NO161968B - LAMINATED WINDOW. - Google Patents
LAMINATED WINDOW. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO161968B NO161968B NO842805A NO842805A NO161968B NO 161968 B NO161968 B NO 161968B NO 842805 A NO842805 A NO 842805A NO 842805 A NO842805 A NO 842805A NO 161968 B NO161968 B NO 161968B
- Authority
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- Prior art keywords
- degrees
- isocyanate
- goods
- polyurethane
- autoclave
- Prior art date
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- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000531116 Blitum bonus-henricus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008645 Chenopodium bonus henricus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 abstract 6
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 abstract 5
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 abstract 5
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 abstract 5
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea group Chemical group NC(=O)N XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004291 uterus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
- C03C27/06—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing
- C03C27/10—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing with the aid of adhesive specially adapted for that purpose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/77—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates having heteroatoms in addition to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate nitrogen and oxygen or sulfur
- C08G18/78—Nitrogen
- C08G18/7806—Nitrogen containing -N-C=0 groups
- C08G18/7818—Nitrogen containing -N-C=0 groups containing ureum or ureum derivative groups
- C08G18/7825—Nitrogen containing -N-C=0 groups containing ureum or ureum derivative groups containing ureum groups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10018—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising only one glass sheet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/04—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as impregnant, bonding, or embedding substance
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/73—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates acyclic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/75—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/412—Transparent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/56—Damping, energy absorption
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2309/00—Parameters for the laminating or treatment process; Apparatus details
- B32B2309/08—Dimensions, e.g. volume
- B32B2309/10—Dimensions, e.g. volume linear, e.g. length, distance, width
- B32B2309/105—Thickness
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2375/00—Polyureas; Polyurethanes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
- Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)
- Jib Cranes (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Fremgangsmåte for sterilisering i en auto klav ved hjelp av vanndamp. Procedure for sterilization in an autoclave using steam.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører autoklavering The invention relates to autoclaving
av steriliseringsgods og Har til hensikt å til-veiebringe én ny og hensiktsmessig slik be-handlingsprosess hvorved oppnåes vesent-lige fordeler overfor de metoder som hittil of sterilizing goods and intends to provide a new and appropriate such treatment process whereby significant advantages are achieved over the methods that have hitherto
har vært de vanlige. have been the usual ones.
Ved sterilisering av bandasjer, tekstiler, instrumenter o.l. til bruk ved operasjo-ner og sårpleie ligger det i sakens natur at When sterilizing bandages, textiles, instruments etc. for use in operations and wound care, it is in the nature of the matter that
det kreves den aller høyésté grad av sikkerhet for at godset blir sterilt. Sterilisering med ren mettet vanndamp, ved temperaturer over ca. 120°C, er det system som the very highest degree of security is required for the goods to be sterile. Sterilization with pure saturated steam, at temperatures above approx. 120°C, it is system which
uteri sidestykke har hevdet seg som det uteri counterpart has asserted itself as such
sikreste og mest praktiske. safest and most practical.
Betingelsen for at dette system er betryggende, er at den mettede vanndamp The condition for this system to be satisfactory is that it has saturated water vapour
kommer i kontakt med alle overflater dg comes into contact with all surfaces dg
gjénnomtrenger alle porøse stoffer i det permeates all porous substances in it
gods som steriliseres. For å tilfredsstille goods being sterilized. To satisfy
denne betingelse må luften i autoklavkammeret og steriliseringsgodset fjernes. Ved this condition, the air in the autoclave chamber and the sterilization material must be removed. By
rriassivt gods — som instrumenter oJ. — rriassiv goods — such as instruments oJ. —
går dette greit. Luften har større volum-vekt enn mettet vanndamp ved samme is this going well? The air has a greater volume-weight than saturated water vapor at the same time
temperatur og trykk og synker derfor forholdsvis hurtig til bunnen av autoklåvkam-riieret, hvorfra den kan tappes ut ved hjelp temperature and pressure and therefore sinks relatively quickly to the bottom of the autoclave chamber, from where it can be drained using
av termostatisk luftépotte eller avblåsning. of thermostatic air pot or blow-off.
Når det gjelder porøst gods — som bandasjer, tekstiler o.l. — tar det forholdsvis When it comes to porous goods - such as bandages, textiles etc. — takes it relatively
lang tid før luften «renner» ut, slik at long time before the air "drains" out, so that
vanndampen trenger inri over ålt, og det the water vapor needs inri over everything, and that
kreves god pakke- og ladérutirié for åt steriliseringen skal bli betryggende. Alt i good packing and loading routine is required for the sterilization to be satisfactory. All in
tredvéåréne ble det brukt fbrevåkuéring av In the 1930s, letter surveillance was used
luften tii ca. 80—90 pst. vakuum, og dette the air tii approx. 80-90 percent vacuum, and this
rédusérte tideri noe. reduced times somewhat.
Irriidlértid kom ét nytt iriomerit inn i bildet, det var kravet biri automatisering av prosessen. For å kunne gjøre dette på en betryggende måte riiåtté man ha ét sik-kert utgangspunkt for utmålirig av stérili-seringstiden. Dét viser seg åt når luftéri i kammer bg gods blir fjernet i tilstrekkelig grad, følges témperåtureri i disse under dampens inntrérignihg, slik åt avvikelsene kun dréier seg bm tiéndéls grader. Ved prø-ver fant rhån at ved å gå til iriegét høyére vakuum enn det som tidligere var brukt, oppnådde mari et brakbårt resultat. Britisk Standard 3220 i 1960 krever bl. å. at man iriå nå et vakuum på min. 20 mm Hg abso-lutt før stériiiseringssyklusen startes. Ifnid-lertid påvist Bowie 1) rioe senere at dette ikke alltid var tilstrekkelig, og foreslo åt mån etter å hå nådd ét vakuum på 15—20 mrii Hg skulle fortsette évåkuéririgen i 8 å 10 iriinutter. Suddenly, a new issue came into play, the demand for automation of the process. In order to be able to do this in a reassuring way, one must have a safe starting point for measuring the sterilization time. This is evident when the air in the chamber and the goods is removed to a sufficient extent, the temperature in these is followed during the entry of the steam, so that the deviations are only around one-tenth of a degree. During tests, Rhån found that by going to a significantly higher vacuum than that which had previously been used, Mari achieved an excellent result. British Standard 3220 in 1960 requires that a vacuum of min. 20 mm Hg absolute before the sterilization cycle is started. However, Bowie 1) demonstrated later that this was not always sufficient, and suggested that after a vacuum of 15-20 mrii Hg had been reached, the vacuum should be continued for 8 to 10 minutes.
Videré observerte Henry og Scott 2) at mån iried liten ladning — i forhold til au-toklavrbmmét — fikk rneget dårlige resultat, sélv med ovennevrite høye forvakuiim.. Dette er blitt kalt «Small loåd effect». I tillegg til ovennevnte iilempér krever disse systerner riiéd høyt vakuum en kostbar og ømfintlig apparatur safnt et høyt 'kvalifi-sert betjeriiirgspérsonale, som mestrer høy-vakuumtekriikk, slik åt dét kun er de aller største sykehus sbfti har hiulighet for å anvende systériiét på en bétryggénde rnåté. For å unrigå dét høye vakuum hår dét også utviklet seg éri anrieri teknikk for å fjerne luftéri. Denne går ut på at autoklaven éva-kuérés til ca. 80 pst. vakuum og etterfyller méd dåriip til ca. atrnosfærétrykket eller høyere, i en rekke på hinannen følgende sykluser før steriliseringen. Dette system har imidlertid stort dampforbruk og blir kostbart i drift. Særlig ved lite belastet autoklav er det nødvendig med et større antall pulser for å gi betryggende resultat. Det skal i denne forbindelse nevnes at det fra publikasjonen «Medizinal-Markt» nr. 5, 1960 er kjent å anvende trykk-vakuum og overtrykk som ligger innenfor de områder oppfinnelsen opererer med. Vidéré Henry and Scott 2) observed that when a small load was used — in relation to the autoclave — the results were very poor, even with the above-mentioned high prevacuiim. This has been called the "Small load effect". In addition to the above-mentioned conditions, these systems require high vacuum, an expensive and delicate apparatus and a highly qualified operating staff, who master high-vacuum technology, so that only the very largest hospitals have the opportunity to use the system in a safe manner. rnåté. In order to overcome the high vacuum, a technique for removing air was also developed. This means that the autoclave is eva-cued to approx. 80 percent vacuum and top up with døriip to approx. atmospheric pressure or higher, in a series of successive cycles before sterilization. However, this system has a large steam consumption and is expensive to operate. Especially with a lightly loaded autoclave, a greater number of pulses is necessary to give reassuring results. In this connection, it should be mentioned that from the publication "Medizinal-Markt" no. 5, 1960 it is known to use pressure-vacuum and overpressure which lie within the areas with which the invention operates.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen bygger på en ny teori om utdrivning av luft fra porøst steriliseringsgods. Den fore-slår således en steriliseringsmåte i autoklav ved hjelp av vanndamp, hvor autoklaven først underkastes en forevakuering ved til 0,2—0,4 ata, og deretter økes trykket til 1—2 ata, hvoretter en vakuumbehandling ved ca. 0,2 ata finner sted, hvorpå trykket igjen økes til det ønskede steriliseringstrykk som opprettholdes i den tid som er nødvendig for effektiv sterilisering. Det nye og karakteristiske er at trykket etter for-evakuerlngen opprettholdes over en tidsperiode (t2) fortrinnsvis på 2—8 min. således tilpasset temperatur og godsmengde at autoklavkammeret og godset blir gjennomvarmet til en temperatur som er høy nok til å sikre damputvikling i alt gods og utdrivning av all restluft under den etter-følgende vakuumbehandling. The method according to the invention is based on a new theory of expelling air from porous sterilizing material. It thus proposes a method of sterilization in an autoclave using steam, where the autoclave is first subjected to a pre-evacuation at 0.2-0.4 ata, and then the pressure is increased to 1-2 ata, after which a vacuum treatment at approx. 0.2 ata takes place, after which the pressure is again increased to the desired sterilization pressure, which is maintained for the time necessary for effective sterilization. The new and characteristic feature is that the pressure after pre-evacuation is maintained over a period of time (t2) preferably of 2-8 min. temperature and quantity of goods adapted so that the autoclave chamber and the goods are thoroughly heated to a temperature that is high enough to ensure steam development in all goods and expulsion of all residual air during the subsequent vacuum treatment.
Ved enkel beregning vil man finne at selv ved et vakuum på 15—20 mm Hg er den luftmengde som befinner seg i en vanlig stor pakke (ca. 25—30 1), nok til å danne en skadelig «luftpute» i midten av pakken, når denne luft av den tilstrømmende damp blir trengt innover. Imidlertid vil det — om steriliseringsgodset har tilstrekkelig fuktighet og temperatur — under evaku-eringen skje en fordampning inne i gods-pakken. Denne fordampning vil — om den inntrer i tilstrekkelig grad — drive luften ut av pakken innenfra. Er godset tørt og/ eller kaldt, vil slik fordampning utebli og resultere i skadelig luftansamling i pakken. Dette kan vel også være en forklaring på de avvikelser Bowie fant. By simple calculation, one will find that even with a vacuum of 15-20 mm Hg, the amount of air in a normal large package (approx. 25-30 1) is enough to form a harmful "air cushion" in the middle of the package , when this air is pushed in by the inflowing steam. However, if the sterilization goods have sufficient humidity and temperature, evaporation will occur inside the goods package during the evacuation. This evaporation will — if it occurs to a sufficient extent — drive the air out of the package from the inside. If the goods are dry and/or cold, such evaporation will not occur and result in harmful air accumulation in the package. This may also be an explanation for the deviations Bowie found.
Med hensyn til «small load effect» så ser det ut som den skyldes at en del av den fortynnede luft i autoklavrommet, utenom godset, hurtigere enn den tilstrømmende damp trenger inn i pakkene og fordeler seg på disse. Er da ladningen liten i forhold til autoklavrommet, vil dette resultere i til-svarende økning av skadelig luft i pakkene. En medvirkende årsak til at dampen trenger langsommere inn i godset enn luften, er at dampen må avgi varme til pakkene, som er blitt sterkt nedkjølte på grunn av fordampningen ved det høye vakuum, slik at en del av dampen kondenseres etterhvert som den trenger inn, og kondensatet suges opp av godset. Den luft som er gått inn samtidig med dampen vil dermed siles fra og fortsette innover i pakken. På vedlagte tegning er vist skjematisk et autoklave-ringsprogram ifølge fremgangsmåten etter oppfinnelsen, hvilket eliminerer foran-nevnte ulemper, samtidig som kravene til utstyr og driftsomkostninger er meget mo-derate. With regard to the "small load effect", it appears that it is due to the fact that part of the diluted air in the autoclave room, apart from the goods, penetrates the packages faster than the inflowing steam and distributes them. If the charge is small compared to the autoclave space, this will result in a corresponding increase in harmful air in the packages. A contributing factor to the fact that the steam penetrates the goods more slowly than the air is that the steam has to give off heat to the packages, which have been greatly cooled due to the evaporation at the high vacuum, so that part of the steam condenses as it penetrates, and the condensate is sucked up by the goods. The air that has entered at the same time as the steam will thus be filtered out and continue into the package. The attached drawing shows schematically an autoclaving program according to the method according to the invention, which eliminates the above-mentioned disadvantages, while the requirements for equipment and operating costs are very moderate.
Tegningen viser et tid/trykk diagram, hvor tv t2 og t3 er behandlingstidsperioder for autoklaveringsgodset. tj omfatter første fase i forevakueringen. For å spare det 'kre-vende utstyr og betjeningsarbeide som er nødvendig for høyvakuum, blir det på i og for seg kjent måte gjennom dyse eller trot-leventil sluppet inn damp (diffusjons-damp) i autoklavkammeret. The drawing shows a time/pressure diagram, where tv t2 and t3 are processing time periods for the autoclavable goods. tj includes the first phase of the pre-evacuation. In order to save the demanding equipment and operating work required for high vacuum, steam (diffusion steam) is admitted into the autoclave chamber in a known manner through a nozzle or throttle valve.
Dampmengden tilpasses slik — avhengig av autoklavstørrelse og luftsuger — at det i løpet av perioden t1 oppnåes et trykk mellom 0,2 og 0,4 ata (avhengig av steriliseringsgods). biffusjonsdampen har ved siden av at den fortrenger og river med seg luft, også i tillegg den ønskelige virkning at den varmer og fukter godset. The amount of steam is adjusted so that — depending on the size of the autoclave and air suction — a pressure between 0.2 and 0.4 ata is achieved during the period t1 (depending on the material to be sterilised). In addition to displacing and entraining air, the bifusion steam also has the desirable effect of warming and moistening the goods.
Når punkt a i prosessen er nådd stenges eller strupes utløpet fra autoklavkammeret, og damp slippes inn for fullt, og man lar trykket stige til punkt b, som skal ligge over 1 ata, men ikke så høyt at det i nevneverdig grad skader steriliseringsgodset i løpet av periode t2. Dette vil si at trykket begrenses til høyst 2 ata — tilsva-rende ca. 120°C. When point a in the process is reached, the outlet from the autoclave chamber is closed or throttled, and steam is let in fully, and the pressure is allowed to rise to point b, which should be above 1 ata, but not so high that it significantly damages the sterilization goods during period t2. This means that the pressure is limited to a maximum of 2 ata — corresponding to approx. 120°C.
Periode t2 som fortrinnsvis vil være 2— 8 min. er meget viktig for å gi en effektiv Period t2 which will preferably be 2-8 min. is very important to provide an effective
og trygg fjernelse av luften fra steriliseringsgodset. I denne periode blir godset godt gj ennomvarmet og tilført passende fuktighet (kondensering av oppvarmings-dampen). Videre vil den luft som er i kammeret utenom godset, også i denne periode få nødvendig tid til å synke ned. Varig-heten av periode t2 bestemmes med hensyn til temperatur og pakkestørrelse (van-ligvis «test-pakke» Bowie — Dick 3). Når periode t2 er utløpt, og prosessen kommer til punkt c, stenges dampventilen, og utsugningsventilen fra kammeret åpnes. Når nå trykket i autoklaven synker; oppstår det en meget kraftig fordampning av fuk-tigheten inne i pakkene, og igjenværende luft blir av dampen drevet ut av godset og videre suget ut av autoklavkammeret. Når trykket i autoklaven er kommet ned til ca. 0,2 ata, punkt d i diagrammet, er iuftfjer-nelsesprosessen slutt og dampventil åpnes, and safe removal of the air from the sterilizing goods. During this period, the goods are thoroughly reheated and supplied with suitable moisture (condensation of the heating steam). Furthermore, the air that is in the chamber outside the goods will also have the necessary time to sink during this period. The duration of period t2 is determined with regard to temperature and package size (usually "test package" Bowie — Dick 3). When period t2 has expired, and the process reaches point c, the steam valve is closed, and the extraction valve from the chamber is opened. When the pressure in the autoclave drops; there is a very strong evaporation of the moisture inside the packages, and the remaining air is driven out of the goods by the steam and further sucked out of the autoclave chamber. When the pressure in the autoclave has dropped to approx. 0.2 ata, point d in the diagram, the removal process is over and the steam valve is opened,
utsugningsventil strupes eller stenges. Damptrykket i autoklaven økes så til øn-sket steriliseringstrykk, punkt e i diagrammet. Tiden for steriliseringsperioden t3 frem til punkt f fastlegges med passende sikkerhet på vanlig måte i henhold til den for temperaturen nødvendige steriliserings-tid, vanlig kalt T.D.T. (Thermal Death Time). Når perioden t3 er utløpt, stenges dampventilen og utsugningsventilen åpnes. Tørking av godset foregår så på alminnelig kjent måte. exhaust valve is throttled or closed. The steam pressure in the autoclave is then increased to the desired sterilization pressure, point e in the diagram. The time for the sterilization period t3 up to point f is determined with appropriate certainty in the usual way according to the sterilization time required for the temperature, commonly called T.D.T. (Thermal Death Time). When the period t3 has expired, the steam valve is closed and the extraction valve is opened. Drying of the goods then takes place in a generally known manner.
Prosessens trinn I på tegningen har således til oppgave å fjerne luften fra godset. Trinn II tjener til sterilisering og trinn III til tørking. Stage I of the process in the drawing thus has the task of removing the air from the goods. Stage II serves for sterilization and stage III for drying.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen er blitt grundig utprøvet, temperaturer i autoklavrom og pakker er målt med termo-element og registrerende instrument. Det er tatt et stort antall målinger, som alle viser at temperaturen i autoklavrommet og overalt i pakkene alltid følges med en forbausende nøyaktighet, avvikelsene dreier seg Ikun om tiendels grader (innenfor måle-instrumentets nøyaktighet) i perioder fra punkt d til f, som er avgjørende for sterili-seringens sikkerhet. The method according to the invention has been thoroughly tested, temperatures in the autoclave room and packages have been measured with a thermo-element and recording instrument. A large number of measurements have been taken, all of which show that the temperature in the autoclave room and everywhere in the packages is always followed with astonishing accuracy, the deviations only being about tenths of a degree (within the accuracy of the measuring instrument) in periods from point d to f, which are crucial for the safety of the sterilisation.
De ovenfor anførte henvisninger til teknikkens stand refererer seg til følgende publikasjoner: 1) Bowie J.H., Sterilization of Surgical Materials: Report of a Symposium, p. 109 London 1961. 2) Henry, P.S.H., Scott, E.J. appl. Bact. 1963, 26, 234. 3) The Lancet, March 16, 1963, p.p. 586— 587. The above references to the state of the art refer to the following publications: 1) Bowie J.H., Sterilization of Surgical Materials: Report of a Symposium, p. 109 London 1961. 2) Henry, P.S.H., Scott, E.J. app. Bact. 1963, 26, 234. 3) The Lancet, March 16, 1963, p.p. 586— 587.
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FR8311506A FR2549036B1 (en) | 1983-07-11 | 1983-07-11 | SAFETY SHEET GLAZING |
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FR2549037B1 (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-10-18 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | SAFETY SHEET GLAZING |
JPH0737122B2 (en) * | 1985-06-25 | 1995-04-26 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Bent safety glass |
EP0229326B1 (en) * | 1985-12-19 | 1991-03-13 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Aircraft windshield |
US4824926A (en) * | 1987-12-16 | 1989-04-25 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Bilayer windshield with an abrasion and solvent resistant polyurethane protective coating |
FR2646667B1 (en) * | 1989-05-03 | 1991-08-23 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | GLAZING WITH FILTERING STRIP AND MANUFACTURING METHOD |
DE4010485A1 (en) * | 1990-03-31 | 1991-10-02 | Ver Glaswerke Gmbh | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A PLATE OR FILM FROM POLYCARBONATE WITH A SOFT SCRATCH-PROOF COATING |
DE4021113A1 (en) * | 1990-07-03 | 1992-01-09 | Bayer Ag | Adhesives based on polyols and polyisocyanates |
GB9108672D0 (en) * | 1991-04-23 | 1991-06-12 | Triplex Aircraft And Special P | Lightweight glazings |
EP0636471B1 (en) | 1993-07-28 | 2001-03-21 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Method for producing of a laminated glass |
FR2717795B1 (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1996-05-24 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Vehicle glazing and plastic sheet used in this glazing. |
FR2720328B1 (en) * | 1994-05-27 | 1996-07-05 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Laminated glazing and manufacturing process. |
FR2721252B1 (en) | 1994-06-17 | 1996-08-09 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Laminated glazing with low energy transmission for transport vehicle. |
FR2725399B1 (en) | 1994-10-06 | 1996-11-08 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | SAFETY GLASS |
FR2827855B1 (en) | 2001-07-25 | 2004-07-02 | Saint Gobain | GLAZING PROVIDED WITH A STACK OF THIN FILMS REFLECTING INFRARED AND / OR SOLAR RADIATION |
EP1937454B1 (en) | 2005-10-21 | 2016-05-25 | Entrotech, Inc. | Protective sheets, articles, and methods |
WO2009041964A1 (en) | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-02 | Entrotech, Inc. | Paint replacement films, composites therefrom, and related methods |
US10981371B2 (en) | 2008-01-19 | 2021-04-20 | Entrotech, Inc. | Protected graphics and related methods |
FR3013043B1 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-11-20 | Saint Gobain | SUBSTRATE COATED WITH A FUNCTIONAL LAYER STACK HAVING IMPROVED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES |
FR3015973B1 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2016-01-01 | Saint Gobain | LUMINOUS GLAZING WITH OPTICAL ISOLATOR AND ITS MANUFACTURE |
FR3015926B1 (en) | 2013-12-31 | 2017-03-24 | Saint Gobain | LUMINOUS GLAZING WITH OPTICAL ISOLATOR |
FR3017332B1 (en) | 2014-02-10 | 2016-02-19 | Saint Gobain | LUMINOUS GLAZING WITH OPTICAL ISOLATOR. |
EP3448949B8 (en) | 2016-09-20 | 2024-01-24 | PPG Advanced Surface Technologies, LLC | Paint film appliques with reduced defects, articles, and methods |
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DE2629779C3 (en) * | 1976-07-02 | 1985-04-04 | Saint Gobain | Process for the production of a two-layer film with self-healing properties using polyurethanes as a shatterproof layer on safety glass |
FR2385751A1 (en) * | 1977-03-28 | 1978-10-27 | Ppg Industries Inc | Polyurethane free from ether linkages - used for glazing or optical lenses, and hard, flexible and resist to weathering |
FR2442128A1 (en) * | 1978-11-23 | 1980-06-20 | Saint Gobain | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SHEETS OF PLASTIC MATERIAL |
FR2470682A1 (en) * | 1979-12-06 | 1981-06-12 | Saint Gobain | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LAMINATES, LAMINATES OBTAINED AND GLUE USED THEREIN |
CA1174577A (en) * | 1980-04-30 | 1984-09-18 | Vernon G. Ammons | Polyurethane composition for safety glass interlayer |
FR2496089A1 (en) * | 1980-12-11 | 1982-06-18 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | SECURITY SHEET GLAZING |
JPS57199649A (en) * | 1981-06-03 | 1982-12-07 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Polyurethane sheet and glass-polyurethane laminated sheet |
DE3135672A1 (en) * | 1981-09-09 | 1983-03-24 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Use of low-viscosity self-curing mixtures for polyurethane interlayers in laminated panes |
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1984
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