MX166180B - Suspension tipo puntal con fuerza compensadora lateral - Google Patents
Suspension tipo puntal con fuerza compensadora lateralInfo
- Publication number
- MX166180B MX166180B MX004399A MX439986A MX166180B MX 166180 B MX166180 B MX 166180B MX 004399 A MX004399 A MX 004399A MX 439986 A MX439986 A MX 439986A MX 166180 B MX166180 B MX 166180B
- Authority
- MX
- Mexico
- Prior art keywords
- air spring
- suspension
- piston
- springs
- supported
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G13/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers
- B60G13/02—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers having dampers dissipating energy, e.g. frictionally
- B60G13/06—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers having dampers dissipating energy, e.g. frictionally of fluid type
- B60G13/10—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers having dampers dissipating energy, e.g. frictionally of fluid type pneumatic
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
- F16F9/06—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
- F16F9/08—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid where gas is in a chamber with a flexible wall
- F16F9/084—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid where gas is in a chamber with a flexible wall comprising a gas spring contained within a flexible wall, the wall not being in contact with the damping fluid, i.e. mounted externally on the damper cylinder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G13/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of vibration dampers
- B60G13/001—Arrangements for attachment of dampers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G15/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
- B60G15/02—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having mechanical spring
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G15/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type
- B60G15/08—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having fluid spring
- B60G15/12—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having fluid spring and fluid damper
- B60G15/14—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or type of combined spring and vibration damper, e.g. telescopic type having fluid spring and fluid damper the damper being connected to the stub axle and the spring being arranged around the damper
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
- F16F9/02—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum
- F16F9/04—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall
- F16F9/05—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using gas only or vacuum in a chamber with a flexible wall the flexible wall being of the rolling diaphragm type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
- B60G2202/30—Spring/Damper and/or actuator Units
- B60G2202/31—Spring/Damper and/or actuator Units with the spring arranged around the damper, e.g. MacPherson strut
- B60G2202/314—The spring being a pneumatic spring
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
- B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
- B60G2204/128—Damper mount on vehicle body or chassis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/40—Auxiliary suspension parts; Adjustment of suspensions
- B60G2204/41—Elastic mounts, e.g. bushings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S280/00—Land vehicles
- Y10S280/01—Load responsive, leveling of vehicle
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
Abstract
La presente invención se refiere a suspensión tipo puntal con fuerza compensadora lateral, para conectar una porción sostenida sobre muelles y una porción no sostenida sobre muelles de una suspensión, y proporcionar una fuerza de compensación de carga lateral, para cuantificar la fuerza de carga lateral de equilibrio creada por la porción sostenida sobre muelles; que comprende: (a) un medio amortiguador que incluye un cuerpo que contiene un depósito lleno de aceite montado en el mismo, un pistón montado para movimiento recíproco coaxial en el cuerpo que tiene una varilla conectada al pistón, que se extiende en forma ascendente desde el cuerpo, estando el cuerpo concéntrico alrededor de un eje de rotación del medio amortiguador y conectado a la porción no sostenida sobre muelles de la suspensión, estando la varilla conectada a la porción sostenida sobre muelles de la suspensión, en un punto de fijación; y (b) un resorte de aire asimétrico montado en forma operativa, que rodea el medio amortiguador para formar una cavidad de trabajo neumática, sellada, alrededor del mismo, incluyendo el resorte de aire asimétrico un pistón de resorte de aire que tiene una sección transversal radial generalmente de forma ovalada, con una porción de radio pequeño y una porción de radio más grande, que está centrado sobre el eje de rotación del medio amortiguador, y que está fijado en forma sellada al cuerpo del medio amortiguador, de modo que el pistón de resorte de aire quede montado excéntricamente alrededor del eje de rotación del medio amortiguador; y un retén superior axialmente separado del pistón de resorte de aire, mediante un miembro flexible que forma lóbulos de rodamiento de longitud axial desigual, a medida que el miembro flexible rueda axialmente hacia abajo sobre el pistón de resorte de aire, para proporcionar la fuerza de compensación de carga lateral, a fin de cuantificar el equilibrio de la fuerza de carga lateral creada por la porción sostenida sobre muelles de la suspensión; estando la cavidad de trabajo neumática formada mediante un primer extremo del miembro flexible tubular que está asegurado en forma sellada al retén superior, y un segundo extremo del miembro flexible tubular que está asegurado en forma sellada al pistón de resorte de aire, estando el retén superior conectado a la varilla cerca de la porción sostenida sobre muelles de la suspensión.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/802,144 US4688774A (en) | 1985-11-27 | 1985-11-27 | Side load compensating air suspension |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
MX166180B true MX166180B (es) | 1992-12-23 |
Family
ID=25182953
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
MX004399A MX166180B (es) | 1985-11-27 | 1986-11-21 | Suspension tipo puntal con fuerza compensadora lateral |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US4688774A (es) |
EP (1) | EP0225271B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JPH069923B2 (es) |
KR (1) | KR920007838B1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU595844B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BR8605730A (es) |
CA (1) | CA1287069C (es) |
DE (1) | DE3683992D1 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2003530A6 (es) |
IN (1) | IN172011B (es) |
MX (1) | MX166180B (es) |
Families Citing this family (59)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4989844A (en) * | 1986-06-23 | 1991-02-05 | Monroe Auto Equipment Company | Vehicle leveling shock absorber assembly |
US5135203A (en) * | 1986-06-23 | 1992-08-04 | Monroe Auto Equipment Company | Vehicle leveling shock absorber assembly |
US4712776A (en) * | 1986-07-14 | 1987-12-15 | The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company | Air spring suspension system |
US5009401A (en) * | 1986-07-14 | 1991-04-23 | Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. | Air spring suspension system with dual path isolation |
US5129634A (en) * | 1986-09-02 | 1992-07-14 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Airspring with partial restraining sleeve |
US4844429A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1989-07-04 | The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company | Die spring construction |
FR2609128B1 (fr) * | 1986-12-30 | 1991-05-24 | Sirven Jacques | Amortisseur a compensation de charge |
JP2662218B2 (ja) * | 1987-04-03 | 1997-10-08 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | 空気ばね |
US4796870A (en) * | 1987-05-18 | 1989-01-10 | The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company | Suspension system for vehicles containing combination isolator mount and air spring closure |
US4779893A (en) * | 1987-09-24 | 1988-10-25 | General Motors Corporation | Strut type vehicle wheel suspension |
US4817928A (en) * | 1987-10-09 | 1989-04-04 | Paton H N | Suspension system |
US4826204A (en) * | 1988-06-20 | 1989-05-02 | General Motors Corporation | Laterally offset dual volume air damper suspension strut with minimized side load |
US4883288A (en) * | 1988-10-20 | 1989-11-28 | General Motors Corporation | Suspension strut with side load support |
DE3836897A1 (de) * | 1988-10-29 | 1990-05-03 | Stabilus Gmbh | Ventilierbare schutzhuelle fuer die kolbenstange eines hydropneumatischen verstellelements |
US4961594A (en) * | 1989-04-24 | 1990-10-09 | General Motors Corporation | End retainer for air spring in strut suspension |
US4988082A (en) * | 1989-07-18 | 1991-01-29 | General Motors Corporation | Spliced air sleeve assembly for air spring damper |
US5180144A (en) * | 1991-09-03 | 1993-01-19 | General Motors Corporation | Air spring module for a damper |
US5549269A (en) * | 1992-03-27 | 1996-08-27 | Gertel; Maurice | Gas spring assembly |
US5348266A (en) * | 1992-03-27 | 1994-09-20 | Kinetic Systems, Inc. | Reduced horizontal stiffness vibration isolation system |
US5363743A (en) * | 1993-04-14 | 1994-11-15 | Eaton Corporation | Fluid pressure servomotor |
DE19508980C2 (de) * | 1995-03-13 | 2000-06-15 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Luftfederbein |
DE59708336D1 (de) * | 1996-12-17 | 2002-10-31 | Phoenix Ag | Luftfedersystem |
EP0852188B1 (en) | 1997-01-06 | 2004-03-31 | The Gates Corporation | Side load compensating airspring for a vehicle suspension and method |
US5752692A (en) * | 1997-01-06 | 1998-05-19 | The Gates Corporation | Side load compensating airspring strut |
US5934171A (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 1999-08-10 | Cymer, Inc. | Flexible mount for hydraulic/pneumatic cylinder and the like |
MXPA02000370A (es) | 1999-06-11 | 2004-05-21 | Gates Corp | Muelle de aire de compartimiento dual. |
US6109598A (en) * | 1999-06-29 | 2000-08-29 | Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. | Air spring bumper utilizing a combination of materials |
JP4181277B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-29 | 2008-11-12 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | 空気ばね用ダイヤフラム |
US6607186B2 (en) * | 2000-05-01 | 2003-08-19 | Bret Voelkel | Shock absorber |
US6561747B2 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2003-05-13 | Caterpillar S.A.R.L. | Ejector arrangement for a work machine |
US7798295B2 (en) | 2001-01-03 | 2010-09-21 | Jurrens Jesse A | Air-bag suspension system |
DE10229584B4 (de) * | 2001-07-11 | 2008-07-31 | Vibracoustic Gmbh & Co. Kg | Federbein für eine Radaufhängung von Fahrzeugen mit einer Anordnung zur Kompensation von Querkräften |
US6827342B2 (en) * | 2002-02-27 | 2004-12-07 | Zf Sachs Ag | Shock absorber |
US7178794B2 (en) * | 2002-09-10 | 2007-02-20 | Seagate Technology Llc | Fluid isolator assembly and floating elastomeric damping element |
US6902155B1 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2005-06-07 | Freudenberg-Nok General Partnership | Air spring elliptical piston |
US20040080086A1 (en) * | 2002-10-23 | 2004-04-29 | Mansueto Mark J. | Resilient bushing mount for a vehicle suspension |
DE10302211B4 (de) * | 2003-01-22 | 2006-02-02 | Zf Sachs Ag | Schwingungsdämpfer |
KR100527710B1 (ko) * | 2003-05-21 | 2005-11-09 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 리어스트럿어셈블리의 상단 마운팅부 구조 |
US6899049B2 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2005-05-31 | Donald H. Gehring | Apparatus and method of constructing offshore platforms |
US7380799B2 (en) * | 2003-11-05 | 2008-06-03 | Bfs Diversified Products, Llc | Adjustable vehicle suspension system with adjustable-rate air spring |
DE102004010945A1 (de) * | 2004-03-03 | 2005-09-22 | Continental Aktiengesellschaft | Luftfeder für ein radführendes Federbein eines Kraftfahrzeuges |
US7077052B2 (en) * | 2004-08-06 | 2006-07-18 | Arvinmeritor Technology, Llc | Strut assembly with inverted air spring configuration |
DE102004058104B4 (de) * | 2004-12-01 | 2008-08-07 | Thyssenkrupp Bilstein Suspension Gmbh | Auflagerkörper zur Abstützung eines elastischen Abstützelements |
FR2912793A1 (fr) * | 2007-02-19 | 2008-08-22 | Trelleborg Modyn Soc Par Actio | Support antivibratoire et dispositif amortisseur antivibratoire employant ledit support |
US20100117319A1 (en) * | 2008-11-12 | 2010-05-13 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Vehicle and Trailer Set With Interchangeable Suspension Assemblies |
EP2412999A1 (de) * | 2010-07-28 | 2012-02-01 | Carl Freudenberg KG | Hydraulisch dämpfendes Lager |
MX2011009484A (es) * | 2010-09-10 | 2012-08-30 | Castalloy Inc | Mobiliario de horno.. |
DE102011085323A1 (de) * | 2011-02-11 | 2012-08-16 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Kolben für eine Luftfeder |
EP2524828A1 (de) * | 2011-05-17 | 2012-11-21 | Carl Freudenberg KG | Lager sowie Lageranordnung |
DE102012223112A1 (de) * | 2012-12-13 | 2014-06-18 | Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Luftfederkolbens und Luftfederkolben |
JP6006109B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-25 | 2016-10-12 | 株式会社ショーワ | エアばね付ダンパ |
DE102013110148A1 (de) * | 2013-09-16 | 2015-04-02 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Luftfeder-Dämpfer-Vorrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug |
US9290231B1 (en) * | 2015-05-19 | 2016-03-22 | Jesse Jurrens | Vehicle suspension element |
DE102015007743B4 (de) * | 2015-06-17 | 2018-02-15 | Anvis Deutschland Gmbh | Schublager und druckluftbeaufschlagter Stoßdämpfer |
DE102016210121B4 (de) | 2016-06-08 | 2022-02-03 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Luftfeder für Fahrwerke von Fahrzeugen |
US10245915B2 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2019-04-02 | Cnh Industrial America Llc | Task-specific ride-height and speed control of an agricultural product applicator with air strut suspension |
US10865734B2 (en) | 2017-12-06 | 2020-12-15 | Ai Alpine Us Bidco Inc | Piston assembly with offset tight land profile |
CN115066344B (zh) * | 2019-12-31 | 2023-08-01 | 火石工业产品有限责任公司 | 端构件、端构件组件、气弹簧和阻尼器组件及悬架系统 |
US11548345B1 (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2023-01-10 | Afco Performance Group, Llc | Suspension component for utility vehicles |
Family Cites Families (22)
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---|---|---|---|---|
GB792310A (en) * | 1955-02-07 | 1958-03-26 | Ford Motor Co | Improvements in or relating to wheel suspensions for motor vehicles |
GB828606A (en) * | 1956-01-05 | 1960-02-17 | Moulton Development Ltd | Improvements in fluid pressure systems and apparatus |
NL109093C (es) * | 1956-10-02 | |||
US2893104A (en) * | 1957-05-23 | 1959-07-07 | Gen Motors Corp | Air suspension |
US2980441A (en) * | 1958-11-28 | 1961-04-18 | Gen Motors Corp | Fluid suspension unit |
GB1034471A (en) * | 1962-01-13 | 1966-06-29 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Air spring |
NL298341A (es) * | 1962-07-20 | |||
FR1391349A (fr) * | 1964-04-20 | 1965-03-05 | Gomma Antivibranti Applic | Suspension élastique pour véhicules |
NL137412C (es) * | 1964-09-24 | |||
US3363893A (en) * | 1965-02-04 | 1968-01-16 | Girling Ltd | Vehicle suspension device |
DE1780370A1 (de) * | 1968-01-17 | 1971-12-30 | Studi Impianti Consulenze Automotoristische Sica-S.R.L., Mailand (Italien) | Einzelradaufhängung |
DE2063448A1 (de) * | 1970-12-23 | 1972-07-06 | Fichtel & Sachs Ag, 8720 Schweinfurt | Aus Stoßdämpfer und Luftfeder bestehendes Federbein |
CA1050060A (en) * | 1974-08-30 | 1979-03-06 | Johan H. Keijzer | Vehicle suspension strut |
US3954257A (en) * | 1974-08-30 | 1976-05-04 | Monroe Belgium N. V. | Suspension strut |
FR2319813A1 (fr) * | 1975-08-01 | 1977-02-25 | Renault | Element elastique de fixation d'amortisseur porteur |
DE2750667C2 (de) * | 1977-11-12 | 1980-01-24 | Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | Luftfeder für Kraftfahrzeuge |
US4274655A (en) * | 1979-10-29 | 1981-06-23 | General Motors Corporation | Resilient mount for MacPherson strut |
US4332397A (en) * | 1980-07-07 | 1982-06-01 | General Motors Corporation | Steerable suspension strut with pneumatic spring |
US4386791A (en) | 1981-07-06 | 1983-06-07 | Ford Motor Company | Actively controlled suspension system and height sensor |
JPS6036965B2 (ja) * | 1981-07-30 | 1985-08-23 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 操向車輪の懸架装置 |
US4445673A (en) * | 1982-01-15 | 1984-05-01 | Applied Power Inc. | Shock absorber and air spring assembly |
EP0210553B1 (de) * | 1985-07-26 | 1989-08-30 | Audi Ag | Vorrichtung zum Ausgleich der Radaufstands-Querkräfte an einem Federbein |
-
1985
- 1985-11-27 US US06/802,144 patent/US4688774A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1986
- 1986-07-17 IN IN642/DEL/86A patent/IN172011B/en unknown
- 1986-11-14 KR KR1019860009616A patent/KR920007838B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-20 BR BR8605730A patent/BR8605730A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-21 MX MX004399A patent/MX166180B/es unknown
- 1986-11-21 ES ES8603118A patent/ES2003530A6/es not_active Expired
- 1986-11-24 DE DE8686630176T patent/DE3683992D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-11-24 EP EP86630176A patent/EP0225271B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-11-25 JP JP61278928A patent/JPH069923B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-11-26 AU AU65716/86A patent/AU595844B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-11-26 CA CA000523878A patent/CA1287069C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1989
- 1989-03-02 US US07/308,340 patent/US4911416A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US4911416A (en) | 1990-03-27 |
BR8605730A (pt) | 1987-08-18 |
DE3683992D1 (de) | 1992-04-02 |
AU6571686A (en) | 1987-06-04 |
AU595844B2 (en) | 1990-04-12 |
KR920007838B1 (ko) | 1992-09-18 |
CA1287069C (en) | 1991-07-30 |
JPH069923B2 (ja) | 1994-02-09 |
IN172011B (es) | 1993-03-13 |
EP0225271A1 (en) | 1987-06-10 |
US4688774A (en) | 1987-08-25 |
EP0225271B1 (en) | 1992-02-26 |
KR870004847A (ko) | 1987-06-02 |
ES2003530A6 (es) | 1988-11-01 |
JPS62131810A (ja) | 1987-06-15 |
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