RU2471363C1 - 1-6-month old calves feeding method envisaging mineral premix introduction into ration - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a method for preparation of a fodder for 1-6-month old calves and may be used in feed mill industry and directly at farms. The method envisages introduction into the ration of a mineral premix containing 304.5 g of dicalcium phosphate, 75.5 g of magnesium oxide, 304.5 g of culinary salt, 304.5 g of natural zeolites, 1.70 g of copper sulphate, 4.40 g of zinc sulphate, 4.79 g of manganese sulphate, 0.07 g of cobaltous dihydroxycarbonate and 0.26 g of potassium iodide stabilised with zeolite and containing 0.02 g of iodic potassium. The mineral premix is introduced into the feedstuff composition in an amount of 3.5-4.5 wt %.

EFFECT: invention implementation allows to enhance the growth intensity and immune protection of the calf organism, reduce digestive and respiratory organs morbidity rate and enrich the organism with selenium.

5 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to the feeding of farm animals, in particular calves 1-6 months of age, and can be used in the feed industry and directly in farms.

It is known that calves in the first months of life, when they drink whole milk or its substitutes, skim milk, as well as when feeding with concentrates, hay, are deficient in vitamins A, D, E, calcium, magnesium phosphorus, iron, copper, iodine, selenium, which negatively affects their growth and resistance to various diseases. In this regard, various premix recipes were proposed for calves up to 6 months of age [4, 5], but their effectiveness in the prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract is small.

It is known that in feeding calves 10-90 days of age a mineral premix consisting of 376 g of monocalcium phosphate, 376 g of sodium bicarbonate, 37.5 g of magnesium oxide, 188 g of sodium chloride, 11.2 g of ferrous sulfate, 5.5 g of sulfate manganese, 3.75 zinc sulfate, 1.88 g of copper sulfate, 0.15 g of cobalt chloride, 0.02 g of potassium iodide in 1 kg of the mixture [2]. This premix contributes to an increase in the live weight of calves by 10-15% and a decrease in the incidence of non-communicable diseases, however, it is prescribed only for calves up to 3 months of age, insufficient calcium and nutritional supplements (sodium bicarbonate, soda), non-technological compounds of iron and cobalt (hygroscopic, clumping, aggressive); Potassium iodide in the premix has to be additionally stabilized with citric acid or sodium thiosulfate. In addition, the effectiveness of premix in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and respiratory tract is low.

It is known that in feeding calves 1-6 months of age a mineral premix consisting of 304.5 g of dicalcium phosphate, 75.5 magnesium oxide, 304.5 g of sodium chloride, 304.5 g of natural zeolites, 1.70 g of copper sulfate, 4 , 40 g of zinc sulfate, 4.81 g of manganese sulfate, 0.07 g of basic cobalt carbon dioxide and 0.02 g of potassium iodide per 1 kg of the mixture, and its introduction into the feed in the amount of 3.5-4.5 wt. [3]. This premix contributes to an increase in live weight gain of calves by 14.4%, a decrease in the incidence of digestive organs by 12 times and respiratory organs by 7 times, and increases the blood levels of hemoglobin and total iodine by 20% and 16% compared to the basic mineral premix. However, it does not contain the trace element selenium, and therefore the effectiveness of premix in increasing the antioxidant and immune defense of the body in calves is low.

The use of selenium preparations in animal husbandry as powerful natural antioxidants has long been known. They allow you to increase the survival rate of young animals, and especially during weaning, to increase reproductive function, to accelerate the weight gain of the animal.

Currently, inorganic and organic preparations of selenium are used in medicine and veterinary medicine. Inorganic - selenite or selenate of sodium, barium and other fairly toxic (1-2 toxicity class), with low bioavailability (20-30% and less effective than organic). Of the organic preparations of selenium, selenophiles, yeast bioselen — Sel-Plex, DAF25, selepiran, selecordimethyldipyrazolyl selenide are used [1].

Among the existing preparations of selenium, synthetic ones are becoming more and more interesting, differing by their amazingly low toxicity. So, selonopyran is 1000 times less toxic than sodium selenite and dimethyldipyrazoliselenide (selecor) - 8000 times.

The aim of the present invention is to increase the intensity of growth, hematopoiesis, antioxidant protection, immunity and body supply of selenium, reduce the incidence of digestive and respiratory organs in calves in the first six months of their life by introducing a highly effective safe compound of DAFS 25 selenium into the new mineral premix.

This goal is achieved by introducing into the diet of calves 1-6 months of age a mineral premix containing 304.5 g of dicalcium phosphate, 75.5 magnesium oxide, 304.5 g of sodium chloride, 304.5 g of natural zeolites, 1.70 g of copper sulfate, 4.40 g of zinc sulfate, 4.79 g of manganese sulfate, 0.07 g of basic cobalt carbon dioxide, 0.02 g of potassium iodide in the form of potassium iodide stabilized by zeolite in an amount of 0.26 g (0.26 g of stabilized potassium iodide zeolite containing 0.02 g of potassium iodide) and 0.014 g of DAFS 25, and its introduction into the feed composition in the amount of e 3.5-4.5 wt.%.

In contrast to the known in the proposed technical solution during the period of the technological cycle, the organo-selenium compound DAFS 25 is introduced into its composition.

The next difference of the proposed technical solution is the stimulating effect of combined use with known components of the formulation on the growth rate of live weight, antioxidant and immune defense of the body in calves, which ensures it meets the criterion of "significant differences".

Example 1. For the preparation of feed mixed wheat, corn, soybean meal, barley, vitamin premix RCC-2 (1.5 million IE of vitamin A, 200 thousand IE of vitamin D3, 1.0 g of vitamin E in 1 kg of premix) and experienced mineral premix No. 3 with the ratio of components shown in table 1.

A distinctive feature is that experimental mineral premixes No. 1, 2, 3, 4 are used as a mineral additive in the manufacture of feed and they are introduced into the diet in the amount of 3, 4 and 5% of the feed mass with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of barley in it.

When tested in feeding calves feed prepared according to the proposed method, the best results were obtained using recipe No. 3 and 4 in which experimental mineral premixes were introduced into the feed in the amount of 4 wt.%.

Example 2. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, an experiment was conducted at the farm of the Dagestan State Agricultural Academy on calves 1-6 months of age of the Swiss breed. The experiment lasted for 163 days (from April 10 to September 20, 2006). It was formed 6 groups of 4-5 goals in each (2 bulls and 2-3 heifers), taking into account live weight, gender, age and growth rate.

Table 1. Recipes of mineral premixes for calves 1-6 months. age. Components No. 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6 Dicalcium phosphate 304.5 304.5 304.5 304.5 376 304.5 Magnesium Oxide - MgO 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 37.5 Common salt 304.5 304.5 304.5 304.5 188 304.5 Natural zeolite 304.5 304.5 304.5 301.1 - - Sodium bicarbonate - - - - 376 - Iron sulfate tex. (FeSO ₄ 7H ₂ O) - - - - 11.2 - Copper sulfate (CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.88 - Zinc sulfate (ZnSO ₄ 7H ₂ O) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.75 - Manganese Sulfate (MnSO ₄ 5H ₂ O) 4.81 4.80 4.79 4.79 5.5 Cobalt carbonate basic 0,07 0,07 0,07 0,07 0.15 - Potassium Iodide (KI) (Zeoiod) 0.02 (0.26) 0.02 (0.26) 0.02 (0.26) 0.02 (0.26) 0.02 Sodium Selenite (Na ₂ Se ₂ O ₄ ) - 0.0076 - - - - DAFS 25 - - 0.014 - - - Sel Plex - - - 3,5 - -

Animals of all groups received the same basic diet according to the scheme adopted on the farm, but without mineral additives (table salt, calcium phosphates). The main diet consisted of whole milk, animal feed, haylage and hay. In the summer, together with haylage and hay, they gave a green mass from a cereal-bean mixture. For calves was prepared a batch of feed of the following composition, wt./h: corn 18; wheat 14; soybean meal 18; barley 49; vitamin premix RCC-2 1.0. Mineral premixes were introduced into the feed composition (table 2).

Table 2. The recipe for vitamin and mineral premix PKR-2 (g / kg mixture) Components No. 1 Vitamins: A, million IU 1,5 D, million ME 0.2 E, g 1,0 Trace elements: Iron sulfate (FeSO ₄ 7H ₂ O) 12.82 Manganese Sulfate (MnSO ₄ 5H ₂ O) 22,725 Zinc sulfate (ZnSO ₄ 7H ₂ O) 17.62 Copper sulfate (CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O) 4.23 Cobalt carbonate basic 0.2222 Potassium Iodide (KI) 0.1328 Sodium Selenite (Na ₂ Se ₂ O ₄ ) 0,02201 Magnesium Oxide - MgO 2.47 Santokhin 0.5 Wheat bran up to 1000 g

Group I calves received the main diet and mineral premix No. 1 (dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium oxide, copper, zinc, manganese, potassium iodide stabilized by zeolites (patent No. 2038028, 1995), but without additives of selenium. Group II - the main diet and mineral premix No. 2, which included sodium selenide (inorganic form of selenium), group III — the main diet and mineral premix No. 3, which included DAFS 25 (organic form of selenium), group IV — the main diet and mineral premix No. 4 , which included Sel-Plex (organ ischemic form of selenium.) Group V received the main diet and standard mineral premix No. 5 for calves with potassium iodide, stabilized with sodium bicarbonate, but without additives of selenium, which is widely used in cattle breeding, and animals of group VI received standard vitamin-mineral premix PKR-2 without additives of selenium, which is used in industrial complexes, all 6 groups received the same amount of vitamins A, D, E, Ca, P and sodium.

Mineral premixes were given to animals of groups I, II, III, IV and V daily according to the following scheme: the first two weeks of the experiment of the second month of life of the calves 7 g each, the next two weeks 14 g each, the third month 21 g each, the fourth month 28 g each the fifth month of 35 g and the sixth month of 42 g 2 times a day, and group VI - premix No. 6, respectively 5, 8, 12, 16, 21, 25 g. This number of premixes was 3.5-4.0% of feed mass. The increase in live weight of calves was determined by monthly weighings and the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was taken into account.

The scheme of the experiment on calves 1-6 months of age.

I. gr. 2b + 2t. The main diet (OR) + experimental-mineral premix recipe No. 1 (OMP) with potassium iodide stabilized by zeolite without additives of selenium.

II. column 3b + 2t. OR + Recipe No. 2 (OMP) with potassium iodide stabilized by zeolite + sodium selenite (inorganic form of selenium).

III. column 2b + 2t. OR + recipe No. 3 (OMP) with potassium iodide stabilized by zeolite + DAFS-25 (organic form of selenium).

IV. column 2b + 2t. OR + recipe No. 4 (OMP) with potassium iodide stabilized by zeolite + Sel-Plex (organic form of selenium).

V. gr. 2b + 3t. OR + recipe No. 5 (standard mineral premix with potassium iodide), stabilized with sodium bicarbonate without additives of selenium.

VI. column 2b + 2t. RR + vitamin and mineral premix PKR-2 (as a part of compound feed by mass 1.0%) without selenium additives + premix recipe No. 6.

Note: The main ration in the stall period of calf rearing contained 0.093, and in the summer - 0.11 mg of selenium per 1 kg of dry matter of feed. The compounds used were included in the main diet at the rate of 0.15 mg selenium / kg feed.

The calf growth rate depended significantly on the method of preparation of the feed.

The largest increase in live weight was observed in animals of groups III and IV, respectively, 9.22%, 9.09% higher than in group I (P <0.05) and 3.64%, 3.52% than in group II ; (P> 0.05). In calves without additives of selenium (group I), the growth rate was significantly lower compared to groups II, III and IV (P <0.05), and the incidence of respiratory and digestive organs was 1.5-3 times higher.

Table 3. The growth rate and incidence of calves under various conditions of mineral nutrition. Indicators Groups Units rev. I II III IV V VI Number of calves Goal. four 5 four four 5 four Age at setting on experience month 38 39 38 36 37 40 Experience duration day 163 163 163 163 163 163 Live weight at the beginning of the experiment kg 54.47 ± 1.37 55.15 ± 1.23 54.84 ± 1.50 55.80 ± 0.66 55.31 ± 1.60 55.87 ± 1.46 Live weight when removed from experience kg 181.82 ± 1.16 189.38 ± 1.41 193.78 ± 2.45 194.71 ± 2.06 172.60 ± 3.55 175.73 ± 1.15 Live weight gain g / day 781 ± 14 823 ± 4.6 853 ± 21 852 ± 17 720 ± 16 735 ± 12 Number of diseases per experience: Respiratory Goal. 2 one 0 one 6 3 Gastrointestinal tract Goal. one one one 0 four 2 Total 3 2 one one 10 5

In calves that received standard mineral premix (consists of monocalcium phosphate, magnesium oxide, soda, sodium chloride, sulfates of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, potassium iodide) and premix PKR-2 (the mineral part includes sulfur, magnesium oxide, iron sulfates , copper, manganese, cobalt carbonate, potassium iodide, sodium selenite), the growth rate was very low, and the incidence was several times higher than in the first four groups (Table 3).

The intensity of hemoglobin synthesis in young farm animals is directly dependent on the availability of iron, as well as some other elements (cobalt copper).

The content of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells was within the physiological norm. In calves V and VI without additives of selenium in both age periods, a decrease in the number of these indicators was observed, more significantly in group V (Tables 4, 5). Experimental mineral premixes in calves of groups I, II, III, and IV did not contain iron sulfate additives, however, their positive effect on the amount of hemoglobin and the hematocrit value (erythrocyte volume in the blood) was significantly stronger compared to the basic and standard premixes. But the influence was greatest in the II, III, VI experimental groups.

In the universal mechanisms of regulation of almost all physiological functions of the body and pathophysiological processes in the animal organism, a significant place is given to the state of antioxidant homeostasis, which includes a multicomponent antioxidant system (AOD) and molecular products of free radical reactions. Glutathione peroxidase, which ensures the inactivation of peroxides of various nature, plays the leading role in the enzymatic link of the AOD system, and selenium, which forms the active center of this enzyme, plays the main role in the synthesis and activity of its various isoforms.

The content of selenium in the blood also depended on the method of preparation of the feed (Tables 4, 5). In calves of groups II, III and IV in both age periods, the concentration of selenium in the blood, as well as in hemoglobin, was the highest, especially in groups III and VI. Animals of groups II, III, and IV consumed an equal amount of selenium, however, the addition of this element against the background of the experimental premix was used more efficiently compared to the control group I, and much more significantly in calves of groups III and IV who received organic forms of selenium. In calves of groups III and IV, the selenium content in the blood was significantly higher by 49.38% (P <0.01) and 74.59% (P <0.01), respectively, which indicates a higher availability of selenium from its organic forms and effective use in the body of experimental groups of calves.

Table 4. Biochemical parameters of calf blood at various levels of mineral nutrition Indicators Groups Units rev. I II III IV V VI 3 months old Selenium mcg% 3.95 ± 0.017 5.44 ± 0.017 6.84 ± 0.057 6.93 ± 0.04 3.45 ± 0.03 3,55 ± 0,04 Glutathione Peroxidase μMG-SH / L × 10 ³ 9.96 ± 0.44 11.15 ± 0.23 11.30 ± 0.21 11.32 ± 0.11 9.12 ± 0.25 10.85 ± 0.15 Total protein g / l 65.8 ± 0.9 66.1 ± 0.8 67.2 ± 0.8 68.2 ± 1.8 64.2 ± 0.6 63.2 ± 1.0 Albumin % 39.95 ± 0.84 42.44 ± 0.66 43.86 ± 0.59 44.50 ± 0.46 40.11 ± 0.47 39.84 ± 0.74 α-globulins % 20.64 ± 0.47 17.45 ± 0.34 15.79 ± 0.24 14.79 ± 0.46 19.58 ± 0.36 20.28 ± 0.99 β-globulins % 17.90 ± 1.34 16.81 ± 0.46 14.69 ± 0.49 14.67 ± 0.21 18.53 ± 0.58 18.74 ± 0.76 gamma globulins % 21.52 ± 0.59 23.30 ± 0.66 25.66 ± 0.41 26.04 ± 0.25 21.87 ± 0.40 21.14 ± 0.35 Hemoglobin g / l 92.6 ± 4.0 93.2 ± 3.5 96.3 ± 5.4 95.7 ± 6.2 90.4 ± 2.7 91.0 ± 2.3 Red blood cells 10 ¹² / l 6.75 ± 0.18 6.94 ± 0.10 7.24 ± 0.14 7.10 ± 0.17 6.80 ± 0.18 6.65 ± 0.10 White blood cells 10 ⁹ / l 5.90 ± 4.0 5.87 ± 0.07 5.66 ± 0.16 5.72 ± 0.19 5.85 ± 0.11 5.61 ± 0.15 Hematocrit % 34.5 ± 0.8 35.0 ± 0.8 35.0 ± 0.9 35.0 ± 0.6 34.0 ± 0.9 34.2 ± 0.6

Group I calves received diets without selenium supplements; however, against this background, zeolites helped maintain a higher level of selenium in the blood compared to group V calves with a basic premix. In calves treated with the vitamin-mineral premix PKR-2, the selenium concentration at the end of the experiment was higher compared to groups I and V by 13.28% and 26.38, respectively (P <0.01).

The results of the study showed that the conditions of selenium and mineral nutrition had a significant effect on the activity of the selenium-dependent enzyme glutathione peroxidase. As can be seen from table 4, 5,

Table 5. Biochemical parameters of calf blood at various levels of mineral nutrition Indicators Groups Units rev. I II III IV V VI At the age of 6 months Selenium mcg% 4.82 ± 0.042 7.20 ± 0.011 8.56 ± 0.031 8.42 ± 0.068 4.32 ± 0.15 5.46 ± 0.23 Glutathione Peroxidase μMG-SH / L × 10 ³ 11.85 ± 0.20 13.16 ± 0.15 14.46 ± 0.24 14.70 ± 0.31 11.49 ± 0.09 12.56 ± 0.15 Total protein g / l 76.6 ± 0.4 81.8 ± 0.66 83.10 ± 0.45 83.50 ± 0.85 72.8 ± 0.35 73.1 ± 0.60 Albumin % 43.02 ± 0.30 45.19 ± 0.56 45.19 ± 0.72 44.10 ± 0.27 42.38 ± 0.46 42.07 ± 0.42 α-globulins % 16.38 ± 0.64 13.64 ± 0.45 12.86 ± 0.35 13.78 ± 0.36 19.14 ± 0.28 16.85 ± 0.41 β-globulins % 15.36 ± 0.40 12.97 ± 0.73 11.10 ± 0.31 11.48 ± 0.61 14.31 ± 0.56 13.87 ± 0.61 gamma globulins % 25.24 ± 0.65 29.33 ± 0.27 30.85 ± 0.43 30.64 ± 0.38 24.17 ± 0.44 27.21 ± 0.28 Hemoglobin g / l 110.2 ± 2.0 114.8 ± 3.3 120.5 ± 1.1 118.5 ± 1.1 96.4 ± 1.8 98.2 ± 1.1 Red blood cells 10 ¹² / l 7.13 ± 0.08 7.35 ± 0.04 7.45 ± 0.04 7.47 ± 0.03 7.09 ± 0.05 6.80 ± 0.11 White blood cells 10 ⁹ / l 6.15 ± 0.09 6.09 ± 0.13 6.20 ± 0.11 6.16 ± 0.12 6.06 ± 0.14 5.94 ± 0.07 Hematocrit % 42.5 ± 0.8 42.7 ± 0.6 43.5 ± 0.8 43.3 ± 0.9 38.7 ± 1.4 37.0 ± 0.7

that in calves of groups II, III and IV in both age periods, the activity of glutathione peroxidase was higher and much more significant by the end of the experiment compared with group I, respectively, by 11.05% (P <0.05), 22.02% (P < 0.01), 24.05% (P <0.01), which indicates an increase in the antioxidant defense of the body of calves treated with selenium supplements. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in calves of groups III and IV was also significantly higher compared with the experimental group II, which indicates a more efficient use of organic forms of selenium in the body of calves.

Proteins in the animal body perform a variety of life functions, including homeostatic, protective, transport, plastic, enzymatic. A number of proteins perform a hormonal function (insulin, corticotropin).

The research results show that in calves of groups II, III and IV at the end of the experiment, the total protein content was higher by 6.93% (P <0.001), 8.48% (P <0.01), 9.0%, respectively ( P <0.01) compared with the control group I, and in calves of groups V and VI it is lower by 4.97% (P> 0.05) and 4.54% (P> 0.05), (table. 5).

Analyzing the data (Table 5) on the effect of various forms of selenium against the background of zeolites on globulin fractions, it can be seen that in the calves of groups II, III and IV at the end of the experiment, the content of γ-globulins was higher by 15.80%, respectively (P <0.01 ), 21.01% (P <0.01) and 19.77% (P <0.01) compared with the control group I. The difference between the II, III and IV groups was also significant (P <0.01), and between the I and V, VI groups - unreliable, which indicates the positive effect of selenium supplements in the composition of OMP on the immune status of calves. But a more significant and significant influence was exerted by organic forms of selenium.

Thus, the proposed mineral premix, consisting of dicalcium phosphate, magnesium oxide, sodium chloride, natural zeolites, copper sulfate, zinc, manganese, cobalt carbonate, potassium iodide (in the form of zeode iodine) and selenium (in its organic form DAFS 25), contributes an increase in live weight of calves, respectively, by 9.22%, a decrease in the incidence of digestive and respiratory organs by 3 times, increases the blood content of hemoglobin by 8.9%, selenium by 49.38%, the activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase by 22.02%, total protein and γ-globulins respectively governmental - to 8.48% ,; 21.01%, compared with the prototype (with the I control group), and compared with the basic mineral premix (with an analog), respectively - by 18.47%, - 10 times, - by 25%; 98.15%; 25.85%; 14.14%; 27.63%. It also increases the antioxidant and immune status of calves. In addition, the proposed experienced mineral premix is economically advantageous in comparison with the prototype.

Sources of information used in the examination:

1. Antonov V.A., Radionov T.N., Gerashchenko T.S. The use of organo-selenium preparations DAFS 25 in animal husbandry. The first congress of veterinary pharmacologists of Russia. Materials of the congress. - Voronezh, 2007 .-- S.159-161.

2. Recommendations for mineral nutrition of agricultural animals. M .: Agropromizdat, 1985, 41 p.

3. Patent No. 20380028. Kl. A23K 1/175. Authors: Kuznetsov S.G., Aliev A.A. Publ. 1995 year

4. Khokhrin S.N. Feeding farm animals. Textbook. SPb: 2004, - 371 s.

5. Khokhrin S.N. Feeding cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Reference manual. SPb: 2004, - 452 s.

Claims (1)

A method of feeding calves 1-6 months of age, which includes introducing into the diet a mineral premix containing 304.5 g of dicalcium phosphate, 75.5 g of magnesium oxide, 304.5 g of sodium chloride, 304.5 g of natural zeolites, 1.70 g of sulfate copper, 4.40 g of zinc sulphate, 4.79 g of manganese sulphate, 0.07 g of basic cobalt carbon dioxide, 0.02 g of potassium iodide in the form of zeolite stabilized potassium iodide, in an amount of 0.26 g and 0.014 g of DAPS 25 and introduced it in the composition of the feed in the amount of 3.5-4.5 wt.%.