks of Jerusalem artichoke remaining after cutting the green mass are sent by dividers 4 and captured by flexible tapes of the working circuits of the top-lifting device 3, which moves them over the separating elevator 6 along with the tubers and the remaining soil. In the mechanism 5 of the top-lifting device 3, Jerusalem artichoke tubers are torn off and dumped onto a separating elevator 6, along which a heap of soil and tubers that come off directly when undermining the tuberous nest with the share 2 of the swather-digger is moved. A pile of stem mass and roots from the top-lifting device 3 enters the transverse conveyor 7 of plant residues and is discharged between them in the aisle. From the separating elevator 6, Jerusalem artichoke tubers and the remaining soil lumps are discharged by the transverse conveyor 8 into a roll 40-60 cm wide in the field directly behind the support wheel 9 of the stacker-swather.

After short-term drying (3-5 hours) formed by the digger-swather on the roll field, they are selected by a combine for harvesting and planting Jerusalem artichoke tubers at the same time.

The technological process of the combine for harvesting and planting Jerusalem artichoke tubers at the same time is as follows. By adjusting the copying roller 1, the required depth of travel of the cutting discs 2 and the digging share 3 is established. When the combine is moving, the Jerusalem artichoke tubers roll formed by the digger-swather is raised by the digging share 3 together with the soil to the separating bar elevator 4, on which the tubers are intensively separated from the soil. From the separating bar elevator 4 tubers are fed to the upper sieve 5 of the combine screen, on which large-sized tubers are separated, coming from the end of the sieve 5 to the lifting conveyor 8 and further to the storage hopper 9. Smaller tubers that have fallen through the cells of the upper sieve 5 of the screen, 6 screens fall on the lower sieve, on which further separation from soil lumps occurs. Then, the tubers of the planting fraction are discharged from the end of the lower screen sieve 6 to the conveyor 10, through which they enter the hopper of the planting module 11. When the hopper 11 is sufficiently filled with the moving material, the movable visor 7 of the lower screen 6 screen transfers the tubers flow from the lower screen to the lifting conveyor 8, s of which the tubers enter the storage hopper 9. The planting module of the combine, including the hopper 11, the planting apparatus with the coulter group 12 and disk working bodies 13, ensures planting and termination of Jerusalem artichoke tubers and with specified agrotechnical requirements. Planting corresponds to the planting scheme performed by a row planter in the first year of cultivating a crop in a given field.

The application of the proposed method will significantly increase the purity of the heap, productivity and reduce labor costs.

Claims (1)

The method of industrial cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke as a monoculture, which consists in cultivating the soil, applying mineral fertilizers, planting tubers in ridges in the first year, inter-row cultivation, harvesting green mass and tubers, characterized in that the tubers are harvested, autumn or spring, in a separate way using a swather-digger that digs up tubers and puts them into the swath, and a harvester, which, after drying the swaths, selects tubers, while part of the tubers of the planting fraction is taken into adochny module combine harvester and planted.

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