JP2010514546A - 自動車の排ガス中の窒素酸化物の選択的接触還元法 - Google Patents
自動車の排ガス中の窒素酸化物の選択的接触還元法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
従来技術によれば、アンモニア(NH3)は還元剤として自動車の酸素含有排ガス中の窒素酸化物の選択的接触還元の際に用いられ、該還元剤は、特殊なSCR触媒の上流で、またはマフラーに組み込まれる並行して流通可能なSCR触媒モジュールのクラスターの上流で、燃焼システムおよび内燃機関の排ガスライン、殊に自動車の内燃機関の排ガスラインに導入され、かつSCR触媒中で、排ガス中に含有される窒素酸化物の還元をもたらす。SCRは、酸素の存在下での窒素酸化物(NOx)の選択的接触還元を意味する。
(H2N2)CO→HNCO+NH3 [1]
に従って、主としてイソシアン酸(HNCO)とアンモニア(NH3)とに分解する。
HNCO+H2O→NH2+CO2 [2]
に従って、アンモニア(NH3)と二酸化炭素(CO2)とに加水分解する。
R=H、NH2、C1〜C12−アルキル、
=アセテート、カーボネート、シアネート、ホルメート、ヒドロキシド、メトキシドおよびオキサレートを意味する]
のグアニジン塩である。
R=H、NH2、C1〜C12−アルキル、
=アセテート、カーボネート、シアネート、ホルメート、ヒドロキシド、メトキシドおよびオキサレートを意味する]
の化合物が有効であることが実証された。
図1に描写されたものに相応する自己圧力式のアンモニア発生装置中でのアンモニア前駆体物質としての40質量%のギ酸グアニジニウム水溶液(GF)(Fp.<−20℃)の使用
乗用車エンジン1が200Nm3/hの排ガス流を生み出し、該排ガス流を、中間管2を介して白金酸化触媒3およびパティキュレートフィルター4を通して排ガス中間管6の中に導く。FTIRガス分析装置5を用いて測定した中間管6の中の排ガス組成は:窒素酸化物、NO 150ppm;二酸化窒素、NO2 150ppm;二酸化炭素、CO2 7%;水蒸気 8%、一酸化炭素、CO 10ppmである。
GF溶液8の計量供給は、FTIRガス分析装置17を用いて270ppmのアンモニア濃度を測定することができるように、圧力調整ポンプ9を用いて制御する。この際、同時にGF溶液8のホルメート部分の分解によってCO濃度90から100ppmへの上昇が生じる。GF溶液8の蒸発および分解によるCO2含有量および水蒸気含有量の上昇は期待通り僅かであり、かつ殆ど測定可能ではない。GFの接触加水分解は完全なものである。それというのも、ガス分析装置17を用いてイソシアン酸、HNCOは検出することができず、尿素およびその分解生成物の付着物を確認することができなかったからである。
実施例1と同じように作業するが、しかしながら二酸化チタン触媒14の代わりに、酸化パラジウム−二酸化チタン−触媒を使用し、その際、該二酸化チタンは、Pd(NO3)2水溶液を用いて、乾燥およびか焼後に(500℃で5時間)、PdO 1質量%(=約0.9質量%のPd)を含有し、かつ一酸化炭素の部分酸化をもたらす触媒が生じるように含浸した。FTIRガス分析装置17では、CO濃度の上昇を測定することはできなかった。
実施例1と同じように作業するが、しかしながら40質量%のギ酸グアニジニウム溶液の代わりに、15質量%のジ−グアニジニウムカーボネート溶液を使用する。反応器11を同様に250℃で加熱し、触媒13および14は実施例1のものと同一である。
実施例1と同じように作業するが、しかしながら触媒13および14はAl2O3から成り、かつ反応器11は350℃の温度で作動させる。
Claims (18)
- 自動車の排ガス中でのアンモニアを用いた窒素酸化物の選択的接触還元法において、場合により尿素および/またはアンモニアおよび/またはアンモニウム塩との組み合わせにおいて40〜1000g/kgのアンモニア生成能を有するグアニジン塩の溶液を、二酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、二酸化ケイ素およびその混合物の群から選択された酸化物または/および完全にまたは部分的に金属交換されている水熱安定性のゼオライトからの触媒活性の、酸化活性ではないコーティングの存在下で接触分解することを特徴とする方法。
- 2つ以上の異なるグアニジン塩からの混合物を使用することを特徴とする、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- グアニジン塩が、80〜850g/kg、殊に250〜600g/kgのアンモニア生成能を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- グアニジン塩および尿素の混合物が、5〜60質量%のグアニジン塩含有率および5〜35質量%の尿素含有率を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- グアニジン塩およびアンモニアもしくはアンモニウム塩の混合物が、5〜60質量%の含有率のグアニジン塩および5〜40質量%の含有率のアンモニアもしくはアンモニウム塩を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- グアニジン塩ならびに場合によりさらに別の成分を、水および/またはC1〜C4−アルコールから成る溶剤中で使用することを特徴とする、請求項1から7までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 水性および/またはアルコール性溶液が、5〜85質量%、殊に30〜80質量%の固体含有率を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から8までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 場合によりまた水中で尿素と混ざったグアニジン塩の溶液またはグアニジン塩の混合物の溶液が、溶液1リットル当たりアンモニア0.2〜0.5kg、殊に0.25kg〜0.35kg/lのアンモニア生成能を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から9までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- グアニジン塩ならびに場合によりさらに別の成分を、排ガス内部で自動車排ガスのメインフロー、パーシャルフローまたはバイパスフローにおいてか、または排ガス外部で自己圧力式のかつ外部加熱される装置において接触分解によってアンモニアに変換することを特徴とする、請求項1から10までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- アンモニア、二酸化炭素および場合により一酸化炭素へのグアニジン塩ならびに場合によりさらに別の成分の接触分解のために、酸化活性ではないコーティングを有する触媒以外になお酸化活性コーティングを有する触媒を使用することを特徴とする、請求項1から11までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 金および/またはパラジウムにより含浸されている、二酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウムならびに二酸化ケイ素の群から選択された酸化物、水熱安定性の金属ゼオライトおよびその混合物からの酸化活性コーティングを有する触媒を使用することを特徴とする、請求項12記載の方法。
- 0.001〜2質量%の貴金属含有率を有する活性成分としてのパラジウムおよび/または金から成る酸化活性コーティングを有する触媒を使用することを特徴とする、請求項12記載の方法。
- 2つの部分から成る触媒を使用し、その際、第一の部分は酸化活性ではないコーティングを含有し、かつ第二の部分は酸化活性コーティングを含有することを特徴とする、請求項1から14までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記触媒の5〜90体積%が酸化活性ではないコーティングから成り、かつ10〜95体積%が酸化活性コーティングから成ることを特徴とする、請求項15記載の方法。
- 接触分解を2つの連続して配置された触媒の存在下で実施し、その際、第一の触媒は酸化活性ではないコーティングから成り、かつ第二の触媒は酸化活性コーティングから成ることを特徴とする、請求項1から16までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- グアニジン塩溶液の接触分解を150〜350℃で実施することを特徴とする、請求項1から17までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
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WO2012104205A1 (en) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-08-09 | Paul Scherrer Institut | Ammonia generator converting liquid ammonia precursor solutions to gaseous ammonia for denox-applications using selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides |
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