PL2111287T3 - Zastosowanie wodnych roztworów mrówczanu guanidyniowego do selektywnej katalitycznej redukcji tlenków azotu w spalinach pojazdów - Google Patents
Zastosowanie wodnych roztworów mrówczanu guanidyniowego do selektywnej katalitycznej redukcji tlenków azotu w spalinach pojazdówInfo
- Publication number
- PL2111287T3 PL2111287T3 PL07857007T PL07857007T PL2111287T3 PL 2111287 T3 PL2111287 T3 PL 2111287T3 PL 07857007 T PL07857007 T PL 07857007T PL 07857007 T PL07857007 T PL 07857007T PL 2111287 T3 PL2111287 T3 PL 2111287T3
- Authority
- PL
- Poland
- Prior art keywords
- solutions
- formiate
- nitrogen oxides
- vehicles
- exhaust gases
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/90—Injecting reactants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/10—Oxidants
- B01D2251/106—Peroxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1023—Palladium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/106—Gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20707—Titanium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D2257/404—Nitrogen oxides other than dinitrogen oxide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
- B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/25—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an ammonia generator
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006061377 | 2006-12-23 | ||
| EP07857007A EP2111287B1 (de) | 2006-12-23 | 2007-12-20 | Verwendung von wässrigen guanidiniumformiat-lösungen zur selektiven katalytischen reduktion von stickoxiden in abgasen von fahrzeugen |
| PCT/EP2007/011284 WO2008077587A1 (de) | 2006-12-23 | 2007-12-20 | Verwendung von wässrigen guanidiniumformiat-lösungen zur selektiven katalytischen reduktion von stickoxiden in abgasen von fahrzeugen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| PL2111287T3 true PL2111287T3 (pl) | 2011-08-31 |
Family
ID=39092567
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL07857007T PL2111287T3 (pl) | 2006-12-23 | 2007-12-20 | Zastosowanie wodnych roztworów mrówczanu guanidyniowego do selektywnej katalitycznej redukcji tlenków azotu w spalinach pojazdów |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US8652426B2 (pl) |
| EP (2) | EP2111287B1 (pl) |
| JP (2) | JP5618543B2 (pl) |
| KR (2) | KR101475681B1 (pl) |
| CN (2) | CN101568372B (pl) |
| AT (2) | ATE526072T1 (pl) |
| AU (2) | AU2007338356B2 (pl) |
| CA (2) | CA2672857C (pl) |
| DE (1) | DE502007006702D1 (pl) |
| ES (2) | ES2370075T3 (pl) |
| MX (2) | MX2009006835A (pl) |
| PL (1) | PL2111287T3 (pl) |
| WO (2) | WO2008077588A1 (pl) |
Families Citing this family (39)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012104205A1 (en) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-08-09 | Paul Scherrer Institut | Ammonia generator converting liquid ammonia precursor solutions to gaseous ammonia for denox-applications using selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides |
| CN102278177B (zh) * | 2011-04-27 | 2014-05-07 | 汪家琳 | 内燃机尾气高效利用装置与方法 |
| US8940543B2 (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2015-01-27 | Fuel Tech, Inc. | Diagnostic tool and process for assessing thermal urea gasification performance |
| DE102011106233A1 (de) | 2011-07-01 | 2013-01-03 | Alzchem Ag | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak aus einer Ammoniakvorläufersubstanz zur Reduzierung von Stickoxiden in Abgasen |
| RU2600051C2 (ru) | 2011-07-01 | 2016-10-20 | Альцхем Аг | Генератор газообразного аммиака для выработки аммиака для восстановления оксидов азота в отработавших газах |
| DE102011106237A1 (de) | 2011-07-01 | 2013-01-03 | Alzchem Ag | Ammoniakgasgenerator sowie Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak zur Reduzierung von Stickoxiden in Abgasen |
| DE102011106243A1 (de) | 2011-07-01 | 2013-01-03 | Alzchem Ag | Ammoniakgasgenerator zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak zur Reduzierung von Stickoxiden in Abgasen |
| US9518969B2 (en) | 2011-10-12 | 2016-12-13 | Horiba, Ltd. | Gas analysis apparatus |
| DE102012025113A1 (de) | 2012-12-21 | 2014-06-26 | Alzchem Ag | Ammoniakgasgenerator, Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ammoniak sowie Verwendung derselben zur Reduktion von Stickoxiden in Abgasen |
| US9687783B2 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2017-06-27 | Alzchem Ag | Ammonia gas generator and use of the same for reducing nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases |
| DE102012025112A1 (de) | 2012-12-21 | 2014-06-26 | Alzchem Ag | Ammoniakgasgenerator sowie Verwendung desselben zur Reduktion von Stickoxiden in Abgasen |
| US8997463B2 (en) * | 2013-04-17 | 2015-04-07 | Continental Automotive Systems, Inc. | Reductant delivery unit for automotive selective catalytic reduction with reducing agent heating |
| KR101436936B1 (ko) | 2013-06-05 | 2014-09-03 | 한국기계연구원 | 고체 암모늄염 반응기, 그 제어방법 및 고체 암모늄염과 선택적 환원촉매를 이용한 질소산화물 정화시스템 |
| US9689293B2 (en) * | 2014-08-19 | 2017-06-27 | Continental Automotive Systems, Inc. | Reductant delivery unit for automotive selective catalytic reduction with optimized fluid heating |
| AT517862A1 (de) * | 2015-11-09 | 2017-05-15 | M A L Umwelttechnik - Gmbh | Verfahren zur selektiven Reduktion von Stickoxiden in heißen Gasen |
| JP6705334B2 (ja) * | 2016-08-10 | 2020-06-03 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の尿素由来堆積物の除去装置及び除去方法 |
| CN109641743A (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2019-04-16 | 全耐塑料高级创新研究公司 | 用于在车辆上增大水溶液的尿素浓度的系统和方法 |
| EP3516183A1 (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2019-07-31 | Plastic Omnium Advanced Innovation and Research | Vehicle system and method for generating ammonia in batches |
| US11339056B2 (en) * | 2017-01-05 | 2022-05-24 | Fuel Tech, Inc. | Controlled, compact, on-demand ammonia gas generation process and apparatus |
| CN108468583B (zh) * | 2018-03-24 | 2020-03-27 | 张鑫印 | 一种汽车尾气处理用除氮器 |
| US10683787B2 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2020-06-16 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Automotive exhaust aftertreatment system having onboard ammonia reactor with hybrid heating |
| US10767529B2 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2020-09-08 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Automotive exhaust aftertreatment system having onboard ammonia reactor with heated doser |
| US10876454B2 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2020-12-29 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Automotive exhaust aftertreatment system with multi-reductant injection and doser controls |
| US11193413B2 (en) | 2019-12-12 | 2021-12-07 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Exhaust aftertreatment system with virtual temperature determination and control |
| US11319853B2 (en) | 2020-03-31 | 2022-05-03 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Automotive exhaust aftertreatment system with doser |
| US11022014B1 (en) | 2020-04-28 | 2021-06-01 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Exhaust aftertreatment system with heated flash-boiling doser |
| US11511239B2 (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2022-11-29 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Heated flash-boiling doser with integrated helix |
| US11092054B1 (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2021-08-17 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Flash-boiling doser with thermal transfer helix |
| US11384667B2 (en) | 2020-05-29 | 2022-07-12 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Exhaust aftertreatment system with heated dosing control |
| CN113929903B (zh) * | 2020-06-29 | 2022-10-28 | 中国科学技术大学 | 质子化氨基引发npca聚合制备端基高保真度聚多肽的方法 |
| US11225894B1 (en) | 2020-06-30 | 2022-01-18 | Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies, Usa, Llc | Exhaust aftertreatment system with thermally controlled reagent doser |
| CN112121812B (zh) * | 2020-09-16 | 2022-04-22 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种制备丙二胺的催化剂及其制备方法,以及制备丙二胺的方法 |
| CN112090277A (zh) * | 2020-09-30 | 2020-12-18 | 河南弘康环保科技有限公司 | 一种含纳米级催化剂的车用尿素的生产工艺 |
| JP7551448B2 (ja) * | 2020-10-20 | 2024-09-17 | 株式会社三井E&S | 高融点配管閉塞物質の生成抑制装置及び方法 |
| CN114738084A (zh) * | 2021-01-07 | 2022-07-12 | 长城汽车股份有限公司 | 汽车后处理系统及汽车 |
| FR3123382A1 (fr) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-12-02 | Faurecia Systemes D'echappement | Dispositif et méthode pour injecter un fluide dans un conduit d'échappement , ligne d'échappement et véhicule associés |
| US12274980B2 (en) | 2022-09-06 | 2025-04-15 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Catalytic system and method for the removal of HCN from off-gases of a fluid cracking unit using same, and FCC unit assembly including the catalytic system |
| KR102912266B1 (ko) * | 2022-09-14 | 2026-01-15 | 한국화학연구원 | 암모늄포메이트, 암모늄아세테이트 또는 이들의 혼합물을 포함하는 NOx 환원제, 이를 포함하는 배기 가스 정화 장치 및 이를 이용한 NOx를 저감하는 방법 |
| CN117599604A (zh) * | 2023-10-24 | 2024-02-27 | 上海全熙环保科技股份有限公司 | 一种碱炉专用脱硝剂复合材料及其制备方法 |
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| DE10206028A1 (de) * | 2002-02-14 | 2003-08-28 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Ammoniak |
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| DE102004043632A1 (de) * | 2004-09-07 | 2006-03-09 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung heterocyclischer quartärer Ammonium- und/oder Guanidinium-Verbindungen |
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2007
- 2007-12-20 AU AU2007338356A patent/AU2007338356B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-12-20 US US12/448,330 patent/US8652426B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-12-20 PL PL07857007T patent/PL2111287T3/pl unknown
- 2007-12-20 EP EP07857007A patent/EP2111287B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-12-20 ES ES07857008T patent/ES2370075T3/es active Active
- 2007-12-20 CA CA2672857A patent/CA2672857C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-12-20 AT AT07857008T patent/ATE526072T1/de active
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- 2007-12-20 KR KR1020097015447A patent/KR101475681B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
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