KR101497865B1 - 오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 - Google Patents
오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR101497865B1 KR101497865B1 KR1020137031243A KR20137031243A KR101497865B1 KR 101497865 B1 KR101497865 B1 KR 101497865B1 KR 1020137031243 A KR1020137031243 A KR 1020137031243A KR 20137031243 A KR20137031243 A KR 20137031243A KR 101497865 B1 KR101497865 B1 KR 101497865B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst carrier
- control element
- holding material
- casing
- mat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/10—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0002—Casings; Housings; Frame constructions
- B01D46/0005—Mounting of filtering elements within casings, housings or frames
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/88—Handling or mounting catalysts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C14/00—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62645—Thermal treatment of powders or mixtures thereof other than sintering
- C04B35/62655—Drying, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave or supercritical drying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/62844—Coating fibres
- C04B35/62847—Coating fibres with oxide ceramics
- C04B35/62849—Silica or silicates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/62844—Coating fibres
- C04B35/62847—Coating fibres with oxide ceramics
- C04B35/62852—Alumina or aluminates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
- C04B35/632—Organic additives
- C04B35/634—Polymers
- C04B35/63404—Polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B35/63424—Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/0211—Arrangements for mounting filtering elements in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
- F01N3/0222—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous the structure being monolithic, e.g. honeycombs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2839—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration
- F01N3/2853—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration using mats or gaskets between catalyst body and housing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2839—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration
- F01N3/2853—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration using mats or gaskets between catalyst body and housing
- F01N3/2864—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration using mats or gaskets between catalyst body and housing the mats or gaskets comprising two or more insulation layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
- B01D2279/30—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for treatment of exhaust gases from IC Engines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional [3D] monoliths
- B01J35/57—Honeycombs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/5208—Fibers
- C04B2235/5216—Inorganic
- C04B2235/522—Oxidic
- C04B2235/5224—Alumina or aluminates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/5208—Fibers
- C04B2235/5216—Inorganic
- C04B2235/522—Oxidic
- C04B2235/5228—Silica and alumina, including aluminosilicates, e.g. mullite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/5208—Fibers
- C04B2235/5216—Inorganic
- C04B2235/522—Oxidic
- C04B2235/5232—Silica or silicates other than aluminosilicates, e.g. quartz
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/5208—Fibers
- C04B2235/5252—Fibers having a specific pre-form
- C04B2235/5256—Two-dimensional, e.g. woven structures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/5208—Fibers
- C04B2235/526—Fibers characterised by the length of the fibers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
- C04B2235/5208—Fibers
- C04B2235/5264—Fibers characterised by the diameter of the fibers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5454—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof nanometer sized, i.e. below 100 nm
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
- F01N2310/02—Mineral wool, e.g. glass wool, rock wool, asbestos or the like
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Threshing Machine Elements (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Control Of Vending Devices And Auxiliary Devices For Vending Devices (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US71530205P | 2005-09-08 | 2005-09-08 | |
| US60/715,302 | 2005-09-08 | ||
| PCT/US2006/034378 WO2007030410A1 (en) | 2005-09-08 | 2006-09-05 | Holding material for pollution control element and pollution control apparatus |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020087007963A Division KR101659076B1 (ko) | 2005-09-08 | 2006-09-05 | 오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20130135401A KR20130135401A (ko) | 2013-12-10 |
| KR101497865B1 true KR101497865B1 (ko) | 2015-03-04 |
Family
ID=37622176
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020137031243A Active KR101497865B1 (ko) | 2005-09-08 | 2006-09-05 | 오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 |
| KR1020087007963A Active KR101659076B1 (ko) | 2005-09-08 | 2006-09-05 | 오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020087007963A Active KR101659076B1 (ko) | 2005-09-08 | 2006-09-05 | 오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7854905B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1931862B2 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP5275802B2 (enExample) |
| KR (2) | KR101497865B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN101283167B (enExample) |
| AT (1) | ATE437298T1 (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0615571A2 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2621689C (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE602006008019D1 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2007030410A1 (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200803027B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (46)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE602005025777D1 (de) | 2004-07-15 | 2011-02-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Abgasentgiftungselementmontagesystem und abgasentgiftungsvorrichtung |
| CA2621689C (en) | 2005-09-08 | 2013-05-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Holding material for pollution control element and pollution control apparatus |
| JP5077659B2 (ja) * | 2007-07-20 | 2012-11-21 | ニチアス株式会社 | 触媒コンバーター及び触媒コンバーター用保持材 |
| JP4922861B2 (ja) * | 2007-08-10 | 2012-04-25 | ニチアス株式会社 | 触媒コンバーター用保持材 |
| KR20150071033A (ko) * | 2007-08-31 | 2015-06-25 | 유니프랙스 아이 엘엘씨 | 기재 장착 시스템 |
| JP5650534B2 (ja) | 2007-10-09 | 2015-01-07 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 汚染防止要素を実装するための実装マットの作製方法 |
| DK2205838T3 (da) * | 2007-10-09 | 2014-07-28 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Monteringsmåtter med uorganiske nanopartikler samt fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af samme |
| JP4382860B1 (ja) * | 2008-07-02 | 2009-12-16 | シャープ株式会社 | 空気調和機 |
| AU2009286013A1 (en) | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-04 | Unifrax I Llc | Mounting mat with flexible edge protection and exhaust gas treatment device incorporating the mounting mat |
| BRPI0923515A2 (pt) | 2008-12-15 | 2016-01-26 | Unifrax I Llc | revestimento de cobertura para estrutura em cerâmica em forma de colméia |
| JP2012524206A (ja) | 2009-04-17 | 2012-10-11 | ユニフラックス ワン リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 排ガス処理装置 |
| GB0906837D0 (en) | 2009-04-21 | 2009-06-03 | Saffil Automotive Ltd | Mats |
| US8679415B2 (en) | 2009-08-10 | 2014-03-25 | Unifrax I Llc | Variable basis weight mounting mat or pre-form and exhaust gas treatment device |
| US9174169B2 (en) | 2009-08-14 | 2015-11-03 | Unifrax I Llc | Mounting mat for exhaust gas treatment device |
| EP2464838A1 (en) | 2009-08-14 | 2012-06-20 | Unifrax I LLC | Multiple layer substrate support and exhaust gas treatment device |
| US8071040B2 (en) | 2009-09-23 | 2011-12-06 | Unifax I LLC | Low shear mounting mat for pollution control devices |
| CN104129114B (zh) | 2009-09-24 | 2017-01-11 | 尤尼弗瑞克斯 I 有限责任公司 | 多层垫和废气处理装置 |
| EP2507490B1 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2017-01-25 | Unifrax Emission Control Europe Ltd. | Mounting mat |
| CN106884701A (zh) | 2009-12-17 | 2017-06-23 | 尤尼弗瑞克斯 I 有限责任公司 | 用于废气处理装置的安装垫 |
| CN102753795B (zh) | 2009-12-17 | 2016-02-17 | 尤尼弗瑞克斯I有限责任公司 | 微球体在废气处理装置安装垫中的用途 |
| JP2013514495A (ja) | 2009-12-17 | 2013-04-25 | ユニフラックス ワン リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 汚染物質制御デバイス用の多層装着マット |
| US8765069B2 (en) | 2010-08-12 | 2014-07-01 | Unifrax I Llc | Exhaust gas treatment device |
| EP2603676B1 (en) | 2010-08-13 | 2016-03-23 | Unifrax I LLC | Mounting mat with flexible edge protection and exhaust gas treatment device incorporating the mounting mat |
| US9120703B2 (en) | 2010-11-11 | 2015-09-01 | Unifrax I Llc | Mounting mat and exhaust gas treatment device |
| US9924564B2 (en) | 2010-11-11 | 2018-03-20 | Unifrax I Llc | Heated mat and exhaust gas treatment device |
| US9238981B2 (en) | 2010-12-22 | 2016-01-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Mounting mat with lower friction surface for assembling and higher friction surface for mounting |
| JP5971894B2 (ja) | 2011-01-31 | 2016-08-17 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 汚染コントロール要素用保持材、その製造方法及び汚染コントロール装置 |
| US9759112B2 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2017-09-12 | Nichias Corporation | Retainer for gas processing device, gas processing device, and manufacturing methods therefor |
| KR101291964B1 (ko) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-08-09 | 이비덴 가부시키가이샤 | 유지 시일재, 그 제조 방법 및 배기 가스 정화 장치 |
| JP5926084B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-27 | 2016-05-25 | イビデン株式会社 | 保持シール材、排ガス浄化装置及び保持シール材の製造方法 |
| JP5990393B2 (ja) * | 2012-04-03 | 2016-09-14 | イビデン株式会社 | 保持シール材、及び、排ガス浄化装置 |
| JP2015017344A (ja) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-29 | イビデン株式会社 | 無機繊維、無機繊維集合体の製造方法、保持シール材、及び、排ガス浄化装置 |
| JP6218529B2 (ja) * | 2013-09-24 | 2017-10-25 | イビデン株式会社 | 保持シール材、保持シール材の製造方法、排ガス浄化装置の製造方法、及び、排ガス浄化装置 |
| JP6294148B2 (ja) * | 2014-05-08 | 2018-03-14 | イビデン株式会社 | 保持シール材の製造方法 |
| JP6544890B2 (ja) | 2014-05-23 | 2019-07-17 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 汚染コントロール要素用保持材の製造方法 |
| WO2016137530A1 (en) | 2015-02-24 | 2016-09-01 | Unifrax I Llc | High temperature resistant insulation mat |
| EP3141648B1 (en) | 2015-09-08 | 2018-07-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Mounting member for wrapping and mounting a pollution control element |
| JP6683057B2 (ja) * | 2016-08-03 | 2020-04-15 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 無機繊維成形体、排ガス浄化装置用マット及び排ガス浄化装置 |
| JP6430446B2 (ja) * | 2016-08-15 | 2018-11-28 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 排気浄化装置 |
| JP7085819B2 (ja) | 2017-10-31 | 2022-06-17 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 排気ガス処理装置用保持材、その製造方法及び排気ガス処理装置 |
| JP7402828B2 (ja) | 2018-06-21 | 2023-12-21 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | マット材料、それを作製する方法、汚染防止装置及び断熱材 |
| JP2020033935A (ja) | 2018-08-30 | 2020-03-05 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 保持材及びその製造方法、並びに、汚染コントロール装置 |
| JP7224156B2 (ja) | 2018-11-30 | 2023-02-17 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | マット材及びその製造方法、並びに、無機接着シート、汚染コントロール装置及び断熱構造体 |
| JP2019157859A (ja) * | 2019-04-16 | 2019-09-19 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 汚染コントロール要素用保持材及び汚染コントロール装置 |
| EP4077892B1 (en) | 2019-12-17 | 2025-03-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making a thermal insulation structure |
| CN116006302A (zh) * | 2023-01-31 | 2023-04-25 | 河南省西峡开元冶金材料有限公司 | 一种衬垫以及一种尾气后处理封装单元 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005074243A (ja) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-24 | Three M Innovative Properties Co | 汚染コントロール要素の保持材及び汚染コントロール装置 |
Family Cites Families (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3444925A (en) | 1957-05-07 | 1969-05-20 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Structural articles and method of making |
| GB1051496A (enExample) | 1963-08-12 | |||
| US3224927A (en) * | 1963-10-04 | 1965-12-21 | Du Pont | Forming inorganic fiber material containing cationic starch and colloidal silica |
| US3441381A (en) | 1965-06-22 | 1969-04-29 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Apparatus for purifying exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine |
| JP2001259438A (ja) | 2000-03-22 | 2001-09-25 | Ibiden Co Ltd | 触媒コンバーター |
| US3798006A (en) | 1971-12-14 | 1974-03-19 | Tenneco Inc | Catalytic converter for exhuast gases |
| US3771967A (en) | 1971-12-14 | 1973-11-13 | Tenneco Inc | Catalytic reactor with monolithic element |
| US3861881A (en) | 1971-12-14 | 1975-01-21 | Tenneco Inc | Catalyst converter with monolithic element |
| US4204907A (en) | 1978-03-29 | 1980-05-27 | The Carborundum Company | Conditioned colloidal silica post impregnant to prevent binder migration |
| JPS58152086A (ja) * | 1982-03-08 | 1983-09-09 | Toyota Motor Corp | シ−ル部材の製造方法 |
| JPH04281068A (ja) * | 1991-03-04 | 1992-10-06 | Babcock Hitachi Kk | 耐酸性無機繊維織布、無機繊維板状触媒およびこれらの製造方法 |
| US5250269A (en) | 1992-05-21 | 1993-10-05 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Catalytic converter having a metallic monolith mounted by a heat-insulating mat of refractory ceramic fibers |
| US5686039A (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 1997-11-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Methods of making a catalytic converter or diesel particulate filter |
| US5955177A (en) † | 1996-09-03 | 1999-09-21 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Fire barrier mat |
| US6051193A (en) | 1997-02-06 | 2000-04-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multilayer intumescent sheet |
| US6025455A (en) | 1997-05-26 | 2000-02-15 | Nissan Chemicals Industries, Ltd. | Process of producing hydrophobic organosilica sol |
| DE19803063A1 (de) | 1998-01-28 | 1999-07-29 | Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co | Verfahren zur Halterung und Isolation von Keramikmonolithen in einer Kraftfahrzeug-Abgasanlage einschließlich hiernach gefertigte Lagerung |
| US6231818B1 (en) * | 1998-12-08 | 2001-05-15 | Unifrax Corporation | Amorphous non-intumescent inorganic fiber mat for low temperature exhaust gas treatment devices |
| KR20010009582A (ko) * | 1999-07-12 | 2001-02-05 | 최동환 | 저밀도 고강도의 단열재 및 그 제조방법 |
| US20020127154A1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2002-09-12 | Foster Michael R. | Exhaust control device and method for manufacture thereof |
| JP4042305B2 (ja) | 2000-06-21 | 2008-02-06 | イビデン株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒コンバータの保持シール材 |
| JP2002206421A (ja) | 2001-01-11 | 2002-07-26 | Ibiden Co Ltd | 触媒コンバータ用保持シール材、セラミック繊維及びセラミック繊維の製造方法 |
| EP2034153A3 (en) | 2001-05-25 | 2012-10-03 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Alumina-silica based fiber, ceramic fiber, ceramic fiber aggregation, holding seal material and manufacturing methods thereof, as well as manufacturing method of alumina fiber aggregation |
| US20030129102A1 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-10 | Turek Alan Gerard | Exhaust emissions control devices comprising adhesive |
| US7553888B2 (en) † | 2002-10-14 | 2009-06-30 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Aqueous dispersion |
| GB0320335D0 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2003-10-01 | Cooper Standard Automotive Uk | Valve |
| JP2005133074A (ja) * | 2003-10-03 | 2005-05-26 | Borgwarner Inc | 高係数織物状摩擦材料 |
| EP1761324B1 (en) | 2004-06-29 | 2018-10-17 | Unifrax I LLC | Exhaust gas treatment device and method for making the same |
| CA2621689C (en) | 2005-09-08 | 2013-05-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Holding material for pollution control element and pollution control apparatus |
-
2006
- 2006-09-05 CA CA2621689A patent/CA2621689C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-09-05 JP JP2008530127A patent/JP5275802B2/ja active Active
- 2006-09-05 CN CN2006800374658A patent/CN101283167B/zh active Active
- 2006-09-05 AT AT06814112T patent/ATE437298T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-09-05 KR KR1020137031243A patent/KR101497865B1/ko active Active
- 2006-09-05 EP EP06814112.6A patent/EP1931862B2/en active Active
- 2006-09-05 US US12/066,221 patent/US7854905B2/en active Active
- 2006-09-05 KR KR1020087007963A patent/KR101659076B1/ko active Active
- 2006-09-05 BR BRPI0615571-5A patent/BRPI0615571A2/pt active Search and Examination
- 2006-09-05 WO PCT/US2006/034378 patent/WO2007030410A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-09-05 DE DE602006008019T patent/DE602006008019D1/de active Active
-
2008
- 2008-04-07 ZA ZA200803027A patent/ZA200803027B/xx unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005074243A (ja) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-24 | Three M Innovative Properties Co | 汚染コントロール要素の保持材及び汚染コントロール装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7854905B2 (en) | 2010-12-21 |
| KR20130135401A (ko) | 2013-12-10 |
| WO2007030410A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
| CA2621689A1 (en) | 2007-03-15 |
| JP2009508044A (ja) | 2009-02-26 |
| CN101283167B (zh) | 2011-04-13 |
| ATE437298T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
| CA2621689C (en) | 2013-05-14 |
| US20090025377A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
| JP5275802B2 (ja) | 2013-08-28 |
| CN101283167A (zh) | 2008-10-08 |
| EP1931862A1 (en) | 2008-06-18 |
| EP1931862B2 (en) | 2013-12-04 |
| KR20080043869A (ko) | 2008-05-19 |
| EP1931862B1 (en) | 2009-07-22 |
| KR101659076B1 (ko) | 2016-09-22 |
| BRPI0615571A2 (pt) | 2011-05-24 |
| ZA200803027B (en) | 2009-03-25 |
| DE602006008019D1 (de) | 2009-09-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| KR101659076B1 (ko) | 오염 제어 요소용 보유 재료 및 오염 제어 장치 | |
| KR101397742B1 (ko) | 오염 제어 요소 장착 시스템 및 오염 제어 장치 | |
| KR101145019B1 (ko) | 오염 조절 요소의 유지재 및 오염 조절 장치 | |
| CN101155978B (zh) | 污染控制元件安装部件和污染控制装置 | |
| JP6544890B2 (ja) | 汚染コントロール要素用保持材の製造方法 | |
| JP5999980B2 (ja) | 取付システム及び汚染制御装置 | |
| JP2019157859A (ja) | 汚染コントロール要素用保持材及び汚染コントロール装置 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A107 | Divisional application of patent | ||
| PA0104 | Divisional application for international application |
Comment text: Divisional Application for International Patent Patent event code: PA01041R01D Patent event date: 20131125 |
|
| PG1501 | Laying open of application | ||
| A201 | Request for examination | ||
| PA0201 | Request for examination |
Patent event code: PA02012R01D Patent event date: 20131224 Comment text: Request for Examination of Application |
|
| E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
| PE0902 | Notice of grounds for rejection |
Comment text: Notification of reason for refusal Patent event date: 20140304 Patent event code: PE09021S01D |
|
| E701 | Decision to grant or registration of patent right | ||
| PE0701 | Decision of registration |
Patent event code: PE07011S01D Comment text: Decision to Grant Registration Patent event date: 20141204 |
|
| GRNT | Written decision to grant | ||
| PR0701 | Registration of establishment |
Comment text: Registration of Establishment Patent event date: 20150224 Patent event code: PR07011E01D |
|
| PR1002 | Payment of registration fee |
Payment date: 20150224 End annual number: 3 Start annual number: 1 |
|
| PG1601 | Publication of registration | ||
| FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20180201 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20180201 Start annual number: 4 End annual number: 4 |
|
| FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20190129 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20190129 Start annual number: 5 End annual number: 5 |
|
| FPAY | Annual fee payment |
Payment date: 20200129 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20200129 Start annual number: 6 End annual number: 6 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20210127 Start annual number: 7 End annual number: 7 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20220125 Start annual number: 8 End annual number: 8 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20240215 Start annual number: 10 End annual number: 10 |
|
| PR1001 | Payment of annual fee |
Payment date: 20250210 Start annual number: 11 End annual number: 11 |