RU2294078C2 - Method for supplying with moisture of seed germinating in soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, pre-sowing preparing of seeds.

SUBSTANCE: method involves coating each seed before it is introduced into frozen soil, said coating being made from water-tight material and being adapted for protecting of seed from soil moisture during early thaw periods; placing into enclosure carrier populated with microorganisms which lived in soil of field to be sown; connecting surface layer of seed-containing enclosure with surface layer of enclosure made from the same water-tight material and adapted for receiving of water stock in the form of ice piece, so as to form capsule; introducing end of yarn of hygroscopic material disposed within ice piece inside capsule into seed-containing enclosure. Center of gravity of capsule is disposed in lower part of enclosure having ice piece to provide for automatic orienting of capsule in space during introducing thereof into furrow, with seed-containing enclosure making top layer. Surface of ice piece enclosed in enclosure of water-tight material is covered with layer of hardened glycerin. Layer of mineral fertilizers is applied between glycerin layer and enclosure. Enclosures are made from paraffin.

EFFECT: provision for supplying of seed with moisture stock sufficient for germination of seed in dry warmed-up soil and development of sprouts in the absence of precipitation or irrigation.

4 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to crop production in the field of agriculture and, in particular, can be applied when growing spring crops in areas of so-called risky farming, where there is a high probability of death of seeds introduced into the soil after spring snowmelt, due to lack of moisture in the root layer in the period sprouting them, as well as after emergence in the absence of rainfall or irrigation of crops.

State of the art

Attempts to develop such agrotechnical methods for cultivating spring crops that would provide the most optimal conditions for seed germination have been known since ancient times. But at the same time, there was always a problem for farmers in choosing the timing of the introduction of seeds into the soil. When seeds are introduced into very moist, but not sufficiently warmed up soil in order to maximize the use of spring moisture for feeding seedlings, the farmer risks losing part of the seeds and the future crop due to the high probability of seedling death during return of cold weather and freezing of the soil. When seeds are introduced into well-warmed up soil, for their germination and normal development of seedlings, a sufficient amount of moisture in the root-inhabited layer must be present, but by this time moisture in the soil may be insufficient in the absence of rainfall or irrigation. One of the solutions to the problem of providing seeds with moisture is the method of winter sowing of agricultural, forest and ornamental crops [1], according to which the seeds should be applied in winter to furrows formed in frozen soil, followed by filling them with fine earth crumb and backfilling with a layer of snow. Seeds sown in this way should germinate after warming the soil at an earlier time in comparison with the dates in which the seeds germinate when they are added to the warm soil after spring snowmelt. However, under adverse weather conditions, when prolonged thaws alternate with the return of severe frosts, there is a risk of death of seeds introduced into the frozen soil, since when the soil is heated to the depth of seed placement during the thaw, they appear seedlings that are not adapted to survive when the thawed freezes the soil. The problem of protecting seeds introduced into frozen soil from early germination during prolonged thaws was solved by incorporating them into shells of waterproof material [2], however, even the possibility of using spring moisture reserves in the root layer of the soil completely created by this method is limited for a period of time which moisture evaporates under the influence of solar radiation and a dry wind, due to which seedlings can die in the absence of rainfall or watering.

Disclosure of invention

In order to provide each seed with the moisture reserve necessary for its germination in dry warm soil, as well as for the emergence of a shoot after it appears on the soil surface in the absence of rainfall or irrigation, it seems advisable to use the claimed method, according to which each seed before application to the soil processed in such a way as to obtain the capsule shown in the drawing. Inside the shell 1, made of a waterproof material, for example, paraffin, there is a pear-shaped ice 2. Separately from the casing 1, a casing 3 is placed, made of the same waterproof material as the casing 1, for example, paraffin. Inside the ice pack 2 is placed a tow 4 made of a material that absorbs water well, but does not lose its ability to withstand the breaking load of a calculated value, for example, of twisted hemp fibers. To cover the surface of the ice 2, a layer 5 is intended, made of a material that does not melt to a temperature of 18 degrees Celsius, for example, glycerol. Between the layer 5 and the shell 1, a layer 6 is placed, consisting of a mixture of mineral fertilizers required for the sprout vegetation, taking into account the presence of nutrients in the soil of the field for which the seed is prepared 7. Inside the shell 3 around the seed 7 is a carrier of microorganisms 8, for example, hardwood sawdust tree species. To include a supply of moisture in the waterproof shell 1, as well as for the manufacture of capsules intended for application in frozen soil, carry out, for example, the following technological operations.

1. Freeze the ice 2 by cooling the demountable mold into which water is preliminarily poured. Before cooling the mold into its open from above the part is lowered to the bottom of the tourniquet 4.

2. After the mold is opened, ice 2 is lifted by the upper part of tow 4 and transferred to the second position of the conveyor of known construction, where ice 2 is immersed in liquid glycerin having a melting point of about 19 ° C. When ice 2 is immersed in liquid glycerin on its surface, the first (inner) shell of the ice is formed from hardened glycerin 5 of the estimated thickness, which depends on the time spent on ice 2 in a container with liquid glycerin. After the formation of a layer of hardened glycerol 5, the ice 2 is removed from liquid glycerol and transferred to the third position of the conveyor, placed in a room with a constant temperature below 0 ° C.

3. At the third position of the conveyor, an ice machine 2, covered with a layer of hardened glycerin 5, suspended on the free part of the tow 4, is immersed in a mixture of powdered mineral fertilizers, brought to a suspension by adding water at a temperature of about 4 ° C. When the suspension comes into contact with ice 2, covered with a layer of hardened glycerol 5, cooled to a temperature below 0 ° C, a layer 6 of mineral fertilizers of calculated thickness is frozen on the glycerol layer. The thickness of the layer of mineral fertilizers depends on the need for one seed during the growing season, taking into account the presence of nutrients in the soil of the field for which the seed is prepared, and the layer thickness is controlled by the exposure time of ice floe 2 in suspension. After the process of freezing mineral fertilizers is completed, the ice 2 is removed from the suspension by lifting it by the tow 4 and transferred to the fourth position of the conveyor.

4. At the fourth position of the conveyor, ice 2, covered with a layer 5 of hardened glycerol and a layer 6 of a mixture of mineral fertilizers, is immersed in a bath with molten paraffin having a temperature of about 55 ° C. Upon contact of liquid paraffin with a layer 6 of a mixture of mineral fertilizers having a temperature below 0 ° C, a strong shell 1 of hardened paraffin is formed, after which the ice 2 is lifted above the bath with paraffin by the free part of the tow 4 and transferred to the fifth position of the conveyor.

5. At the fifth position of the conveyor, the tourniquet 4, frozen in ice 2, is separated from the remaining 2 parts of the tourniquet outside the ice, leaving the end protruding from the ice 2 to 0.01 m, which is intended to enter the shell 3 with seed 7. After that the ice 2 covered with layers 5 and 6, as well as with the outer shell 1, is placed over the shell 3 with seed 7 in such a position that the freely hanging end of the bundle 4 touches the shell 3. In this position, the paraffin shell 3 is briefly melted at the point where it touches the bundle 4 known methods for example, by introducing a heater tip, the temperature of which is controlled by the amount of energy consumed. Immediately after the heater tip is withdrawn from the shell 3, the hanging end of the bundle 4 is introduced into the crater created in this way by moving the shell 1 down until it contacts the surface of the shell 3.

Contacting paraffin shells 1 and 3 are heated around the perimeter of their contact by known methods in order to form a single capsule intended for application to frozen soil during sowing of seeds. Capsules are stored at a temperature below 0 ° C until applied to the soil. The pear-shaped form of the capsule has a center of mass in the lower part of the shell 1 with ice 2, which is why the shell 3 with the seed 7 occupies a position higher than the shell 1 when the capsule is inserted into the furrow cut through the soil with a seeder of known design [1]. The technology of presowing treatment of seeds described above can be modified due to the use of new materials for capsule shells that were not known at the time of filing this application for the invention, however, the principle of protection of each seed prior to application to the soil will remain unchanged, namely that it is covered with a shell made of a waterproof material designed to prevent soil moisture from entering the seed during the early thaws, and a carrier inhabited by a microorganism is placed in the shell We lived in the soil of the sown field, then the surface layer of the seed coat is connected to the surface layer of the waterproof shell to place the water supply in the form of an ice pack, the formation of a capsule inside which a bundle of hygroscopic material is located in the ice pack, with its end inserted inside the seed shell.

Brief Description of the Drawing

The drawing shows a capsule prepared for application into the soil (cross-section by a vertical plane passing through the centers of the shells with ice and seed). Figures taken outside the section are

1 - a shell of a waterproof material, such as paraffin;

2 - pear-shaped ice;

3 - a shell of waterproof material, for example, of paraffin with a seed inside it;

4 - a tourniquet from a material with good ability to soak in water, for example, from twisted hemp fibers, frozen into an ice;

5 - a layer of glycerin hardened on the surface of an ice floe;

6 - layer of a frozen mixture of mineral fertilizers;

7 - seed, the surface of which is treated with pesticides to protect against agricultural pests;

8 - carrier, for example, sawdust of deciduous trees, inhabited by microorganisms that lived in the soil of the field for which the seed is prepared, and passed through selection when building their biomass before settling in the carrier.

The best embodiment of the invention

A method of providing moisture to a seed germinating in the soil will provide the greatest effect in the case when the connection of the shell, inside which is stored moisture in the form of a frozen ice floe, with the shell having a seed inside and a carrier with microorganisms, is carried out in the winter before sowing. The inclusion of the carrier of microorganisms in the shell with the seed, provided that the mass of microorganisms living in the soil of the field for which the capsules with seeds are prepared in advance, using the substance of the shells 1 and 3 as the main nutrient product for microorganisms, allows you to control the process destruction of these shells after microorganisms exit the state of suspended animation, as a result of which the seed is protected from penetration of soil moisture to it before the onset of the period persistently warm soil, and water supply from melted icicles is protected by its consumption in the cold and excessively moist soil.

Industrial applicability

Due to the fact that the frosty period of the year in the main areas of spring crops cultivation is longer than the time for applying seeds to the heated soil using traditional technology, it becomes possible to carry out sowing operations with the minimum number of people and equipment, while guaranteeing the complete preservation of seeds in the soil in any adverse weather during the period before the root layer is warmed up, as well as with the guarantee of seed germination and providing their root system with moisture even in the absence of watering or without loss of rain virgin rainfall. The change in the thickness of the paraffin shell of the capsules with seeds can be used to control the timing of the start of emergence of seedlings in the seeds after heating the soil so that the seeds do not begin to germinate until weed shoots appear on the soil surface that must be destroyed by known methods, for example, by spraying pesticides with application of agricultural aviation.

Information sources

1. USSR author's certificate No. 104942, class 45b, 10, filed November 4, 1955 (04.11.55).

2. Application for patent RU No. 20011135689 dated December 24, 2001 (December 24, 01), in respect of which on May 22, 2003 (May 22, 2003) a decision was made to grant a patent. Patent RU No. 2221357 C2 7 A 01 C 1/00, 1/06 was published on January 20, 2004 in Bulletin No. 2 of the Russian Patent and Trademark Agency.

Claims (4)

1. A method of providing moisture to a seed germinating in the soil, including sowing seeds in frozen soil, characterized in that each seed is covered with a cover of waterproof material before it is introduced into the soil to protect it from soil moisture during the early thaws, and a carrier is placed in the shell, populated by microorganisms that lived in the soil of the sown field, then the surface layer of the shell is connected to the surface layer of the shell of the same waterproof material, designed to accommodate the water supply in the form of dinki, with the formation of a capsule, inside of which, in an ice floe, is a bundle of hygroscopic material with the input of its end into the shell with the seed. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the center of mass of the capsule is located in the lower part of the shell with an ice floe for automatic orientation of the capsule in space when it is inserted into the furrow with the seed shell up. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a layer of hardened glycerol is applied to the surface of the ice covered in a shell of a waterproof material, and a layer of a mixture of mineral fertilizers is applied between the latter and the shell. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the shell is made of paraffin.