KR880005288A - 연수보일러의 방식 처리방법 - Google Patents
연수보일러의 방식 처리방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR880005288A KR880005288A KR870011580A KR870011580A KR880005288A KR 880005288 A KR880005288 A KR 880005288A KR 870011580 A KR870011580 A KR 870011580A KR 870011580 A KR870011580 A KR 870011580A KR 880005288 A KR880005288 A KR 880005288A
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- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- acid
- treatment method
- metal
- tin
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims 3
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 239000008234 soft water Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims 2
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 claims 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 claims 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000005772 leucine Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrilotriacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000004400 serine Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000008521 threonine Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000014393 valine Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 claims 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
- C23F11/08—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent in other liquids
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
내용 없음
Description
본 내용은 요부공개 건이므로 전문내용을 수록하지 않았음
Claims (6)
- 고온의 연수가 사용되는 보일러 수계에 (a)중합인산류, 정인산류 및 유기인산류로 부터 선택되는 인화합물, (b)지방족 옥시카본산류 및 아미노산류로 부터 선택되는 카복산화합물과 (c)주석, 아연, 망간 및 니켈로 부터 선택되는 금속이온을 물속에 용이하게 방출하는 금속화합물을 화합물(a) 가 10 - 200㎎/ℓ, 화합물 (b)가 40 - 500㎎/ℓ, 화합물(c)가 0.5 - 50㎎/ℓ로 되도록 하고, 화합물(b) 와 화합물 (c)의 금속이온과의 중량비(화합물(b)/화합물(c)의 금속이온)가 3이상 되도록 첨가하는 것에 의하여, 탈 산소처리를 행하지 않고도 상기의 보일러수계에 생기는 철계금속의 부식을 방지하는 연수보일러의 방식처리방법.
- 제1항에있어서, 고온의 연수온도가 150°C - 250°C 인 연수보일러의 방식처리방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 화합물 (a)강 다음식 (I) - (Ⅲ);(단, K는 0 - 2의 정수이고, m는 2 - 6의 정수, M은 동일 또는 상이할 수도 있는 수소원자, 나트륨 또는 칼륨을 표시한다)(단, X는 OH 또는 NH2, M 은 동일 또는 상이할 수도 있는 수소원자, 나트륨 또는 칼륨을 표시한다. R은 메틸기 또는 에틸기를 표시한다.)또는(단, m, n 은 양의 정수이며, m + n = 4 - 20, M 은 수소원자 또는 알칼리금속을 표시한다.)으로 표식되는 유기 인화합물인 연수보일러의 방식 처리방법.
- 제1항에있어서, 카본산 화합물(b) 가 글리콜산, 젖산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산, 글루콘산, 니트릴로트리초산, 글라이신, 알라닌, 발린, 류신, 세린, 트레오닌, 아스파라긴산 또는 글루타민산 및 그들의 알칼리 금속염인 연수보일러의 방식처리방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 금속화합물(c)가 주석, 아연, 망간 또는 니켈의 황산염, 질산염, 염화물 또는 설파민산염인 연수보일러의 방식처리방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 금속화합물(c) 가 주석의 황산염, 질산염, 염화물 또는 설파민산염인 연수보일러의 방식처리 방법.※ 참고사항 : 최초출원 내용에 의하여 공개하는 것임.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP248075 | 1986-10-17 | ||
JP61248075A JP2608550B2 (ja) | 1986-10-17 | 1986-10-17 | 軟水ボイラの防食処理方法 |
JP61-248075 | 1986-10-17 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR880005288A true KR880005288A (ko) | 1988-06-28 |
KR930010996B1 KR930010996B1 (ko) | 1993-11-19 |
Family
ID=17172833
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019870011580A KR930010996B1 (ko) | 1986-10-17 | 1987-10-17 | 연수보일러의 방식 처리방법 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4885136A (ko) |
EP (1) | EP0265723B1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP2608550B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR930010996B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN1032487C (ko) |
CA (1) | CA1300363C (ko) |
DE (1) | DE3779044D1 (ko) |
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JPH01212781A (ja) * | 1988-02-18 | 1989-08-25 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | ボイラ水系用腐食防止剤 |
US5068059A (en) * | 1990-01-16 | 1991-11-26 | Drew Chemical Corporation | Corrosion inhibitor |
JPH0671593B2 (ja) * | 1990-09-14 | 1994-09-14 | 平成理研株式会社 | 脱酸素剤およびその使用方法 |
ES2050082B1 (es) * | 1992-11-16 | 1994-12-16 | Miret Lab | Composiciones para inhibir la corrosion de elementos metalicos en circuitos de aguas industriales. |
JP2556656B2 (ja) * | 1993-08-04 | 1996-11-20 | アクアス株式会社 | 冷却水系における鉄系金属の腐食防止方法及び冷却水系における鉄系金属の腐食防止剤 |
US5625656A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1997-04-29 | General Electric Company | Method for monitoring noble metal distribution in reactor circuit during plant application |
US5818893A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1998-10-06 | General Electric Company | In-situ palladium doping or coating of stainless steel surfaces |
US5600691A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1997-02-04 | General Electric Company | Noble metal doping or coating of crack interior for stress corrosion cracking protection of metals |
US5608766A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1997-03-04 | General Electric Company | Co-deposition of palladium during oxide film growth in high-temperature water to mitigate stress corrosion cracking |
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US5602888A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1997-02-11 | General Electric Company | Radiation-induced palladium doping of metals to protect against stress corrosion cracking |
US5600692A (en) * | 1993-10-29 | 1997-02-04 | General Electric Company | Method for improving tenacity and loading of palladium on palladium-doped metal surfaces |
TW253058B (en) * | 1994-03-10 | 1995-08-01 | Gen Electric | Method of doping or coating metal surfaces with metallic elements to improve oxide film insulating characteristics |
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CN105780011B (zh) * | 2016-03-08 | 2018-11-13 | 克拉玛依中科恒信科技有限责任公司 | 一种含咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶类化合物的缓蚀剂及其制备方法 |
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CN111593355A (zh) * | 2020-05-12 | 2020-08-28 | 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司西北电力试验研究院 | 一种火力发电厂锅炉清洗方法 |
US20220205112A1 (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2022-06-30 | Chemtreat, Inc. | Corrosion control of stainless steels in water systems using tin corrosion inhibitor with a hydroxycarboxylic acid |
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US3116105A (en) * | 1961-02-15 | 1963-12-31 | Dearborn Chemicals Co | Zinc-sodium polyphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, chelating agent corrosion inhibiting composition |
US3738806A (en) * | 1968-01-26 | 1973-06-12 | Monsanto Co | Process for the prevention of corrosion |
US3532639A (en) * | 1968-03-04 | 1970-10-06 | Calgon C0Rp | Corrosion inhibiting with combinations of zinc salts,and derivatives of methanol phosphonic acid |
US3671448A (en) * | 1970-09-10 | 1972-06-20 | Monsanto Co | Methods of scale inhibition using substoichiometric amounts of amino alcohol and phosphonic acids |
US3901651A (en) * | 1971-06-07 | 1975-08-26 | Aquaphase Lab Inc | Treating water to retard corrosion |
US4108790A (en) * | 1971-11-02 | 1978-08-22 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Corrosion inhibitor |
JPS4871738A (ko) * | 1971-12-28 | 1973-09-28 | ||
GB1455247A (en) * | 1972-11-29 | 1976-11-10 | Houseman Hegro Ltd | Water treatment compositions |
US4018701A (en) * | 1975-07-31 | 1977-04-19 | Calgon Corporation | Phosphorous acid and zinc corrosion inhibiting compositions and methods for using same |
JPS589833B2 (ja) * | 1976-02-19 | 1983-02-23 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 金属防食剤 |
US4138353A (en) * | 1977-04-01 | 1979-02-06 | The Mogul Corporation | Corrosion inhibiting composition and process of using same |
US4303568A (en) * | 1979-12-10 | 1981-12-01 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Corrosion inhibition treatments and method |
US4446046A (en) * | 1981-06-17 | 1984-05-01 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Poly (alkenyl) phosphonic acid and methods of use thereof |
FR2512072A1 (fr) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-03-04 | Roquette Freres | Composition et procede d'inhibition de la corrosion par l'eau des substrats metalliques |
JPS5916983A (ja) * | 1982-07-16 | 1984-01-28 | Katayama Chem Works Co Ltd | 金属防食剤 |
US4512552A (en) * | 1982-11-16 | 1985-04-23 | Katayama Chemical Works Co., Ltd. | Corrosion inhibitor |
JPS5993886A (ja) * | 1982-11-17 | 1984-05-30 | Katayama Chem Works Co Ltd | 金属防食剤 |
US4640818A (en) * | 1984-08-17 | 1987-02-03 | The Dow Chemical Company | Corrosion inhibition of metals in water systems using aminophosphonic acid derivatives in combination with manganese |
US4664884A (en) * | 1985-06-14 | 1987-05-12 | Drew Chemical Corporation | Corrosion inhibitor |
US5257049A (en) * | 1990-07-03 | 1993-10-26 | Agfa-Gevaert N.V. | LED exposure head with overlapping electric circuits |
-
1986
- 1986-10-17 JP JP61248075A patent/JP2608550B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-10-07 EP EP87114604A patent/EP0265723B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-07 DE DE8787114604T patent/DE3779044D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-15 US US07/108,764 patent/US4885136A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-16 CA CA000549530A patent/CA1300363C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-16 CN CN87107003A patent/CN1032487C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-10-17 KR KR1019870011580A patent/KR930010996B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS63103090A (ja) | 1988-05-07 |
CN1032487C (zh) | 1996-08-07 |
JP2608550B2 (ja) | 1997-05-07 |
US4885136A (en) | 1989-12-05 |
KR930010996B1 (ko) | 1993-11-19 |
CN87107003A (zh) | 1988-04-27 |
EP0265723B1 (en) | 1992-05-13 |
DE3779044D1 (de) | 1992-06-17 |
CA1300363C (en) | 1992-05-12 |
EP0265723A1 (en) | 1988-05-04 |
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