MD960263A - Compoziţie de concentrat pentru obţinerea soluţiei apoase pentru depunerea acoperirii pe suprafeţe metalice, soluţie apoasă pentru depunerea acoperirilor fosfatice, adaos la compoziţia pentru depunerea acoperirilor - Google Patents
Compoziţie de concentrat pentru obţinerea soluţiei apoase pentru depunerea acoperirii pe suprafeţe metalice, soluţie apoasă pentru depunerea acoperirilor fosfatice, adaos la compoziţia pentru depunerea acoperirilorInfo
- Publication number
- MD960263A MD960263A MD96-0263A MD960263A MD960263A MD 960263 A MD960263 A MD 960263A MD 960263 A MD960263 A MD 960263A MD 960263 A MD960263 A MD 960263A
- Authority
- MD
- Moldova
- Prior art keywords
- aqueous solution
- compound
- applicated
- aplication
- preparation
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 title 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- ZNBNBTIDJSKEAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[7-hydroxy-2-[5-[5-[6-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyloxan-2-yl]-3-methyloxolan-2-yl]-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]-2,8-dimethyl-1,10-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-9-yl]-2-methyl-3-propanoyloxypentanoic acid Chemical compound C1C(O)C(C)C(C(C)C(OC(=O)CC)C(C)C(O)=O)OC11OC(C)(C2OC(C)(CC2)C2C(CC(O2)C2C(CC(C)C(O)(CO)O2)C)C)CC1 ZNBNBTIDJSKEAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000378 hydroxylammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 nitrite ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/07—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
- C23C22/08—Orthophosphates
- C23C22/18—Orthophosphates containing manganese cations
- C23C22/182—Orthophosphates containing manganese cations containing also zinc cations
- C23C22/184—Orthophosphates containing manganese cations containing also zinc cations containing also nickel cations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
- C23C22/364—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations
- C23C22/365—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations containing also zinc and nickel cations
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Chemically Coating (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
Abstract
Concentratele conţin sulfat de hidroxilamină (a) şi ioni de zinc (b), nichel, mangan şi fosfat şi se utilizează pentru obţinerea soluţiilor apoase pentru depunerea acoperirilor pe suprafeţe metalice, inclusiv suprafeţe din fier, zinc sau aluminiu.Soluţiile pentru depunerea acoperirilor nu conţin ioni de nitrit în calitate de accelerator, astfel micşorând acţiunea negativă asupra mediului ambiant şi rezolvând problema securităţii care este legată de nitriţi.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/736,835 US5261973A (en) | 1991-07-29 | 1991-07-29 | Zinc phosphate conversion coating and process |
| PCT/US1992/005861 WO1993003198A1 (en) | 1991-07-29 | 1992-07-22 | Zinc phosphate conversion coating composition and process |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| MD960263A true MD960263A (ro) | 1998-06-30 |
Family
ID=24961490
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| MD96-0263A MD960263A (ro) | 1991-07-29 | 1992-07-22 | Compoziţie de concentrat pentru obţinerea soluţiei apoase pentru depunerea acoperirii pe suprafeţe metalice, soluţie apoasă pentru depunerea acoperirilor fosfatice, adaos la compoziţia pentru depunerea acoperirilor |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5261973A (ro) |
| EP (1) | EP0596947B1 (ro) |
| JP (1) | JPH05195245A (ro) |
| KR (1) | KR100248163B1 (ro) |
| CN (1) | CN1038949C (ro) |
| AT (1) | ATE138422T1 (ro) |
| BR (1) | BR9206309A (ro) |
| CA (1) | CA2112483C (ro) |
| DE (1) | DE69211004T2 (ro) |
| ES (1) | ES2089543T3 (ro) |
| HK (1) | HK1007576A1 (ro) |
| MD (1) | MD960263A (ro) |
| MX (1) | MX9204424A (ro) |
| NZ (1) | NZ243705A (ro) |
| PT (1) | PT100741B (ro) |
| RU (1) | RU2109845C1 (ro) |
| SG (1) | SG76476A1 (ro) |
| TR (1) | TR28730A (ro) |
| TW (1) | TW241313B (ro) |
| WO (1) | WO1993003198A1 (ro) |
| ZA (1) | ZA925632B (ro) |
Families Citing this family (41)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6019858A (en) * | 1991-07-29 | 2000-02-01 | Henkel Corporation | Zinc phosphate conversion coating and process |
| DE4210513A1 (de) * | 1992-03-31 | 1993-10-07 | Henkel Kgaa | Nickel-freie Phosphatierverfahren |
| US5378292A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-01-03 | Henkel Corporation | Phosphate conversion coating and compositions and concentrates therefor with stable internal accelerator |
| US5597465A (en) * | 1994-08-05 | 1997-01-28 | Novamax Itb S.R.L. | Acid aqueous phosphatic solution and process using same for phosphating metal surfaces |
| IT1274594B (it) * | 1994-08-05 | 1997-07-18 | Itb Srl | Soluzione fosfatica acquosa acida e processo di fosfatazione di superfici metalliche che la utilizza |
| DE19538778A1 (de) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-04-24 | Henkel Kgaa | Schichtgewichtssteuerung bei Hydroxylamin-beschleunigten Phosphatiersystemen |
| US5728235A (en) * | 1996-02-14 | 1998-03-17 | Henkel Corporation | Moderate temperature manganese phosphate conversion coating composition and process |
| US5595611A (en) * | 1996-02-14 | 1997-01-21 | Henkel Corporation | Moderate temperature manganese phosphate conversion coating composition and process |
| US6179934B1 (en) | 1997-01-24 | 2001-01-30 | Henkel Corporation | Aqueous phosphating composition and process for metal surfaces |
| JPH10204649A (ja) * | 1997-01-24 | 1998-08-04 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | 金属表面のりん酸塩処理水溶液及び処理方法 |
| DE19716075A1 (de) * | 1997-04-17 | 1998-10-22 | Henkel Kgaa | Mit Hydroxylamin und Chlorat beschleunigtes Phosphatierverfahren |
| US6720032B1 (en) | 1997-09-10 | 2004-04-13 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Pretreatment before painting of composite metal structures containing aluminum portions |
| US5954892A (en) * | 1998-03-02 | 1999-09-21 | Bulk Chemicals, Inc. | Method and composition for producing zinc phosphate coatings on metal surfaces |
| DE19905479A1 (de) * | 1999-02-10 | 2000-08-17 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zur Phospatisierung von Zink- oder Aluminiumoberflächen |
| US6117251A (en) * | 1999-03-24 | 2000-09-12 | Bulk Chemicals, Inc. | No rinse zinc phosphate treatment for prepaint application |
| US6780256B2 (en) | 1999-03-24 | 2004-08-24 | Bulk Chemicals, Inc. | Method of treating a metal surface with a no rinse zinc phosphate coating |
| WO2000073536A1 (de) * | 1999-05-28 | 2000-12-07 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Nachpassivierung einer phosphatierten metalloberfläche |
| WO2001055480A1 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2001-08-02 | Henkel Corporation | Phosphate conversion coating process and composition |
| US6833328B1 (en) | 2000-06-09 | 2004-12-21 | General Electric Company | Method for removing a coating from a substrate, and related compositions |
| US6902766B1 (en) * | 2000-07-27 | 2005-06-07 | Lord Corporation | Two-part aqueous metal protection treatment |
| US6551417B1 (en) | 2000-09-20 | 2003-04-22 | Ge Betz, Inc. | Tri-cation zinc phosphate conversion coating and process of making the same |
| US6863738B2 (en) | 2001-01-29 | 2005-03-08 | General Electric Company | Method for removing oxides and coatings from a substrate |
| US8062435B2 (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2011-11-22 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Phosphating operation |
| AU2002361680A1 (en) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-07-09 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Use of substituted hydroxylamines in metal phosphating processes |
| RU2225895C2 (ru) * | 2002-01-14 | 2004-03-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "ФК" | Способ нанесения фосфатирующего состава |
| RU2205895C1 (ru) * | 2002-01-14 | 2003-06-10 | Алмазова Эмилия Александровна | Состав для обработки металлической поверхности |
| US6953533B2 (en) | 2003-06-16 | 2005-10-11 | General Electric Company | Process for removing chromide coatings from metal substrates, and related compositions |
| DE102005047424A1 (de) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-05 | Henkel Kgaa | Phosphatierlösung mit Wasserstoffperoxid und chelatbildenden Carbonsäuren |
| US8092617B2 (en) * | 2006-02-14 | 2012-01-10 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Composition and processes of a dry-in-place trivalent chromium corrosion-resistant coating for use on metal surfaces |
| RU2434972C2 (ru) * | 2006-05-10 | 2011-11-27 | ХЕНКЕЛЬ АГ унд Ко. КГаА. | Улучшенная, содержащая трехвалентный хром композиция для применения в коррозионно-стойких покрытиях на металлических поверхностях |
| WO2009017535A2 (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2009-02-05 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | High manganese cobalt-modified zinc phosphate conversion coating |
| US20090242081A1 (en) * | 2008-03-26 | 2009-10-01 | Richard Bauer | Aluminum Treatment Composition |
| US8268097B2 (en) | 2008-03-31 | 2012-09-18 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet and producing method therefor |
| GB2469115B (en) | 2009-04-03 | 2013-08-21 | Keronite Internat Ltd | Process for the enhanced corrosion protection of valve metals |
| CN102304710A (zh) * | 2011-04-25 | 2012-01-04 | 大连三达奥克化学股份有限公司 | 钢丝高速拉拔前用磷化剂及制备方法 |
| US10156016B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-12-18 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Trivalent chromium-containing composition for aluminum and aluminum alloys |
| CN103255464B (zh) * | 2013-05-23 | 2016-04-13 | 浙江工贸职业技术学院 | 一种钢铁表面电化学氧化膜成膜液、使用方法及其形成的膜层 |
| CN103469188B (zh) * | 2013-09-30 | 2015-10-14 | 宜都市华益工具制造有限公司 | 一种合金钢材料用磷化液及其磷化工艺 |
| CN104032293B (zh) * | 2014-06-11 | 2016-02-17 | 安徽江南机械有限责任公司 | 一种不含镍单组分高耐蚀性环保黑色磷化液 |
| KR20190043155A (ko) | 2016-08-24 | 2019-04-25 | 피피지 인더스트리즈 오하이오 인코포레이티드 | 금속 기판을 처리하기 위한 알칼리성 조성물 |
| DE102019134298A1 (de) * | 2019-12-13 | 2021-06-17 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Stahlflachprodukts mit einer metallischen Schutzschicht auf Basis von Zink und einer auf einer Oberfläche der metallischen Schutzschicht erzeugten Phosphatierschicht und derartiges Stahlflachprodukt |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2298280A (en) * | 1939-02-02 | 1942-10-13 | Parker Rust Proof Co | Treatment of metal |
| DE1072055B (ro) * | 1952-08-28 | |||
| DE2402051B2 (de) * | 1974-01-17 | 1976-10-28 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur phosphatierung von metallen |
| DE3101866A1 (de) * | 1981-01-22 | 1982-08-26 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur phosphatierung von metallen |
| US4486241A (en) * | 1981-09-17 | 1984-12-04 | Amchem Products, Inc. | Composition and process for treating steel |
| JPS5935681A (ja) * | 1982-08-24 | 1984-02-27 | Nippon Paint Co Ltd | カチオン型電着塗装用金属表面のリン酸塩処理方法 |
| JPS60184684A (ja) * | 1984-02-29 | 1985-09-20 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | リン酸亜鉛系皮膜化成処理液の制御方法 |
| US4793867A (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1988-12-27 | Chemfil Corporation | Phosphate coating composition and method of applying a zinc-nickel phosphate coating |
| US4941930A (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1990-07-17 | Chemfil Corporation | Phosphate coating composition and method of applying a zinc-nickel phosphate coating |
| DE3712339A1 (de) * | 1987-04-11 | 1988-10-20 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zur phosphatierung vor der elektrotauchlackierung |
| US4865653A (en) * | 1987-10-30 | 1989-09-12 | Henkel Corporation | Zinc phosphate coating process |
| ES2036023T3 (es) * | 1988-11-25 | 1993-05-01 | Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft | Procedimiento para la aplicacion de recubrimiento de fosfato. |
-
1991
- 1991-07-29 US US07/736,835 patent/US5261973A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-07-22 DE DE69211004T patent/DE69211004T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-22 AT AT92916122T patent/ATE138422T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-07-22 RU RU94012855A patent/RU2109845C1/ru active
- 1992-07-22 ES ES92916122T patent/ES2089543T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-22 EP EP92916122A patent/EP0596947B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-22 WO PCT/US1992/005861 patent/WO1993003198A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-07-22 KR KR1019940700152A patent/KR100248163B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-07-22 HK HK98106838A patent/HK1007576A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-07-22 CA CA002112483A patent/CA2112483C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-07-22 BR BR9206309A patent/BR9206309A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-07-22 SG SG1996008638A patent/SG76476A1/en unknown
- 1992-07-22 MD MD96-0263A patent/MD960263A/ro unknown
- 1992-07-24 NZ NZ243705A patent/NZ243705A/en unknown
- 1992-07-27 ZA ZA925632A patent/ZA925632B/xx unknown
- 1992-07-28 JP JP4219568A patent/JPH05195245A/ja active Pending
- 1992-07-29 PT PT100741A patent/PT100741B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-07-29 TR TR00698/92A patent/TR28730A/xx unknown
- 1992-07-29 CN CN92108858A patent/CN1038949C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-07-29 MX MX9204424A patent/MX9204424A/es unknown
- 1992-09-22 TW TW081107462A patent/TW241313B/zh active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PT100741B (pt) | 1999-08-31 |
| CN1069077A (zh) | 1993-02-17 |
| US5261973A (en) | 1993-11-16 |
| WO1993003198A1 (en) | 1993-02-18 |
| RU94012855A (ru) | 1996-06-27 |
| ZA925632B (en) | 1993-04-28 |
| EP0596947B1 (en) | 1996-05-22 |
| JPH05195245A (ja) | 1993-08-03 |
| TW241313B (ro) | 1995-02-21 |
| DE69211004T2 (de) | 1997-01-02 |
| CN1038949C (zh) | 1998-07-01 |
| BR9206309A (pt) | 1995-04-11 |
| ES2089543T3 (es) | 1996-10-01 |
| ATE138422T1 (de) | 1996-06-15 |
| CA2112483A1 (en) | 1993-02-18 |
| DE69211004D1 (de) | 1996-06-27 |
| HK1007576A1 (en) | 1999-04-16 |
| PT100741A (pt) | 1993-09-30 |
| RU2109845C1 (ru) | 1998-04-27 |
| NZ243705A (en) | 1995-03-28 |
| TR28730A (tr) | 1997-02-20 |
| KR100248163B1 (ko) | 2000-04-01 |
| SG76476A1 (en) | 2000-11-21 |
| CA2112483C (en) | 2003-05-13 |
| MX9204424A (es) | 1993-01-01 |
| EP0596947A1 (en) | 1994-05-18 |
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