RU2349072C1 - Top-dressing method for fall wheat - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and may be used for the fall wheat crop-producing power increasing. The method includes treatment of vegetative plants with mineral fertiliser solutions consisting of chemical substances with nutrient elements such as boron, iron, potassium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, iodine, cobalt, sulfur, aluminium, tin and strontium. The weight of each chemical substance to be used for mineral fertiliser solution preparation is defined to the standard weight of separate mineral fertiliser being in 100 g of the fall wheat and according to the formula:

where: m(S) - weight of the chemical substance (S) included into the fertiliser weight and having one nutrient element (E); M_r(S) - relative molecular mass of the chemical substance (S) to be defined to the Mendeleev Table based on the chemical formula of the substance; m'(E) - weight of separate nutrient elements (E) in 100 grams of the grains expressed in grams; A_r(E) - relative atomic weight of the nutrient element (E) included into the chemical substance (S). After that, the mineral fertiliser solution containing all calculated chemical substances is prepared. The mixture of electro activated water - catholyte and tap water at 1:5 ratio with pH=8-9 is used as the solvent of chemical substances. The final solution of mineral fertilisers at 0.0686÷0.1% concentrations is used for the fall wheat crops treatment at the flow rate 100-300 l per 1 hectare of the crops.

EFFECT: increase of fall wheat crop-producing power due to nutrient fertilizer solution optimisation for top dressing.

2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to increase the productivity of grain of winter wheat.

Root and non-root top dressing is an important factor in the growth and development of plants, as well as increasing crop yields. Foliar feeding is justified by the fact that a single application of fertilizers in the soil in autumn or spring cannot provide the plant with all the nutrients it needs [1].

However, an insufficient number of trace elements in the nutrient medium, as follows from the literature [3], disrupts the metabolism and the course of physiological and biochemical processes, which affects the yield. Trace elements are an essential part of many enzymes that make up proteins, sugars, starch, and are involved in the synthesis of vitamins. The necessary and indispensable trace elements include: molybdenum, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, cobalt, their lack leads to lower yields and poor product quality [5].

A known method of processing cereals with calcium chloride, by accelerating the loading of grain, to increase productivity [7].

The disadvantage of this method is the use of one nutrient element, while plants need their complex.

Known means for foliar feeding of grain crops [8], involving the use of natural bischofite. The basis of this natural mineral is MgCl ₂ · 6H ₂ O in an amount of 87-99%. The composition of impurities includes KCl · MgCl ₂ · 6H ₂ About 0.1-6.5; CaSO ₄ 0.1-0.7; MnSO ₄ · 4H ₂ O 0.1-2.5; MnBr ₂ 0.45-0.95; NaCl 0.1-0.4, as well as trace elements vital for plants: B 0.002-0.8; Ca 0.003-0.005; Bi 0.0005-0.001; Mn 0.0005-0.001; Fe 0.003-0.03; Al 0.001-0.02; Ti 0.005-0.001; Cu 0.0001-0.003; Si 0.02-0.2; Ba 0.0001-0.0006; Sr 0.0001-0.03; Pb 0.0001-0.001; Cs 0.0001-0.001; Li 0.0001-0.0003. The natural bischofite solution has a total mineralization of 420-430 g / l; a bischofite solution of 4-6% is used.

It should be noted that a 4-6% bischofite solution was prepared using tap water. The yield increase was 3 kg / ha. This tool is the closest in technical essence to the claimed invention.

The disadvantage of this tool is that it does not take into account the need for micronutrients of wheat, as an individual culture, since bischofite is a natural solution with a certain qualitative and quantitative composition of elements.

It is logical to consider that the nutrient medium for foliar feeding of wheat should include all the elements that are part of its grain. Therefore, we propose the following composition of micronutrient fertilizers for foliar feeding of wheat, taking into account the content of chemical elements in the grain. Moreover, the degree of assimilation of trace elements by plants can largely depend on the properties of the water dissolving them. It is known that electrochemically activated water, catholyte, has an improved dissolving ability [9]. This alkaline water, which exhibits reducing properties, is an electron donor, and also plays the role of an antioxidant.

A known method of cultivating winter wheat, including soaking seeds in electroactivated water for 10 hours and planting seeds in the soil [9]. This method allows to increase the field germination of seeds and increase the yield of winter wheat by 20%.

However, this method is used for presowing treatment of seeds and in the literature there are no data on the use of electroactivated water in foliar feeding of plants.

The technical solution to the problem is to increase the yield of winter wheat by optimizing the composition of the fertilizer solution for foliar feeding.

The problem is achieved in that in the claimed method of foliar feeding of winter wheat, including the treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of mineral fertilizers consisting of chemicals containing nutrients: boron, iron, potassium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, iodine, cobalt , sulfur, aluminum, tin, strontium, according to the invention, the mass of each chemical substance from which a solution of mineral fertilizers is prepared is determined in accordance with the standard mass of individual nutrients in 100 g winter wheat according to the formula:

,

,

where m (B) is the mass of the chemical substance (B), which is part of the fertilizer and includes one of the nutrients (E);

M _r (B) - the relative molecular weight of the chemical substance (B), which is determined according to the table of D. I. Mendeleev, based on the chemical formula of the substance;

m '(E) - mass of individual nutrient elements (E) per 100 g of grain (reference data), expressed in grams;

And _r (E) is the relative atomic mass of the nutrient element (E) contained in the chemical substance (B),

and then a fertilizer solution is prepared containing all the calculated chemicals, and a mixture of electroactivated water (catholyte) with tap water in a ratio of 1: 5 (pH 8-9) and the resulting solution of mineral fertilizers with a concentration of 0 are used as a solvent for chemicals. 0686 ÷ 0.1% process winter wheat crops at a flow rate of 100-300 l per 1 ha of crops.

The novelty of the proposed proposal is due to the fact that for the formation of plant cells and any plant, the nutrient medium is provided with all the elements that are necessary to build these cells in the proportions that are observed in the chemical composition of the plant itself. Therefore, such a mass of nutrients is introduced into the aqueous fertilizer solution that it contains the necessary amount of trace elements in accordance with its content in wheat grain. Moreover, each substance is responsible for the introduction of one nutrient element in a certain amount.

And the novelty of the proposed proposal is due to the fact that the developed composition of fertilizers, including microelements, differs in specially selected concentrations for winter wheat, taking into account the chemical elemental composition of grain, and is prepared on a mixture of electroactivated water (catholyte) with tap water in a ratio of 1: 5 (pH 8- 9).

An example of a specific implementation of the method of foliar feeding of winter wheat.

Preparation of electrochemically activated water.

Electrochemical activation of water was carried out in a diaphragm electrolyzer-activator. The electrical part of the apparatus are electrodes with diodes that are connected to the network. The basis of the apparatus is a two-chamber cylindrical container. One of the electrodes is fixed in the inner chamber, the side walls of which are made of a material that acts as a semipermeable membrane that separates the anode (internal in this case) and cathode (external) areas of the apparatus. The inner and outer chambers are filled with tap water undergoing activation. When passing current, the membrane does not allow electrolysis products to mix. In the inner tank, the water is acidic (anolyte), in the outer - alkaline (catholyte). Electroactivated water was obtained with different pH values (acidic in the inner cup and alkaline in the outer one), depending on how long the apparatus was turned on. The catholyte had a pH of 11, and the anolyte had a pH of 2.4.

Preparation of a solution of mineral fertilizers.

The foliar feeding of vegetative plants of winter wheat is carried out with a solution of mineral fertilizers consisting of chemicals containing nutrients: boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, iron, potassium, zinc, nickel, iodine, cobalt, sulfur, aluminum, tin, strontium . In this case, the mass of each chemical substance from which a solution of mineral fertilizers is prepared is determined in accordance with the standard mass of individual nutrients in 100 g of winter wheat (literature data [2]) according to the formula:

,

,

where m (B) is the mass of the chemical substance (B), which is part of the fertilizer and includes one of the nutrients (E);

M _r (B) - the relative molecular weight of the chemical substance (B), which is determined according to the table of D. I. Mendeleev, based on the chemical formula of the substance;

m '(E) is the mass of individual nutrient elements (E) per 100 g of grain, taken from the table of the literature [2], expressed in grams;

A _r (E) is the relative atomic mass of the nutrient element (E) contained in the chemical substance (B).

Calculation on the example of iron sulfate FeSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O, necessary for the preparation of a fertilizer solution for the introduction of a nutrient Fe into it.

The initial data for the calculation:

The relative molecular weight of iron sulfate is M _r (FeSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O) = 282.

The relative atomic mass of the iron element is _Ar (Fe) = 56.

The mass of the iron element contained in 100 g of winter wheat m '(Fe) = 5.14 · 10 ^-3 g, according to the literature [2] (5410 μg = 5.14 · 10 ^-3 g).

Since the iron element Fe is located in 100 g of grain, it can be considered that the percentage of iron in the grain is 5.14 · 10 ^-3 wt.%.

We substitute the initial data into the above formula:

So, the resulting mass of iron sulfate is 25.88 · 10 ^-3 g and contains the element iron in mass percent, corresponding to the chemical elemental composition of wheat grain.

This mass of iron sulfate 25.88 · 10 ^-3 g is dissolved in water, bringing the volume of the solution to 100 ml.

Similarly, according to the above formula, the calculation of other chemicals with the necessary (other) nutrients (H ₃ BO ₃ , MnSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O, CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O, (NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ · 4H ₂ O , ZnSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O, NiSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O, KI, Co (NO ₃ ) ₂ · 6H ₂ O, Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ , SnCl ₂ · 2H ₂ O, Sr (NO ₃ ) ₂ ) . Then, a solution of mineral fertilizers is prepared, where all the calculated chemicals are dissolved in a mixture of electroactivated water (catholyte) with tap water in a ratio of 1: 5 (pH 8-9) and the solution volume is adjusted to 100 ml with the same mixture. The total concentration of dissolved substances in the fertilizer solution is 0.0686%.

The following is table 1, which shows the calculated and literature data used in the preparation of a fertilizer solution with the claimed trace elements in the required proportions.

Table 1 The content of chemicals and micronutrients in their composition in a fertilizer solution compared with the content of trace elements in winter wheat grain Formulas of chemicals with essential trace elements The content of chemicals in solution, wt.%, M (V) The content of trace elements in solution, wt.% The content of trace elements in 100 g of winter wheat mcg, m ' wt.% FeSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O 2.6 · 10 ^-2 Fe 5.1 · 10 ^-3 Fe 5140 5.14 · 10 ^-3 H ₃ IN ₃ 1.1 · 10 ^-3 AT 1.8 · 10 ^-4 AT 180 1.8 · 10 ^-4 MnSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O 1.8 · 10 ^-2 Mn 3.7 · 10 ^-3 Mn 3740 3.74 · 10 ^-3 CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O 1.6 · 10 ^-3 Cu 4.1 · 10 ^-4 Cu 410 4.1 · 10 ^-4 (NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ · 4H ₂ O 2.8 · 10 ^-4 Mo 2.2 · 10 ^-5 Mo 21.5 2.15 · 10 ^-5 ZnSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O 7.4 · 10 ^-3 Zn 2.6 · 10 ^-3 Zn 2610,0 2.6110 ^-3 NiSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O 1.6 · 10 ^-3 Ni 3.3 · 10 ^-5 Ni 33.3 3.33 · 10 ^-5 Ki 6.8 · 10 ^-5 I 5.2 · 10 ^-6 I 5.2 5.2 · 10 ^-6 Co (NO ₃ ) ₂ · 6H ₂ O 2.2 · 10 ^-5 With 4.4 · 10 ^-6 With 4.4 4.4 · 10 ^-6 Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ 1.2 · 10 ^-2 Al 1.5 · 10 ^-3 Al 1450 1.45 · 10 ^-3 SnCl ₂ · 2H ₂ O 6.3 · 10 ^-5 Sn 3.3 · 10 ^-5 Sn 33,4 3.34 · 10 ^-5 Sr (NO ₃ ) ₂ 5.5 · 10 ^-4 Sr 2.3 · 10 ^-4 Sr 232 2.32 · 10 ^-4

As can be seen from table 1, the content of trace elements in the fertilizer solution exactly corresponds to the content of these elements in the grain of winter wheat.

For field testing, a fertilizer solution of 100 l was prepared. At the same time, the technique of weighing very small amounts of nutrients was simplified, so instead of 2.6 · 10 ^-2 g of iron sulfate, calculated per 100 g of solution, 26 g per 100 kg (≈100 l) of solution were weighed. For convenience, a fertilizer concentrate was prepared in 1 liter of distilled water with a total concentration of 68.6 g / l (6.86 wt.%).

When preparing 100 l of nutrient working solution for processing plants, 1 l of a solution of trace elements with a concentration of 68.6 g / l is taken and 17 l of electroactivated water (catholyte) and 82 l of tap water are poured. The concentration of the nutrient working solution of fertilizers is 0.686 g / l or 0.0686 wt.%.

To identify the influence of the foliar top dressing that we developed on the productivity of the Delta winter wheat, field experiments were conducted on the experimental field of the Kuban training farm. The experiment was repeated three times. Agrotechnics of growing winter wheat was used, recommended for the conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory.

During the experiment, winter wheat crops were treated with a solution of trace elements in the tillering phase (in spring), plots treated with water served as control.

Scheme of experience:

1. Control.

2. A fertilizer solution with a total concentration of dissolved chemicals of 0.686 g / l. The composition of the aqueous nutrient medium included iron, boron, potassium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, iodine, cobalt, sulfur, aluminum, tin, strontium in specially selected concentrations, taking into account the characteristics of the chemical composition of this culture.

3. A fertilizer solution (identical to option 2) with a total concentration of dissolved chemicals of 0.686 g / l, prepared in a mixture of electroactivated water (catholyte) with tap water in a ratio of 1: 5 (pH 8-9).

The consumption of an aqueous solution of fertilizers is 300 l / ha.

Non-root top dressing had a positive effect on increasing the elements of the crop structure and yield of winter wheat (table 2).

table 2 The main elements of the crop structure and yield of winter wheat of the Delta variety, depending on the composition of the foliar application Option Number of productive Spike length, cm The number of grains in the ear, pcs Mass of 1000 grains, g The mass of grain per ear, g Grain productivity, kg / ha stems pcs / m ² spikelets, pcs one 501 20.3 7.7 29.7 39.3 1.17 53,4 2 511 25.5 7.8 31.9 40.9 1.34 63,4 3 530 23 8.1 35,2 42.0 1.48 73.8

When using foliar top dressings compared with the control, a larger number of productive stems remained (an increase of 5.8%), a larger number of spikelets and grains in the ear was formed, the mass of 1000 grains increased (by 6%), and the weight of the grain from the ear by 26%. All these changes have significantly affected the yield of winter wheat.

The use of developed foliar top dressings, where a mixture of electroactivated water (catholyte) with tap water in a ratio of 1: 5 was used as a nutrient solvent, allowed us to obtain an increase in the yield of winter wheat grain by 20.4 c / ha (38%), with the yield under control 53.4 kg / ha.

Information sources

1. Lebedeva L.A., Edemskaya N.L. Scientific principles of the fertilizer system with the basics of environmental agrochemistry. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow. Univ., 2005 - S. 43,222.

2. The chemical composition of food. Edited by Nesterin M.F., Skurikhina I.M. - M .: Food industry, 1979 - P.40.

3. Yakushkina N.I., Bakhtenko E.Yu. Plant Physiology: Textbook. for university students enrolled in the specialty 032400 "Biology" - M .: Humanities. ed. VLADOS Center, 2005-463 s. S.202-203.

4. Grodzinsky A.M., Grodzinsky D.M. A quick reference to plant physiology. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka. 1973 - p. 600. S.495.

5. Agricultural chemistry. / Ed. B.A. Yagodina. - M .: VO Agropromizdat, 1989 - S.194-201.

6. Muravin E.A. Agricultural chemistry: textbook. - Moscow: Kolos, 2004 - p. 384. S.43.

7. Copyright certificate No. 946484, А01N 59/06. The method of processing cereals. / Akhmetov P.P., Sh.Ya. Gilyazetdinov, I.A. Yakhin, N.G. Ramazanov, V.A. Vakhitov, R.F. Nusratullin, application. 12/26/80; publ. 07/30/82, bulletin No. 28.

8. Pat. 2120754 RF, A01N 59/06, C05D 5/00. Means for foliar feeding of grain crops. / T.A. Koroleva, M.N. Belitskaya, V.N. Maksyuta, V.V. Melikhov, V.A. Ermakov, - No. 97107368/13; application 05/06/97; publ. 10/27/98; Bull. No. 30.

9. Pat. 2246813 RF, А01С 1/00. The method of cultivation of winter wheat. / V.I. Pyndak, A.V. Yushkin. - application no. 2003105707/12; publ. 02/27/2005; Bull. No. 6.

Claims (1)

A method for foliar feeding of winter wheat, including the treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of mineral fertilizers consisting of chemicals containing nutrients: boron, iron, potassium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, nickel, iodine, cobalt, sulfur, aluminum, tin, strontium characterized in that the mass of each chemical substance from which a solution of mineral fertilizers is prepared is determined in accordance with the standard mass of individual nutrients in 100 g of winter wheat by the formula

,
where m (B) is the mass of the chemical substance (B), which is part of the fertilizer and includes one of the nutrients (E);
M _r (B) - the relative molecular weight of the chemical substance (B), which is determined according to the table of D. I. Mendeleev, based on the chemical formula of the substance;
m '(E) - mass of individual nutrient elements (E) per 100 g of grain, expressed in grams;
And _r (E) is the relative atomic mass of the nutrient element (E) contained in the chemical substance (B),
and then a fertilizer solution is prepared containing all the calculated chemicals, and a mixture of electroactivated water — catholyte with tap water in a ratio of 1: 5 with a pH of 8–9 and the resulting mineral fertilizer solution with a concentration of 0.0686–0, is used as a solvent for the chemicals. 1% process winter wheat crops at a flow rate of 100-300 l per 1 ha of crops.