MX351792B - Proceso para la produccion de espumas de pet y espumas de pet obtenidas por el proceso. - Google Patents

Proceso para la produccion de espumas de pet y espumas de pet obtenidas por el proceso.

Info

Publication number
MX351792B
MX351792B MX2014008973A MX2014008973A MX351792B MX 351792 B MX351792 B MX 351792B MX 2014008973 A MX2014008973 A MX 2014008973A MX 2014008973 A MX2014008973 A MX 2014008973A MX 351792 B MX351792 B MX 351792B
Authority
MX
Mexico
Prior art keywords
pet
blowing agent
production
pet foams
epoxy
Prior art date
Application number
MX2014008973A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
MX2014008973A (es
Inventor
Lauri Leone
Bressan Raffaela
Aliperta Luigi
Magdalena Petersson Eva-Lotta
Original Assignee
Diab Int Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Diab Int Ab filed Critical Diab Int Ab
Publication of MX2014008973A publication Critical patent/MX2014008973A/es
Publication of MX351792B publication Critical patent/MX351792B/es

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/0061Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof characterized by the use of several polymeric components
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/34Auxiliary operations
    • B29C44/3442Mixing, kneading or conveying the foamable material
    • B29C44/3446Feeding the blowing agent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/34Auxiliary operations
    • B29C44/36Feeding the material to be shaped
    • B29C44/46Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length
    • B29C44/50Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length using pressure difference, e.g. by extrusion or by spraying
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08GMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/68Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the catalysts used
    • C08G59/686Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the catalysts used containing nitrogen
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/0066Use of inorganic compounding ingredients
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/04Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
    • C08J9/12Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
    • C08J9/14Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
    • C08J9/141Hydrocarbons
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/16Nitrogen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/34Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring
    • C08K5/3442Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring having two nitrogen atoms in the ring
    • C08K5/3445Five-membered rings
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L63/00Compositions of epoxy resins; Compositions of derivatives of epoxy resins
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L67/00Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L67/02Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2063/00Use of EP, i.e. epoxy resins or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2067/00Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • B29K2067/003PET, i.e. poylethylene terephthalate
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2075/00Use of PU, i.e. polyureas or polyurethanes or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/04Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0012Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular thermal properties
    • B29K2995/0015Insulating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037Other properties
    • B29K2995/0063Density
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2363/00Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2367/00Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2367/02Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2463/00Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Epoxy Resins (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

Se describe un proceso para la producción de espumas de PET, el cual comprende la extrusión de una mezcla de PET, resina epóxica, catalizador que consiste de imidazol, derivados de imidazol o mezclas de los mismos más un agente de soplado, en donde la reacción de homopolimerización de la fase epóxica se lleva a cabo en el extrusor, corriente arriba de la introducción del agente de soplado. En comparación con los métodos de la técnica conocida, el proceso de la invención proporciona la ventaja de suministrar una espuma de PET estable, en la cual la estructura de las cadenas de polímero se mantienen sin alteración. El sistema por lo tanto presenta características de viscoelasticidad las cuales permiten que el homopolímero de PET/epóxico reciba la acción de expansión del agente de soplado, en la medida en que las capas más interiores y las capas más profundas de la espuma también tengan un espesor significativo.
MX2014008973A 2012-02-02 2013-01-14 Proceso para la produccion de espumas de pet y espumas de pet obtenidas por el proceso. MX351792B (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000135A ITMI20120135A1 (it) 2012-02-02 2012-02-02 Procedimento per la produzione di schiume di pet e schiume di pet ottenute con questo procedimento
PCT/EP2013/000079 WO2013113465A1 (en) 2012-02-02 2013-01-14 Process for the production of pet foams and pet foams obtained with said process

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
MX2014008973A MX2014008973A (es) 2014-10-30
MX351792B true MX351792B (es) 2017-10-30

Family

ID=45998504

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
MX2014008973A MX351792B (es) 2012-02-02 2013-01-14 Proceso para la produccion de espumas de pet y espumas de pet obtenidas por el proceso.

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US9394417B2 (es)
EP (1) EP2809724B1 (es)
JP (1) JP6088547B2 (es)
KR (1) KR101958513B1 (es)
CN (1) CN104204090B (es)
AU (1) AU2013214578B2 (es)
BR (1) BR112014017887A8 (es)
CA (1) CA2861004C (es)
DK (1) DK2809724T3 (es)
EA (1) EA201491192A1 (es)
ES (1) ES2567322T3 (es)
IT (1) ITMI20120135A1 (es)
MX (1) MX351792B (es)
WO (1) WO2013113465A1 (es)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL2006236C2 (en) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-20 Af X Systems B V Fire-extinguishing composition.
TWI637976B (zh) 2017-07-07 2018-10-11 財團法人工業技術研究院 分枝聚合物、其製備方法以及發泡體的製備方法
CN111253611B (zh) * 2020-03-19 2022-07-05 上海越科新材料股份有限公司 一种pet发泡方法
KR102595158B1 (ko) 2021-08-05 2023-10-27 이승아 Pet 발포폼을 포함하는 가구용 판재
KR102608315B1 (ko) 2021-08-05 2023-12-01 이승민 Pet 발포폼을 포함하는 벽지
KR102608316B1 (ko) 2021-08-05 2023-11-30 이호성 Pet 발포폼을 포함하는 입간판용 판재

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05117501A (ja) * 1991-10-25 1993-05-14 Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd ポリエチレンテレフタレート系樹脂組成物及び該組成物を用いた発泡体の製造方法
EP0780435A1 (en) * 1995-12-21 1997-06-25 National Starch and Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Flexible epoxy adhesives with low bleeding tendency
AU8803798A (en) * 1997-07-11 1999-02-08 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for the preparation of foamed articles
JP3947641B2 (ja) * 1998-10-02 2007-07-25 株式会社Djk ポリエステル樹脂発泡成形体の製造方法
EP1000963A1 (en) * 1998-11-13 2000-05-17 Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne Increasing the melt viscosity of a polyester resin
US6323251B1 (en) * 1999-09-24 2001-11-27 3M Innovative Properties Co Thermoplastic/thermoset hybrid foams and methods for making same
DE10000712A1 (de) * 2000-01-11 2001-07-12 Buehler Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines modifizierten thermoplastischen Polyesterharzes und seiner geschäumten Form
JP2003073526A (ja) * 2001-08-31 2003-03-12 Taiyo Ink Mfg Ltd 加熱型発泡剤、およびそれを用いた発泡樹脂組成物と発泡樹脂シート、ならびに発泡樹脂シートの製造方法
JP4867127B2 (ja) * 2003-08-20 2012-02-01 東洋紡績株式会社 発泡成形用ポリエステル樹脂組成物及びこれを用いた発泡成形品
US7193016B1 (en) * 2003-10-27 2007-03-20 Henkel Corporation Epoxy-extended polyacrylate toughening agent
JP2005217369A (ja) * 2004-02-02 2005-08-11 Three M Innovative Properties Co 発光ダイオード装置用接着シート及び発光ダイオード装置
CN101305040A (zh) * 2005-11-10 2008-11-12 汉高两合股份公司 包含玻璃颗粒作为填料的粘合剂、密封剂和涂料
BRPI0619823B8 (pt) * 2005-12-13 2021-05-25 Merck Sharp & Dohme compostos que são inibidores de erk
EP2046890B1 (en) * 2006-06-07 2020-11-11 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Foamable compositions based on epoxy resins and polyesters
JP2008088213A (ja) * 2006-09-29 2008-04-17 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp ポリエステル発泡シート及びその製造方法
US8258239B2 (en) * 2007-07-01 2012-09-04 Ftex, Incorporated Production method of polyethylene terephthalate graft copolymerized resin and molded product thereof
DE102008053518A1 (de) * 2008-10-28 2010-06-02 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Epoxid-basierter Strukturschaum mit verbesserter Zähigkeit
CN101544811B (zh) * 2009-04-30 2011-06-22 四川省宜宾五粮液集团有限公司 发泡pet片材及其制备方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2809724A1 (en) 2014-12-10
AU2013214578A1 (en) 2014-07-24
AU2013214578B2 (en) 2016-02-25
KR101958513B1 (ko) 2019-07-04
JP2015510533A (ja) 2015-04-09
US20140357744A1 (en) 2014-12-04
BR112014017887A2 (es) 2017-06-20
MX2014008973A (es) 2014-10-30
CA2861004A1 (en) 2013-08-08
US9394417B2 (en) 2016-07-19
DK2809724T3 (en) 2016-04-18
WO2013113465A1 (en) 2013-08-08
EP2809724B1 (en) 2016-01-13
BR112014017887A8 (pt) 2017-07-11
ES2567322T3 (es) 2016-04-21
EA201491192A1 (ru) 2015-01-30
CN104204090A (zh) 2014-12-10
ITMI20120135A1 (it) 2013-08-03
CN104204090B (zh) 2016-08-17
JP6088547B2 (ja) 2017-03-01
KR20140124760A (ko) 2014-10-27
CA2861004C (en) 2019-08-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
MX351792B (es) Proceso para la produccion de espumas de pet y espumas de pet obtenidas por el proceso.
TR201903834T4 (tr) Genleşebilir vinil aromatik polimer granülatı ve jeopolimer kompoziti içeren genleşmiş vinil aromatik polimer köpük ve bunun buradaki kullanımı.
EP4241795A3 (en) Hemostatic foam
MY159677A (en) Enhanced procatalyst composition and process
MX342762B (es) Procesos de polietileno y sus composiciones.
BRPI0923030A2 (pt) composições de polímeros vinilaromáticos expansíveis, artigos expandidos, folhas expandidas extrusadas, e, processos para preparar as composições de polímeros vinilaromãticos expansíveis, para preparar através de polimerização em massa contínua as composições de polímeros vinilaromáticos expansíveis, e para produzir as folhas de polímero vinilaromático expandidas extrusada
EP2441794A3 (en) Foamable elastomeric composition
GB201008902D0 (en) Membrane enhanced polymer sythesis
MX359155B (es) Proceso de producción de espuma de poliuretano, pre-mezcla, formulación y producto.
EP2669323A4 (en) FACIALIZING AND MANUFACTURING METHOD / PREPARATION THEREFOR, ROLLING COMPOSITION, NETWORKED FOAM AND MANUFACTURING METHOD AND SHAPED RUBBER PRODUCT
SG11201408066UA (en) Catalyst for methanol production, method of producing the same and process of methanol production
WO2013156237A3 (de) Guanidingruppen aufweisende verbindungen und deren verwendung als additive bei der herstellung von polyurethansystemen
EP3636699A4 (en) EXPANDED POLYOLEFIN-BASED RESIN BEADS, PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EXPANDED POLYOLEFIN-BASED RESIN BEADS, AND POLYOLEFIN-BASED RESIN FOAM MOLDED BY FOAMING IN THE MOLD
MX2017011450A (es) Liberacion de molde de baja deslaminacion.
BR112014017052A2 (pt) processo para preparação de partículas poliméricas hidroabsorventes, partículas poliméricas hidroabsorventes e seu uso, compósito e seu uso, processo para a produção de compósito, espumas, artigos moldados, fibras
BR112013010627A2 (pt) composição de precursor de ativador, composição de ativador, processo para formar uma composição precursora de ativador, composição de catalisador, processo para polimerização de olefina, polímero, e, artigo de fabricação
MX2014013030A (es) Procedimiento de produccion de cuerpos moldeados de espuma.
MX2017005856A (es) Composicion y proceso de moldeado por soplado.
BR112019004763A2 (pt) aprimorar as propriedades em espumas de pmma usando-se amidas metracrílicas
NZ706133A (en) Manufacture of polylactic acid foams using liquid carbon dioxide
EA201400250A1 (ru) Безизоцианатные полимеры и способы их получения
TR201902506T4 (tr) Poliüretan köpük üretimi için formülasyon.
MX2012003108A (es) Proceso para activar la expansion secundaria de perlas expandibles.
EP2447287A4 (en) POLYETHYLENE RESIN, CATALYST USED FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF, METHOD OF PRODUCTION THEREOF, POLYETHYLENE RESIN, HOLLOWING PLASTIC MOLDING BODY AND USE OF THE HOLLOWED PLASTIC MOLDING BODY
IN2014DE01015A (es)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FG Grant or registration