KR101034111B1 - 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법 - Google Patents

액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
KR101034111B1
KR101034111B1 KR1020110004602A KR20110004602A KR101034111B1 KR 101034111 B1 KR101034111 B1 KR 101034111B1 KR 1020110004602 A KR1020110004602 A KR 1020110004602A KR 20110004602 A KR20110004602 A KR 20110004602A KR 101034111 B1 KR101034111 B1 KR 101034111B1
Authority
KR
South Korea
Prior art keywords
carrier film
liquid crystal
peeling
sheet piece
attachment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
KR1020110004602A
Other languages
English (en)
Korean (ko)
Inventor
가즈야 하다
사또시 히라따
세이지 곤도
Original Assignee
닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 filed Critical 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of KR101034111B1 publication Critical patent/KR101034111B1/ko
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B38/00Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
    • B32B38/10Removing layers, or parts of layers, mechanically or chemically
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B41/00Arrangements for controlling or monitoring lamination processes; Safety arrangements
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/30Polarising elements
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/1303Apparatus specially adapted to the manufacture of LCDs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2309/00Parameters for the laminating or treatment process; Apparatus details
    • B32B2309/14Velocity, e.g. feed speeds
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2457/00Electrical equipment
    • B32B2457/20Displays, e.g. liquid crystal displays, plasma displays
    • B32B2457/202LCD, i.e. liquid crystal displays
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528Polarisers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/28Adhesive materials or arrangements

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Polarising Elements (AREA)
KR1020110004602A 2010-09-29 2011-01-17 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법 Active KR101034111B1 (ko)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JPJP-P-2010-218238 2010-09-29
JP2010218238A JP4689763B1 (ja) 2010-09-29 2010-09-29 液晶表示素子の連続製造システムおよび液晶表示素子の連続製造方法

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
KR101034111B1 true KR101034111B1 (ko) 2011-05-13

Family

ID=44193914

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
KR1020110004602A Active KR101034111B1 (ko) 2010-09-29 2011-01-17 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US8128769B1 (enExample)
EP (1) EP2437101B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP4689763B1 (enExample)
KR (1) KR101034111B1 (enExample)
CN (1) CN102419489B (enExample)
PL (1) PL2437101T3 (enExample)
TW (1) TW201213928A (enExample)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2476553A1 (en) * 2011-01-14 2012-07-18 Nitto Denko Corporation Method for continuously manufacturing liquid crystal display device
KR20130116808A (ko) * 2012-04-16 2013-10-24 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20140100992A (ko) * 2012-03-06 2014-08-18 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20150042119A (ko) * 2012-08-10 2015-04-20 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR101678803B1 (ko) * 2016-06-03 2016-11-22 주식회사 엘지화학 광학 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 방법
KR101774631B1 (ko) * 2012-03-06 2017-09-04 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20180132500A (ko) * 2016-04-06 2018-12-12 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학적 표시 장치를 제조하는 방법
KR20200014433A (ko) * 2017-10-05 2020-02-10 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 수지 필름 첩부를 위한 시스템 및 방법
CN112277432A (zh) * 2020-10-28 2021-01-29 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 一种保护膜剥离系统及其控制方法、保护膜剥离方法

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP6115334B2 (ja) * 2013-06-07 2017-04-19 三菱電機株式会社 表示装置の製造方法および製造装置
JP2016130860A (ja) * 2016-02-10 2016-07-21 日東電工株式会社 光学表示パネルの連続製造方法および光学表示パネルの連続製造システム
CN108340591A (zh) * 2018-01-22 2018-07-31 王海彬 一种防水膜的现场贴附机械
CN113459176B (zh) * 2021-08-05 2025-03-07 四川展新胶粘材料有限公司 防止反离型的剥离设备
CN114084733B (zh) * 2022-01-07 2022-05-03 江苏国沃纺织品有限公司 一种基于物联网的纺织品智能生产分离装置

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20050079720A (ko) * 2004-02-06 2005-08-11 삼성전자주식회사 액정 표시 장치의 제조 시스템 및 이를 이용한 제조 방법

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5752017A (en) 1980-08-08 1982-03-27 Sharp Corp Tacky-polarizing-plate defective removing device automatic tacky-polarizing-plate sticking machine
JP2002127258A (ja) * 2000-10-24 2002-05-08 Mck:Kk シート部材の貼り合わせ装置
KR20040002796A (ko) 2002-06-28 2004-01-07 후지 샤신 필름 가부시기가이샤 편광판 점착방법 및 그 장치
JP3989354B2 (ja) * 2002-10-11 2007-10-10 リンテック株式会社 貼合装置
JP4124022B2 (ja) * 2003-01-23 2008-07-23 ソニー株式会社 貼り合わせ装置および貼り合わせ方法
JP2004338408A (ja) * 2003-04-24 2004-12-02 Mitsui Chemicals Inc フィルムのラミネート方法および装置
JP4371709B2 (ja) 2003-06-05 2009-11-25 富士フイルム株式会社 光学フィルム貼付装置及び方法
JP4255433B2 (ja) * 2004-03-15 2009-04-15 日東電工株式会社 枚葉体の貼合せ方法およびこれを用いた装置
KR101010990B1 (ko) * 2006-10-17 2011-01-26 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 부재 부착방법 및 그것을 이용한 장치
WO2009128115A1 (ja) 2008-04-15 2009-10-22 日東電工株式会社 光学フィルム積層体ロールならびにその製造方法および装置
JP4785944B2 (ja) * 2008-04-16 2011-10-05 日東電工株式会社 光学表示装置の製造方法
JP5311277B2 (ja) 2008-07-29 2013-10-09 日本電気硝子株式会社 板状ワークの移送設備および移送方法

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20050079720A (ko) * 2004-02-06 2005-08-11 삼성전자주식회사 액정 표시 장치의 제조 시스템 및 이를 이용한 제조 방법

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8888937B2 (en) 2011-01-14 2014-11-18 Nitto Denko Corporation Method for continuously manufacturing liquid crystal display device
EP2476553A1 (en) * 2011-01-14 2012-07-18 Nitto Denko Corporation Method for continuously manufacturing liquid crystal display device
KR101717830B1 (ko) * 2012-03-06 2017-03-17 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20140100992A (ko) * 2012-03-06 2014-08-18 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR101774631B1 (ko) * 2012-03-06 2017-09-04 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20130116808A (ko) * 2012-04-16 2013-10-24 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR101993934B1 (ko) * 2012-04-16 2019-06-27 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20150042119A (ko) * 2012-08-10 2015-04-20 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
US9561641B2 (en) * 2012-08-10 2017-02-07 Nitto Denko Corporation Method and system for continuously manufacturing optical display panel
KR102018925B1 (ko) * 2012-08-10 2019-09-05 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
KR20180132500A (ko) * 2016-04-06 2018-12-12 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학적 표시 장치를 제조하는 방법
KR102028450B1 (ko) 2016-04-06 2019-10-04 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 광학적 표시 장치를 제조하는 방법
KR101678803B1 (ko) * 2016-06-03 2016-11-22 주식회사 엘지화학 광학 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 방법
US10710351B2 (en) 2016-06-03 2020-07-14 Lg Chem, Ltd. System and method for continuously manufacturing optical display device
KR20200014433A (ko) * 2017-10-05 2020-02-10 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 수지 필름 첩부를 위한 시스템 및 방법
KR102150294B1 (ko) 2017-10-05 2020-09-01 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 수지 필름 첩부를 위한 시스템 및 방법
CN112277432A (zh) * 2020-10-28 2021-01-29 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 一种保护膜剥离系统及其控制方法、保护膜剥离方法
CN112277432B (zh) * 2020-10-28 2023-12-19 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 一种保护膜剥离系统及其控制方法、保护膜剥离方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102419489A (zh) 2012-04-18
PL2437101T3 (pl) 2013-04-30
TW201213928A (en) 2012-04-01
EP2437101B1 (en) 2012-11-07
US8128769B1 (en) 2012-03-06
JP4689763B1 (ja) 2011-05-25
CN102419489B (zh) 2013-04-03
JP2012073423A (ja) 2012-04-12
EP2437101A1 (en) 2012-04-04
US20120073742A1 (en) 2012-03-29
TWI360679B (enExample) 2012-03-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
KR101034111B1 (ko) 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법
KR101189402B1 (ko) 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법
JP5868734B2 (ja) 光学表示パネルの連続製造方法および光学表示パネルの連続製造システム
KR20130116808A (ko) 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 방법 및 광학 표시 패널의 연속 제조 시스템
US10710351B2 (en) System and method for continuously manufacturing optical display device
JP5868733B2 (ja) 光学表示パネルの連続製造方法および光学表示パネルの連続製造システム
JP5140788B2 (ja) 液晶表示素子の連続製造システムおよび液晶表示素子の連続製造方法
JP2012242607A (ja) 液晶表示素子の製造システムおよび液晶表示素子の製造方法
JP5181011B2 (ja) 液晶表示素子の連続製造システムおよび液晶表示素子の連続製造方法
KR20140079501A (ko) 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 시스템 및 액정 표시 소자의 연속 제조 방법
JP2016130860A (ja) 光学表示パネルの連続製造方法および光学表示パネルの連続製造システム

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PA0109 Patent application

Patent event code: PA01091R01D

Comment text: Patent Application

Patent event date: 20110117

A201 Request for examination
A302 Request for accelerated examination
PA0201 Request for examination

Patent event code: PA02012R01D

Patent event date: 20110302

Comment text: Request for Examination of Application

Patent event code: PA02011R01I

Patent event date: 20110117

Comment text: Patent Application

PA0302 Request for accelerated examination

Patent event date: 20110302

Patent event code: PA03022R01D

Comment text: Request for Accelerated Examination

Patent event date: 20110117

Patent event code: PA03021R01I

Comment text: Patent Application

E701 Decision to grant or registration of patent right
PE0701 Decision of registration

Patent event code: PE07011S01D

Comment text: Decision to Grant Registration

Patent event date: 20110406

GRNT Written decision to grant
PR0701 Registration of establishment

Comment text: Registration of Establishment

Patent event date: 20110502

Patent event code: PR07011E01D

PR1002 Payment of registration fee

Payment date: 20110502

End annual number: 3

Start annual number: 1

PG1601 Publication of registration
FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20140418

Year of fee payment: 4

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20140418

Start annual number: 4

End annual number: 4

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20150416

Year of fee payment: 5

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20150416

Start annual number: 5

End annual number: 5

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20160418

Year of fee payment: 6

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20160418

Start annual number: 6

End annual number: 6

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20170330

Year of fee payment: 7

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20170330

Start annual number: 7

End annual number: 7

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20180418

Year of fee payment: 8

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20180418

Start annual number: 8

End annual number: 8

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20190418

Year of fee payment: 9

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20190418

Start annual number: 9

End annual number: 9

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20210420

Start annual number: 11

End annual number: 11

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20220418

Start annual number: 12

End annual number: 12

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20240408

Start annual number: 14

End annual number: 14

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

Payment date: 20250407

Start annual number: 15

End annual number: 15