RU2035850C1 - Method for cultivation of entomophylic cultures - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: biogeocenosic forbid forest strips are grown in crop-rotation fields along the relief of the terrain by forming earth mounds after physical maturing of soil. The biogeocenosic forbid forest strips are divided into three parts in width: annual and perennial grasses on the edges, and compacted earth in the center. The bigeocenosic strips are sown with mixtures of annual and perennial grasses while in the course of crop rotation the fields are subjected to minimum basic cultivation (less than the depth of breeding sites of wild pollinators) and surface improvement of biogeocenosic strips. The crop rotation cycle includes mostly entomophylic cultures with different blooming times in order to provide a feeding base for the pollinators. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 3 cl, 1 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivating entomophilous crops in a crop rotation, and can be used in agricultural production.

The yield of entomophilous crops depends on pollination productivity, which is influenced by the following factors:
weather conditions leading to a decrease in nectar separation and to a decrease in plant attendance by honey bees; in this case, the yield of crops depends on wild bees;
structural features of the flower of plants that are pollinated only by wild pollinators;
the quality of pollination, depending on the multiplicity of pollination of crops from 8 to 35 or more times;
availability of food supply for wild pollinators and honey bees;
accumulation of entomophages.

 An attempt was made to increase the yield of entomophilous crops, during the cultivation of which the reserves were placed in the output field, the nesting of wild pollinators was accumulated during the three-year use of the output field, and the fields with the stripes were plowed by the reserves.

 The disadvantage of this method is the destruction of nesting wild pollinators during plowing. This method increases the yield of seeds, however, opportunities due to the creation of favorable conditions for the accumulation of colonies of wild pollinators are not fully used. In case of heavy rains and snowmelt, the accumulated nests are destroyed on the slopes when the soil is washed out, they are flooded, being at the same level with the field surface. In addition, nesting sites of wild pollinators are also formed on crop rotation fields, however, during main tillage (plowing of crop rotation fields), nesting sites are destroyed, which prevents their accumulation.

 During the rotation rotation of the crop rotation, the strips are restored spontaneously (from crumbling seeds), which over time leads to deterioration of grass stand and impoverishment of the food supply for wild pollinator colonies. These factors reduce the accumulation of colonies of wild pollinators.

 The aim of the invention is to increase the yield of entomophilous crops by improving pollination by creating favorable conditions for the accumulation of breeding colonies of wild pollinators.

 This goal is achieved in that, in contrast to the known method of cultivating entomophilous crops, including the placement of crops in the crop rotation with the abandonment of biocenosis strips (reserve strips) with one and perennial grasses, in the proposed method, when forming biogeocenotic strips, they are placed in the direction of the horizontal terrain and mixtures of annual and perennial grasses are sown in them, and during the rotation of crop rotation, they carry out minimal basic tillage and surface improvement of biogas otsenoznyh bands. At the same time, the largest number of entomophilous crops necessary for the farm, taking into account the timing of their flowering to create a food supply for pollinators, is included in the crop rotation.

 Biogeocenotic bands are formed by the formation of earthen ramparts during physical maturation of the soil. Biogeocenotic bands are divided into three parts in width: one and perennial grasses are sown along the edges, and the central part is compacted and left unseeded.

 Thus, the proposed method meets the criteria of the invention of "novelty." A technical solution is known, according to which the shafts are arranged in the direction of the contour horizons. However, in a known solution, such an arrangement is made for the sole purpose of preventing soil erosion. In the proposed method, the location and shape of the shafts contribute to earlier snow melting and soil warming, as a result of which an earlier departure of bees in spring is observed. In addition, this prevents flooding of the nesting water and erosion by erosion.

 Also known is the minimal basic tillage, which is characterized by a reduced depth of cultivation, which reduces energy costs. In the proposed method, the minimum basic processing is carried out in order to prevent the destruction of nesting sites of wild pollinators located in the crop rotation fields at a depth of 20-25 cm. The remaining distinguishing features of the proposed solution are not similar in known solutions.

 Thus, the analysis allows us to conclude that the proposed solution meets the criterion of "significant differences".

 An example implementation of the method. After physical maturation of the soil, biogeocenosis bands are broken in the fields of crop rotation, placing them horizontally. The distance between the lanes depends on the location of the fields to be planted crop rotation. If the field has few (less than 5%) areas with natural vegetation (beams, untreated slopes, forest belts, etc.), then the distance between the strips is up to 150 m or less, if there are enough sites with natural vegetation (up to 10% of the area crop rotation), then the distance between the strips is increased to 300 m.After the strips are divided by lugs in the crop rotation fields, the strips are separated from the field by control lines with furrows up to 20 cm deep by plow along the lugs to the width of the intended sowing of sowing units (7-11 m). Field tillage is carried out immediately after the breakdown and plowing of biogeocenotic bands. After plowing, they begin to form biogeocenotic bands. The soil from the edges of the strip is moved (by a grader or similar tillage implement) to the center, forming a shaft 0.4-0.6 m high, and its top is compacted (1/3 of the shaft width). In the spring, sowing in strips is carried out after cultivation to a depth of seed placement. The edges of the strips are sown with annual and perennial entomophilous and anemophilous herbs so that the design coating is maintained at 25-50% of the accepted seeding rates, and rolled up, and the central unseeded part is watered and tamped, creating a kind of dirt road.

 The indicated density of the coverage of the field of biogeocenosis bands is maintained during the rotation of crop rotation by surface improvement. The soil cultivation technology during rotation of the crop rotation remains generally accepted except for the depth of the main cultivation, which is carried out no more than 20 cm so as not to damage the nesting sites of wild pollinators that settle not only in biogeocenosis stripes, but also on crop rotation fields (nesting depth 20-25 cm )

 The timing of flowering of entomophilous crops in a crop rotation is regulated by different periods of sowing and mowing of perennial grasses.

 An example of the placement of crops by year of rotation of the crop rotation is given in the table.

 Other crop rotation options are possible, depending on economic need.

 The proposed method in comparison with the prototype allows to increase the yield of entomophilous crops by pollination by improving habitat conditions, nesting in the upper part of the earthen rampart, contributes to earlier heating of the soil, shortening the incubation period and early departure of wild bees. Wild bees will provide pollination even with poor nectar production (weather conditions), since they mainly collect pollen, which will allow to obtain a high yield of entomophilous crops with low activity of honey bees.

 Mixtures of entomophilous and anemophilic grasses in biogeocenosis bands and their periodic improvement during rotation of the crop rotation, as well as the inclusion of the largest number of entomophilous crops in the crop rotation, taking into account their flowering time, allows you to create a constantly blooming forage base for wild and cultivated bees.

 The location of the biogeocenosis bands in the direction of the horizontal contours of the terrain, as well as the minimum basic processing of crop rotation fields, allows to save the nesting of wild pollinators from destruction by weather conditions (erosion by rains and meltwater), as well as during the technological main tillage, which in turn ensures high-quality (multiple) pollination.

 The proposed method allows to increase productivity depending on the crop from 20-25% (sunflower, buckwheat, etc.) to 150-200% (alfalfa, clover, etc.). In addition, the concomitant effect of the proposed method creates conditions for the stationary placement of apiaries and the constant accumulation of entomophages of crop defenders.

Claims (3)

 1. METHOD FOR CULTIVATION OF ETHOMOPHILIC CROPS, including the placement of crops in the crop rotation with the formation of biogeocenosis reserve zones with grasses, characterized in that, in order to increase crop yields by improving pollination by creating favorable conditions for the accumulation of breeding colonies of wild pollinators and providing them fodder base, in the formation of biogeocenosis reserve bands, they are placed in the direction of the contours of the terrain and sown in them are mixtures of one and perennial grasses, and in the process of crop rotation rotation, the basic field tillage and surface improvement of biogeocenosis bands are minimally carried out, while entomophilous crops with different flowering periods are included in the crop rotation.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the biogeocenosis reserve bands are formed in the form of earthen ramparts during physical maturation of the soil.  3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the biogeocenosis reserve stripes are divided into three parts by width, sowing one and perennial grasses along the edges and compacting the central part.

Images