RU2090036C1 - Method for producing ecologically stable young winter cereal crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves soil tillage; application of fertilizer and cross sowing. During the first term, 0.4 of hectare norm is sown at seeding depth of 5-6 cm 30-40 days prior to zonal sowing terms. During sowing, seeding unit is advanced perpendicular to water-wind erosion flows. During the second term, remaining portion of hectare norm (0.6) is sown at seeding depth of 2.5-3 cm in direction transverse to previously sown rows, with winter plant stems and weeds being cut off. Method further involves slitting of first-term row spacings. Method provides intensified tillering of winter cereal plants and formation of strong nonlodging straw. EFFECT: increased efficiency in producing young crop resistant to drought, ice crust, freezing, water and wind flows, simplified method and improved quality of grain. 3 cl

Description

 The proposed method relates to agriculture, mainly to the cultivation of winter grains.

A known method of environmental protection of winter crops from adverse wintering conditions by calculating physiological parameters and, accordingly, the choice of variety, sowing period [1]
However, a drought, a snowless winter with severe frosts and deep thaws cannot yet be predicted by calculations, as well as the extent of winter death.

 From 20 to 100 million hectares of crops are exposed to drought annually [2, p. 8-10] Its action reduces grain productivity by 30-50% or more. From freezing and ice crust damage in the Central Black Earth Zone, winter crops (on average) are sown annually on average in 30% of the area [3, p. 5] In this regard, it is extremely important to form a crop morphostructure that can withstand adverse factors.

 This principle is carried out by the well-known wide-row belt sowing of an early sowing period and in the usual cross way. According to the main elements, they coincide with the proposed method of sowing winter cereals and are taken as a prototype.

The well-known wide-row tape sowing is carried out with a distance between the tapes of 45 cm with a row spacing in the strips of 7.5 or 15 cm. Tapes 2-, 3- or 4-line. Sowing summer for 1.0 to 1.5 months before the recommended zonal timing of sowing. In wide row-spacings (45 cm), a culture-compactor is sown. Then, in the fall, all green mass is mowed, winter crops are fed and the crops are re-bred [4, p. 112-126] The well-known cross-sowing with conventional row-spacing is carried out at the same time in the cross or cross-diagonal direction with a sowing rate of 0.5 norm for each unit [5, p. 328-330]
However, wide-row tape sowing of an extremely early sowing period and regular cross-sowing do not create the necessary complexity of the components of the grass stand for the stability of any plant association. In the case of a strong manifestation of a negative factor in the vulnerable phase of plant development, monocomponent crops can die completely. In addition, cross-sowing with 7.5 or 15 cm row-spacings does not create conditions for intensive tillering of winter cereal, does not resolve the contradiction between cultivation depth, soil moisture and plant productivity, and erosion processes are aggravated with wide-row tape. The time-consuming and operation of mowing overgrown winter crops of early sowing.

 The purpose of the invention is to increase the productivity and environmental sustainability of winter grain crops. This goal is achieved by the fact that 30-40 days before the usual dates, winter crops are sown in a wide-row tape method with a distance between the tapes of at least 45 cm and the number of germinating seeds 0.4 of the entire hectare sowing rate with a depth of seed placement of 5-6 cm across the soil water-wind erosion flows, and then after 30-40 days across the previous sowing, winter crops are sown with a seed placement to a depth of half the first sowing period with the number of germinating grains of 0.6 of the whole hectare norm, single-row, with row-spacing of 45 cm with simultaneous rolling of the vegetative m Assy plants of the first sowing period, cutting off their stems and slotting in the rows between the first sowing period after 6-8 tapes.

 An example of a specific implementation. The soil is typical black soil with unwashed and slightly washed soils. The steepness of the slope is 3-4 degrees. Agrometeorological conditions of the Central Black Earth Zone of Russia with zonal dates for sowing winter wheat in a busy pair from August 20 to 30. The seeding rate is 4.5 5.0 million germinating seeds. The predecessor of Wiko Oats for hay.

 After harvesting the vetch-oat mixture, the soil is plowed to a depth of 18-20 cm with simultaneous rolling. Before plowing make the main dose of mineral fertilizers. As the weeds sprout, different-depth cultivations are carried out, including pre-sowing at the depth of seed placement with the KShU-12 cultivator in the aggregate with the T-150 tractor.

 Then, on July 20-25, winter wheat is sown to a depth of 5-6 cm with a sowing rate of 2 million germinating seeds (0.4 norms from a base of 5 million). Seeds are sown with the SZP-3.6 seeder, in which the following two are closed every two coulters. The result is a two-line wide-row sowing sowing with a row spacing of 15 cm and between 45 cm tapes. Sowing is carried out across the slope, followed by rolling with SKG-2 smooth water-filling rollers, which give a flat surface, which determines the quality of seed placement to a depth at the next sowing time 2.5-3 cm and cutting with knives and discs of openers of the seeder of the stalks of winter wheat plants.

 The accepted seeding rate of 0.4 (40%) in relation to the base one is due to the strong tillering of winter wheat of an early sowing period and the requirement to exclude inhibition of plants of the second sowing period.

After 30 days, on August 20-25, across the rows of the first sowing season, winter wheat seeds are sown to a depth of 2.5-3 cm with a row spacing of 45 cm, single-row, with a sowing rate of 3 million germinating seeds, which is 0.6 part of the base. Sow the direct sowing machine SZPP-4, in which two openers are blocked through one opener. Moreover, non-sowing coulters and knives are individually adjusted by immersion before immersing them in the soil by 1-2 cm in order to prevent damage to the tillering unit in plants of the first sowing period. In front of the knives of the seeder, plows are set at an angle of 30-45 ^o C to the direction of movement, by which the stems of winter wheat are pressed to the soil surface at the cutting edge of the disk knives of the seeder, providing a high-quality cut of the aerial mass of plants of the first sowing period.

 Immediately after the second sowing period, in the wide spacing of the first one, the SchP-3-70 is snapped through 6-8 tapes, which corresponds to 3-5 meters between the pairs of slots and the most effective absorption of snow water, elimination of ice crust with a minimum of energy costs.

 In general, the proposed cross-sowing, carried out at different times, with different seeding rates and different seed placement depths, significantly increases the environmental sustainability of winter grains. In the event of a coincidence of the negative factor in the vulnerable phase of development, plants of one of the two terms of sowing will die. Preliminary experiments in extremely dry conditions in 1994 at the Kursk Agrobiological Station confirm this position. Winter crops of another term with appropriate care will yield a fairly high yield. A certain guarantee is created for the high preservation of crops, their environmental sustainability due to the difference in the growth and development of plants.

 Compared with the prototype, there is no need for a separate operation to mow the overgrown winter crops of early sowing, they are cut by the knives of the seeder during the second sowing period. At the same time, the seed layer is loosened, the soil crust is eliminated, weeds are partially destroyed, which reduces the energy consumption of the proposed method of sowing by 30-40%.

To all excluded row-spacing erosion and blowing of the soil. It is better retained and accumulated heat in the soil and in the aboveground mass due to the prevention of row-by-row blowing of crops. Longline seed placement with reduced seeding rates eliminates mutual inhibition during germination [6, p. 154-160]
Good illumination of the lower parts of the stems minimizes the risk of lodging winter crops even at high doses of nitrogen fertilizers.

Literature
1. A.S. 1435195, class A 01 G 7/00 Method for the environmental protection of winter crops from adverse wintering conditions. A.M. Astashchenko. N 4196061 / 30.15. 02.16.87.

 2. Vereshak M.V. Aleksashova V.S. Ronis N.B. Intensification of production of spring and winter wheat. M. 1987.

 3. Fedotov V.A. For a high yield of winter wheat. Voronezh Central Committee, 1981.

 4. Radchenko S.I. Theory and practice of intensive technology for the cultivation of winter crops. Odessa, 1989.

 5. Tiunov A.N. Glukhikh K.A. Kharkov O.A. Winter rye. M. Kolos, 1969.

 6. Izhik N.K. Field germination of seeds. M. Harvest, 1976.

Claims (3)

 1. A method of creating an environmentally sustainable winter grain sowing, including soil cultivation, fertilizing, cross-sowing, characterized in that, according to the background of wide-row tape sowing, after 30 to 40 days, winter crops are sown cross-wise with row spacing of at least 45 cm to a depth half that of the first sowing period , with the ratio of the seeding rates of the first and second term and the base 0.4 0.6 1.0.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sowing of the first term is carried out perpendicular to the direction of water-air erosion flows with seed placement to a depth of not less than 5 6 cm with smooth sowing and sowing in rows between rows immediately after sowing the second term.  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the subsequent single-line sowing is carried out simultaneously with pressing the vegetative mass of plants of the first term of sowing to the soil and cutting their stems.