RU2381982C2 - Device to evacuate people from high blocks in fire - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport.

SUBSTANCE: proposed device comprises rescue elevators representing floating carcass-type multi-floor structure with one or two floor-high platforms furnished with light guards at platform upper part and pontoon-type at platform bottom party. Floating elevators are arranged in initial (stand-by) position on water column surface in upper sections of evacuation shafts, which feature, in compliance with floating elevators, square, round or oval horizontal cross section. Said evacuation shafts are made from metal and/or high-strength watertight concrete with lined inner surface and are divided into sections with height equal to 5 to 15 high block floors by shut-off diaphragms that do not obstruct floating elevator travel in open state. Note here that gap between evacuation shaft inner walls and pontoon walls varies from 150 to 300 mm.

EFFECT: higher efficiency of rescue operations.

3 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods and devices for the evacuation of people during fires in high-rise buildings and structures, and is intended to save people during fires, as well as to increase the fire safety of high-rise, multi-storey buildings and structures.

Fires in high-rise, multi-storey buildings and structures are one of the key modern problems of human security. With an increase in the number of storeys of buildings, according to statistics, 1 fire in a building is higher than 25 floors, causes 3-4 times more victims / than a fire in a building of 9-16 floors, as the number of floors increases, the number of victims usually increases due to the fact that half of the residents in a building more than 100 m high, they cannot be evacuated in time due to traditional problems (moving along corridors, stairs in cramped conditions, the presence of physical fatigue and weakness in a significant part of people, panic).

The number of high-rise buildings and skyscrapers in the world is growing rapidly - in 2006 their number, according to Emporis Buiediuys, exceeded 110,000, and the number of storeys, for example, the tallest skyscraper under construction in Dubai, UAE, will be 162 floors, while its height will exceed 800 m / one/.

In Russia, in recent years, high-rise construction in Moscow has been developing particularly intensively. The city government adopted the program “The New Ring of Moscow”, according to which 60 complexes will be built along the third transport ring of the city, including about 200 skyscrapers with a height of 35-50 floors.

The intensive development of high-rise construction in Moscow led to the preparation and approval by the Moscow Government at the end of 2005 of “Temporary Standards and Rules for the Design of Multifunctional High-Rise Buildings and Complexes in Moscow, MGSN 4.19-2005”. The greatest attention in this document (about a third of the volume) is given to the problem of fire safety. This is understandable, since Russia even without Moscow’s skyscrapers ranks first in terms of mortality in fires in Eastern Europe, terrified by the representatives of the World Center for Fire Statistics / 2 /.

According to experts involved in evacuation during fires in high-rise and multi-storey buildings: “today all high-rise buildings and skyscrapers are not equipped with means capable of providing a massive, safe and comfortable evacuation of people in the event of a major fire” / 3 /.

The current level of technology for understanding the essence of the invention with a description of methods and devices for evacuation from high-rise buildings is given in / 4-5 /. Analysis of known technical solutions is depressing. Even for a physically trained person, it is very difficult to use widely advertised life-saving equipment when evacuating people through the external (facade) planes of buildings - free-fall jump devices, rope-descent and hose devices, as well as others, including the “Disposable Elevator” / 4 /.

Children, elderly people, people with disabilities and other sedentary groups of the population today are the first to die in the conditions of fires in high-rise and multi-storey buildings, and in practice, as well as healthy people, they cannot often use all known methods and devices for evacuation in case of fire.

According to foreign researchers, even healthy people experience fatigue after five minutes of descending the stairs, and when descending from 15-16 floors they “suffer from fatigue”, let alone a quick descent in cramped conditions from some 35-40 floors. Extremely important is the maximum density of the human flow on the stairs while evacuating people from all floors, which should be no more than 4 people / m ² in order to avoid crowding and casualties.

In Russia, according to statistics, every year more than 20,000 thousand people die from fires. In all cases, the evacuation of stairs during a fire is a very long-term and complex, difficult to organize process in high-rise, multi-storey buildings and structures.

To summarize the analysis of the level of technology for solving the problem of evacuation from high-rise and high-rise buildings during fires, especially after the well-known catastrophe with high-rise buildings of the International Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001, leading experts from the USA and Europe consider that it is advisable to use elevators for evacuation people and the need to search for relevant technical solutions.

Closest to the proposed technical solution is a widely advertised and protected by dozens of patents in different countries, but not yet practically applied, the system for servicing high-rise buildings, called by its main author - P.K. Korchagin, “ARC System”, recommended for rapid evacuation from high-rise and multi-storey buildings in case of fire / 3 /.

The essence of the proposed system is the vertical installation of steel rails and masts on the facades of buildings for moving elevator analogues on them - self-propelled elevator units in the form of rectangular cabs, with which it is proposed to evacuate people through window openings in such cabs and then down along the facade . The authors of the development provide for the transportation of large groups of people the placement of large self-propelled blocks (ARCor) on several rail rails located on the entire facade of the building along its length.

The sufficient engineering complexity of such a system and its transfer to the building facade, at a considerable cost - $ 18.100.000 per 24-story building / 4 /, significantly complicate its development and distribution.

The authors of the development, as an advantage of the proposed solution, indicate that in the event of a fire in a high-rise building, people above 23-25 floors, i.e. in an area inaccessible to fire escape ladders and articulated lifts of rescuers, inside the building are doomed, because smoke and fire cover the entire area of the building at this level, while destroying utilities and, in particular, smoking and putting elevators out of operation.

However, the ideal option to save people from the fire, of course, would be to evacuate them using elevators, but located in the usual places inside the buildings. Only in this case, the evacuation of people can be effective - safe, massive, comfortable, and also accessible for people with disabilities: elderly citizens, people with disabilities, children, pregnant women.

To use elevators for evacuating citizens in case of fire, several problems need to be solved:

1. Elevators and elevator shafts must be absolutely non-combustible, fireproof for a long time (at least 4 hours) and inaccessible to flame and smoke when people are in them;

2. The movement of elevators with evacuated people should not be connected with ordinary cable hoisting mechanisms, easily vulnerable, not reliable enough, dependent on energy supply and ordinary mechanical traction;

3. The fall of elevators should be excluded in all cases;

4. The lifting capacity of the elevators should be high enough to accommodate at least about a hundred people evacuating simultaneously from the nearest floors of a high-rise building;

5. Elevators must be able to move together with the evacuated people down to any floor during a fire, even in conditions of complete lack of power supply;

6. The space in the elevator shafts, above and below the elevators must be inaccessible to fire, smoke and fire resistant;

None of the known types of elevators in the world meets the above requirements, despite the presence of a wide variety of technical solutions / 6 /.

However, the promising use of elevators in tall and multi-storey buildings and structures for evacuating people during fires, and accessibility for all groups of the population, including children, people with disabilities, and people with limited mobility, explain the growing interest in evacuating people with elevators.

The aim of the invention is a device for the rapid evacuation of people, including children, people with disabilities and sedentary groups, during fires in high-rise, multi-storey buildings and structures (television and other towers, towers, etc.), as well as effective fire fighting and security fire safety.

The main idea of the invention is to provide a device for evacuation in case of fires using water columns for transportation during evacuation, supporting special rescue lifts with people floating in evacuation shafts, built into one or several building stiffeners, separately or together with the rest of the elevators and fully corresponding to the above requirements 1-6.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the device for evacuating people during fires in high-rise buildings and structures, including rescue elevators and elevator evacuation shafts located in one or more shafts, which are the stiffness cores of buildings or structures, with floor openings in the walls of shafts, rescue elevators are made in the form of a floating frame multi-storey structure with one or two platforms to the height of the floor, with protective light guards in the upper part and in the form of a pontoon in the lower part, floating elevators are located in the initial, being on duty, position on the surface of water columns in the upper compartments of the evacuation shafts, which respectively have floating elevators have a rectangular, square, round or oval horizontal section; elevator evacuation shafts are made of metal and / or high-strength waterproof concrete with a possible lining of the inner surface with polymer lining and are divided into compartments 5-15 floors high of a tall building or structure with locking diaphragms that do not impede the passage of floating elevators in the maximum open state, while there is a gap between the inner walls of the evacuation shafts and the walls of the pontoons are selected within 150-300 mm, the inner walls of the shafts are equipped with vertical guides in the form of steel profiles whether the tire made of the elastic material or filled with air, with a width equal to half the size of the gap, and the floor openings in the walls of mines fitted with airtight doors retract. In addition, the compartments of neighboring evacuation lift shafts are connected to each other by water conduits with locking diaphragms, and the water columns in the compartments of the evacuation shafts, which are in the initial, on-duty position, are connected with the routing of fire extinguishing pipelines.

As an example of the implementation of the proposed technical solution, its implementation on the high-rise building shown in Fig. 1 is shown.

The building is made in a frame structure, including a foundation 1, a central rigidity shaft 2, supporting platforms 3, as well as columns of pipe concrete 4 around the periphery and perimeter of the building, enclosing the outer walls 5, as well as reinforced every three floors of the floor, in Fig. 1 highlighted hatching.

The high-rise building presented as an example in terms of 48 × 40 m includes 65 floors, consisting of 3 sections, each of 21 floors, separated by supporting platforms - technical floors 3, designed as fireproof areas for evacuating people in case of fire. The indicated technical floors are made in accordance with MGSN 4.19-05. Appendix 14.4, taking into account the possibility of stopping rescue floating elevators in them and placing, if necessary, several hundred people in each technical floor.

In the central trunk of the building in the evacuation shaft, the starting position is the rescue floating elevator 6 with pontoon 7, on the surface of the water column 8, in the upper compartment of the evacuation shaft, separated by a diaphragm 9 with an adjustable section from the lower compartment. The arrows in the mines show the ways of moving water from the upper compartment A to the lower B, C, D, D, E, C with the possible discharge of water from compartment C into the outlet conduits in the foundation structure of the building.

In the Central trunk of the building (figure 2) are elevator shafts. For example, the central trunk size is 16.5 × 8.5 (in the light). Figure 2 shows the floor plan of the building with a central stiffness barrel 2, stiffness diaphragms in the form of rectangular reinforced concrete walls 10, columns of pipe concrete 4 and an outer wall 5.

In the central trunk of the building (figure 2) are two evacuation shafts 11 with two rescue floating lifts 12, two freight (fire) lifts 13, two channels for utilities 14, six ordinary lifts 15 and two lifts for the disabled 16. Two stairwells 17 are in alignment of diaphragms of rigidity.

Rescue floating elevators (Fig. 3) are made in the form of a multi-storey metal structure 18, mounted on a pontoon base 19 with a displacement corresponding to the required carrying capacity of up to several hundred people at the same time and made with platforms 20 located on the floor or in two levels of the same height on the floors buildings for transporting evacuated people; with safety barriers 21 and stairs for moving inside the elevator from platform to platform (not shown in FIG. 3).

In order to better move the floating elevator in the shaft 2 on the surface of the water column 8, the inner walls of the evacuation shafts have guides 22 in the form of steel profiles.

The capacity and carrying capacity of rescue floating elevators 6 is calculated based on the following initial data:

- the capacity of people during evacuation, which we determined experimentally, is 7 people per 1 m ² of elevator surface;

- the average weight of one person is 70 kg. For the floating elevator shown in FIG. 3, the total capacity will be:

8 m ² × 8 people × 4 square = 256 people

The weight of the rescue floating elevator made of metal is estimated at 2.5 tons. The weight of the evacuees is

256 people × 70 kg = 17920 ~ 18 t.

Thus, the necessary lifting capacity of the elevator to ensure its buoyancy should be at least 20 tons.

Hence, the volume of the pontoon in the lower part of the elevator will be 20 m ³ , and its dimensions are 2 m × 8 m × 1.25 m.

For a high-rise building, shown in the example and including two 4-story elevators, the number of evacuated people for one lowering of floating elevators will be:

256 × 2 = 512 people

If it is necessary to increase the number of evacuated people, it is possible not only to increase the number of storeys of floating elevators, but also to divide, as mentioned above, the height in the floating elevator in half, which is acceptable for high-rise buildings in which the height of the floors is 3.6-4.6 m. in this case, floating elevators can be made in half with support platforms divided in height, without interference for tall people.

Then the number of people evacuated in one lowering of two 4-section double-decker floating elevators can be:

512 × 2 = 1024 people

The necessary lifting capacity of each such elevator can be provided by increasing the dimensions of the airtight pallet up to 40 m ³ , in this case, its dimensions in the evacuation shaft of a tall building according to the considered example will be:

2 m × 8 m × 2.5 m (height).

It is advisable to choose the dimensions of the horizontal section of the pontoon and the dimensions of the elevator platforms, taking into account the creation of a gap between the vertical walls of the pontoons and the walls of the evacuation shafts within 150-300 mm, since an increase in the size of the gap more than 300 mm can cause people to fall into the mentioned gap, and a decrease in the gap 150 mm can impede the movement of a floating elevator. In addition, to prevent jamming of the floating elevator in the evacuation shaft along the perimeter of the inner surface of the evacuation shaft, it is planned to install vertical guides in the form of steel profiles or tires made of elastic materials or filled with air with a width of half the gap between the walls of the pallet and the evacuation shaft.

According to the proposed technical solution, the evacuation shafts are in themselves isolated safety zones, in which, when excess air pressure is provided, fumes and combustion products will never get in, i.e. evacuated people can get temporary shelter in the evacuation mines themselves, being in floating elevators with normal air supply, easily equipped with lighting, drinking water tanks, first aid equipment, oxygen masks, etc. means for waiting for the time to extinguish the fire.

The evacuation of people during fires from high-rise buildings using the inventive device (Fig.1-3), in particular for the given example of a high-rise building, is as follows. In the event of a fire, for example, on the 36th floor of a high-rise building and the inadequacy of the use of various fire extinguishing systems, rescue floating elevators located in the initial (standby) position on the 62-65 floors of the building (Fig. 1) begin to descend down the evacuation (two in the proposed example) to mines by sequentially opening first the diaphragms of zone A, then B, and then B with the column of water in the mines resting on the diaphragms of compartment G. Figure 4 shows the intermediate position of the rescue floating elevator and water columns while driving eniya elevator down and designated floors of a tall building in the upper part.

Accordingly, lowering the water level, floating elevators from the starting position at 62-65 floors (Fig. 1) are lowered by flowing the required volume of water, regulated by the diaphragms A, B and C, down 36 floors (the height of lowering the elevators will be about 140 m), c within 3-5 minutes. The position of the rescue floating elevators on the water column, resting on the closed lower diaphragm of compartment G, will allow people to be evacuated from 34, 35, 36 and 37 floors (Fig. 5). Immediately after opening the doors in the floor openings of the indicated floors, air must be supplied to the evacuation shafts in order to create its excess pressure in the shafts so that when people land in the rescue floating elevators and smoke and combustion products do not enter the evacuation shafts before closing the floor openings.

People in closed evacuation mines are protected from the effects of fire and combustion products and in the amount of up to 500-1000 people. may remain for the time of extinguishing the fire inside the evacuation shafts. If necessary, in the event of a fire, the rescue elevators are moved down the evacuation shafts from the upper compartments, the elevators stop at the specified place by the dispatcher of the fire safety point of a high-rise building to evacuate people or to the safety zone in the form of a technical floor (Fig. 6) or are lowered floating elevators to the bottom of the skyscraper for people to exit the building.

Also very important is the ability to effectively use the significant amount of water located in the upper part of a high-rise building according to the invention for fighting fires at an early stage by quickly extinguishing possible fires (floor, apartment, office), providing water to the sprinkler systems, creating water curtains inside buildings and facades, including in case of failure of water supply systems by electric pumps, as well as all fire water supply systems. This possibility of using conventional water pipes solves the problems associated with the use of highly unsafe high-pressure pipelines for fire water pipelines, characterized by high pressure - up to 15-20 atm, the breakthrough of which can cause significant damage / 7 /.

Special technical conditions, in accordance with the existing requirements for the fire protection of high-rise buildings, require that the volume of the water tank be up to 65 m ³ , which provides 10 minutes for the fire water supply systems to work. Several hundred cubic meters of water in the upper part of a high-rise building or structure according to the invention (replenishment of water due to rainfall and snowmelt is possible) may allow us to reconsider the whole modern ideology of fire fighting and fire control through the use of water pressure - not pressure under the action of pumps, depending on the power supply, and the natural pressure of the water column in the compartments of the evacuation shafts, its regulated quantity, with the possibility of quick supply to the specified high-rise places nyh volumes of water are not-limited performance of the pump and, respectively, a radical reduction of work time extinguishing systems - from 3 hours to regulatory 20-30 minutes at each point in a tall building, for any embodiment, fire.

At the same time, ordinary fire stations with large vehicles, their limited height ladders, small water supplies and high-pressure hoses, traffic jams on roads and high-rise buildings, difficulties for accessing buildings will become an anachronism for high-rise buildings, and fire fighting will be carried out by a couple of specialists - duty officers at a high-rise fire station armed with modern video, computer equipment, a system of sensors, water supply regulators and other automatics, especially since MGSN4.19-05 provides ie mandatory Appendix 13.2 creation in every high-rise building central control building security systems (p.p.13.2.48).

When using the present invention, it must be borne in mind that it can simultaneously solve several important problems. Thus, the location of water columns in the upper compartments of the evacuation shafts has a positive effect on the stability of high-rise buildings and structures in terms of damping and compensation of constant wind and rare seismic effects, which swing and oscillate the upper part of the box of a high-rise building, since the mass of water columns is several hundred tons, in particular, for the given example, the volume of water will be about 380 m ³ , i.e. about 380 tons. As you know, increasing damping is one of the most effective methods of suppressing aerodynamic and seismic instability.

To solve the problem of extinguishing wind and seismic effects that cause swaying and vibration of high-rise buildings and structures, designers use various technical methods, which include placing loads of significant mass in the upper part of the skyscrapers. So, during the construction of the Taipei 101 Tower skyscraper (Taiwan), built in a seismically active seven-point zone and a wind force of up to 200 km / h, a steel ball is suspended inside the skyscraper between the 88th and 92nd floors - a vibration damper weighing 635 t / 8 /. The use of water according to the invention as a liquid damper-damper is more efficient, in addition, it is possible to easily control the mass of water and its height in the mines.

The economic effect of implementing a new approach to evacuating people and fighting fires in skyscrapers can hardly be overestimated, solving the main task of preserving the lives of people and the safety of unique buildings and complexes. The current state of world and Russian technology is quite sufficient to put into practice the proposed advanced frame architectural and construction systems, simple technologies and devices that are energy-efficient, reliable and efficient today in the construction and operation of high-rise, multi-story buildings and structures.

Information sources

1. V. Bremner. Demand for super-heights in Asian countries // High-rise buildings. - 2007. - No. 4. - S.20-21.

2. T. Wilmot, T. Peix. Horrific mortality rates during fires in Eastern Europe // Fire and explosion safety. - 2003. - No. 1. - S.17-18.

3. P.V. Korchagin. The future of high-rise construction. The ADK system is the basis of the concept of “smart skyscraper” // Global Security. - 2007. - No. 1. - p. 38-51.

4. V. Postnov, S. Orishchenko, Y. Shevchenko. Providing emergency evacuation of people from high-rise buildings. Project “Disposable Elevator” // Construction Engineering. - 2006. - No. 8. - S. 56-64.

5. S.V. Tripolskaya, G.P. Shutov. The device for emergency evacuation from high-rise buildings "Double exit" ("Doubl Exit") // Construction safety. - 2007. - No. 3. - S.64-65.

6. N. Surinova. Unique elevators of the world // Construction Technology. - 2005. - No. 7. - S. 102-105.

7. O. Dolgoshcheva. Design features of engineering support systems for high-rise multifunctional complexes and their safe operation // High-rise buildings. - 2007. - No. 2. - S. 58-65.

8. MICHEL W.50. Ten leaders. // Tall buildings. - 2007. - No. 3. - S.90-97.

Claims (3)

1. A device for evacuating people during fires in high-rise buildings and structures, including rescue elevators and lift evacuation shafts located in one or more shafts, which are the stiffness cores of buildings or structures with floor openings in the walls of the shafts, characterized in that the rescue lifts are made in in the form of a floating frame multi-storey structure, with one or two platforms to the floor height, with protective light barriers - in the upper part and in the form of a pontoon - in the lower part, while floating elevators are located laid in the original, being on duty, position on the surface of water columns in the upper compartments of the evacuation shafts, which respectively have floating elevators, have a rectangular, square, round or oval horizontal section, elevator evacuation shafts are made of metal and / or high-strength waterproof concrete with a possible lining of the inner surface polymer lining and divided into compartments with a height of 5-15 floors of a high-rise building or structure with locking diaphragms that do not interfere in the maximum open the state of passage of floating elevators, while the gap between the inner walls of the evacuation shafts and the walls of the pontoons is selected within 150-300 mm, the inner walls of the shafts are equipped with vertical guides in the form of steel profiles or tires made of elastic materials or filled with air with a width equal to half the gap, and floor openings in the walls of the mines are equipped with hermetic sliding doors. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the compartments of adjacent evacuation lift shafts are connected to each other by water conduits with locking diaphragms. 3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the water columns in the compartments of the evacuation shafts that are in the initial position, which are on duty, are connected with the wiring of the fire fighting pipelines.

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