KR100422497B1 - 액정표시장치 - Google Patents
액정표시장치 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR100422497B1 KR100422497B1 KR10-1998-0707374A KR19980707374A KR100422497B1 KR 100422497 B1 KR100422497 B1 KR 100422497B1 KR 19980707374 A KR19980707374 A KR 19980707374A KR 100422497 B1 KR100422497 B1 KR 100422497B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- polymerizable
- chiral
- compound
- mesogenic
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/38—Polymers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
- G02B5/3016—Polarising elements involving passive liquid crystal elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2219/00—Aspects relating to the form of the liquid crystal [LC] material, or by the technical area in which LC material are used
- C09K2219/03—Aspects relating to the form of the liquid crystal [LC] material, or by the technical area in which LC material are used in the form of films, e.g. films after polymerisation of LC precursor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2323/00—Functional layers of liquid crystal optical display excluding electroactive liquid crystal layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/03—Viewing layer characterised by chemical composition
- C09K2323/031—Polarizer or dye
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polarising Elements (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Epoxy Resins (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96104332 | 1996-03-19 | ||
| EP96104332.0 | 1996-03-19 | ||
| PCT/EP1997/000844 WO1997035219A1 (en) | 1996-03-19 | 1997-02-21 | Liquid crystal display device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20000064660A KR20000064660A (ko) | 2000-11-06 |
| KR100422497B1 true KR100422497B1 (ko) | 2004-05-17 |
Family
ID=8222577
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR10-1998-0707374A Expired - Lifetime KR100422497B1 (ko) | 1996-03-19 | 1997-02-21 | 액정표시장치 |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6217955B1 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP0888565B1 (enExample) |
| JP (3) | JP4271729B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100422497B1 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU1793897A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE69739229D1 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TW455727B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO1997035219A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (81)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU1793897A (en) * | 1996-03-19 | 1997-10-10 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Liquid crystal display device |
| TW373100B (en) | 1996-07-01 | 1999-11-01 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Compensation film and liquid crystal display device containing the same |
| GB2315072B (en) * | 1996-07-04 | 2000-09-13 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Circular UV polariser |
| TW373123B (en) * | 1996-07-26 | 1999-11-01 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Combination of optical elements, means to produce substantially linear polarized light, optical retardation film and liquid crystal display device |
| TW472081B (en) * | 1996-09-17 | 2002-01-11 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Optical retardation film |
| DE19640619A1 (de) † | 1996-10-01 | 1998-04-02 | Basf Ag | Flächengebilde mit cholesterisch, flüssigkristalliner Ordnungsstruktur |
| GB2329900B (en) * | 1997-09-17 | 2001-05-23 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Broadband reflective polarizer |
| US6099758A (en) * | 1997-09-17 | 2000-08-08 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Broadband reflective polarizer |
| DE19841343A1 (de) * | 1997-09-17 | 1999-03-18 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerfilm |
| DE19745647A1 (de) * | 1997-10-15 | 1999-04-22 | Basf Ag | Wärmeisolationsbeschichtung |
| GB2338240B (en) * | 1998-05-22 | 2002-08-14 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerizable composition comprising epoxy compounds |
| EP0982605A1 (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 2000-03-01 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Reflective film |
| TW394852B (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 2000-06-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Reflective film |
| US6194481B1 (en) * | 1999-05-19 | 2001-02-27 | Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas System | Mechanically strong and transparent or translucent composites made using zirconium oxide nanoparticles |
| JP2000345160A (ja) * | 1999-06-04 | 2000-12-12 | Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corp | 液晶性組成物およびこの組成物を用いた液晶フィルム |
| US6514578B1 (en) | 1999-06-30 | 2003-02-04 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Polymerizable mesogenic tolanes |
| KR100675997B1 (ko) * | 1999-07-02 | 2007-01-29 | 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 | 다층 콜레스테릭 필름의 제조 방법 |
| KR100675996B1 (ko) * | 1999-07-02 | 2007-01-29 | 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 | 다층 콜레스테릭 필름의 제조 방법 |
| JP2001055573A (ja) * | 1999-08-17 | 2001-02-27 | Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corp | 液晶フィルム |
| GB2355720B (en) * | 1999-09-08 | 2004-09-22 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Process for preparing a reflective film and photodegradable chiral compounds therefor |
| EP1212655B1 (en) * | 1999-09-16 | 2015-01-07 | Merck Patent GmbH | Optical compensator and liquid crystal display i |
| GB2357291B (en) * | 1999-12-14 | 2004-03-17 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Process of preparing a reflective film |
| TWI236496B (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2005-07-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Broadband liquid crystal pigments |
| KR100682356B1 (ko) * | 2000-06-14 | 2007-02-15 | 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 | 투과 반사형 액정표시장치 |
| JP2002139624A (ja) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-05-17 | Nitto Denko Corp | 光学素子、照明装置及び液晶表示装置 |
| US20040199004A1 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2004-10-07 | Southwest Research Institute | Novel mesogens |
| EP1366133B1 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2010-03-24 | Southwest Research Institute | Novel methods and blends for controlling rehology and transition temperature of liquid crystals |
| US7147800B2 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2006-12-12 | Southwest Research Institute | Selective ether cleavage synthesis of liquid crystals |
| US6573963B2 (en) | 2001-02-22 | 2003-06-03 | 3M Innovativeproperties Company | Cholesteric liquid crystal optical bodies and methods of manufacture |
| ATE312069T1 (de) * | 2001-03-07 | 2005-12-15 | Univ Texas | Verbundharze mit ultraniedriger schrumpfung auf grundlage von mischungen nematischer flüssigkristallmonomere |
| JP4058481B2 (ja) | 2001-04-12 | 2008-03-12 | 日東電工株式会社 | 重合性液晶化合物および光学フィルム |
| JP2003161835A (ja) | 2001-07-02 | 2003-06-06 | Merck Patent Gmbh | 光学可変マーキング |
| EP1281538A3 (en) | 2001-07-02 | 2004-01-28 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Optically variable marking |
| DE60228846D1 (de) | 2001-07-09 | 2008-10-23 | Southwest Res Inst | Neue mesogene, verfahren zu deren herstellung und verwendung |
| JP2003082352A (ja) * | 2001-09-17 | 2003-03-19 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 液晶組成物、選択反射膜、及びその製造方法 |
| AU2002366720A1 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2003-07-09 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Biaxial film |
| DE10257711B4 (de) | 2001-12-27 | 2019-09-26 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisierbare monocyclische Verbindungen enthaltende Flüssigkristallmischungen |
| US7443585B2 (en) * | 2002-04-23 | 2008-10-28 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Polarizer, polarization light source and image display unit using them |
| WO2003091792A1 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2003-11-06 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Viewing angle magnification liquid crystal display unit |
| KR100451663B1 (ko) * | 2002-05-15 | 2004-10-08 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 프로그래머블 마스크 및 이를 이용한 생체분자 어레이형성 방법 |
| GB2395201B (en) * | 2002-09-24 | 2006-10-04 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Broadband reflective film |
| US7029729B2 (en) | 2003-02-24 | 2006-04-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cholesteric liquid crystal additives |
| US7068344B2 (en) | 2003-02-24 | 2006-06-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cholesteric liquid crystal optical bodies and methods of manufacture and use |
| US6913708B2 (en) | 2003-02-24 | 2005-07-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Cholesteric liquid crystal drying process and solvent |
| WO2005040307A1 (en) * | 2003-10-18 | 2005-05-06 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Barrier coating composition containing a liquid crystalline polymer as well as a device containing this barrier coating composition |
| US7572490B2 (en) | 2004-04-27 | 2009-08-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Brightness enhancement film for liquid crystal display and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN101010622B (zh) * | 2004-09-03 | 2010-10-06 | 住友化学株式会社 | 具有双折射基板的显示装置 |
| ATE444346T1 (de) | 2004-12-17 | 2009-10-15 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Flüssigkristallines system undflüssigkristalline anzeige |
| JP2007065160A (ja) * | 2005-08-30 | 2007-03-15 | Keiwa Inc | 光学シート用基材フィルム、光学シート及びバックライトユニット |
| JP2008268264A (ja) * | 2007-04-16 | 2008-11-06 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 液晶表示装置 |
| JP5224461B2 (ja) * | 2009-02-02 | 2013-07-03 | 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構 | 造影剤の製造方法 |
| KR101358223B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-10 | 2014-02-06 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 배향막과 액정표시소자, 배향막 형성방법 및 액정표시소자 제조방법 |
| JP6209864B2 (ja) * | 2013-05-29 | 2017-10-11 | Dic株式会社 | 重合性液晶組成物、位相差膜、位相差パターニング膜、及びホモジニアス配向液晶フィルム |
| CN104710990B (zh) * | 2015-04-02 | 2016-09-21 | 江苏和成新材料有限公司 | 可聚合液晶组合物及其应用 |
| EP3246378B1 (en) | 2016-05-17 | 2019-03-20 | Merck Patent GmbH | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| CN109153915B (zh) | 2016-05-17 | 2022-09-23 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 可聚合的液晶材料及经聚合的液晶膜 |
| WO2018050608A1 (en) | 2016-09-14 | 2018-03-22 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| EP3519533B1 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2020-12-16 | Merck Patent GmbH | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| WO2018099879A1 (en) | 2016-12-01 | 2018-06-07 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| JP7078623B2 (ja) | 2016-12-01 | 2022-05-31 | メルク・パテント・ゲゼルシヤフト・ミツト・ベシユレンクテル・ハフツング | フラットな光学的分散を有する重合性lc媒体およびポリマーフィルム |
| US11124705B2 (en) | 2017-04-20 | 2021-09-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Light modulation element |
| CN110997872B (zh) | 2017-08-15 | 2024-01-02 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | 可聚合液晶材料及经聚合的液晶膜 |
| KR102720800B1 (ko) | 2017-08-15 | 2024-10-23 | 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 | 평탄 광학 분산을 갖는 중합가능 액정 매질 및 중합체 필름 |
| US20190064574A1 (en) * | 2017-08-30 | 2019-02-28 | Wuhan China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd. | Display panel |
| GB201717174D0 (en) | 2017-10-19 | 2017-12-06 | Univ Leeds Innovations Ltd | Aligned nematic elastomer |
| JP7313153B2 (ja) * | 2018-02-01 | 2023-07-24 | 住友化学株式会社 | 重合性液晶組成物、偏光膜およびその製造方法、偏光板ならびに表示装置 |
| WO2019207081A1 (en) | 2018-04-27 | 2019-10-31 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| EP3784753B1 (en) | 2018-04-27 | 2022-06-08 | Merck Patent GmbH | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| US11851601B2 (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2023-12-26 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| KR102850934B1 (ko) | 2018-08-13 | 2025-08-28 | 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 | 중합성 액정 물질 및 중합된 액정 필름 |
| WO2020114901A1 (en) | 2018-12-03 | 2020-06-11 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| JP2022513827A (ja) | 2018-12-12 | 2022-02-09 | メルク・パテント・ゲゼルシヤフト・ミツト・ベシユレンクテル・ハフツング | 重合性液晶インク配合物 |
| WO2020152079A1 (en) | 2019-01-22 | 2020-07-30 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Method for the preparation of a liquid crystal polymer film |
| JP2022525664A (ja) | 2019-03-18 | 2022-05-18 | メルク・パテント・ゲゼルシヤフト・ミツト・ベシユレンクテル・ハフツング | 重合性液晶材料および重合した液晶フィルム |
| EP3963026A1 (en) | 2019-04-30 | 2022-03-09 | Merck Patent GmbH | Reactive mesogens |
| TWI893109B (zh) | 2020-04-30 | 2025-08-11 | 德商馬克專利公司 | 可聚合的液晶材料及經聚合的液晶膜 |
| WO2021259825A1 (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-12-30 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| US20230265344A1 (en) | 2020-07-03 | 2023-08-24 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| EP4039776A3 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-08-24 | Merck Patent GmbH | Polymerisable lc material and polymer film |
| EP4008759A1 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2022-06-08 | Merck Patent GmbH | Polymerisable liquid crystal material and polymerised liquid crystal film |
| JP2024538996A (ja) | 2021-10-11 | 2024-10-28 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 重合性化合物、重合性lc材料およびポリマーフィルム |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG50550A1 (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 2002-04-16 | Rolic Ag | Polarisator |
| DE69006570T2 (de) * | 1989-10-18 | 1994-08-04 | Philips Nv | Flüssigkristall-Wiedergabeanordnung. |
| TW289095B (enExample) | 1993-01-11 | 1996-10-21 | ||
| DE69409977T2 (de) * | 1993-01-11 | 1998-10-22 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Beleuchtungssystem und ein solches System umfassendes Anzeigegerät |
| BE1007485A3 (nl) | 1993-09-08 | 1995-07-11 | Philips Electronics Nv | Schakelbaar cholesterisch filter en verlichtingsarmatuur voorzien van een filter. |
| DE19504224A1 (de) * | 1994-02-23 | 1995-08-24 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Flüssigkristallines Material |
| GB2297556B (en) * | 1995-01-31 | 1998-08-26 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Liquid crystalline material comprising terpenoids |
| GB2299333B (en) | 1995-03-29 | 1998-11-25 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Reactive terphenyls |
| JPH11501360A (ja) * | 1995-12-21 | 1999-02-02 | フィリップス エレクトロニクス ネムローゼ フェンノートシャップ | 切り換え可能なコレステリックフィルターの製造方法及び該フィルターを有する投光照明設備具 |
| EP0880570B1 (en) * | 1996-02-15 | 2002-05-22 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Cholesteric flakes |
| AU1793897A (en) * | 1996-03-19 | 1997-10-10 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Liquid crystal display device |
| TW373100B (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 1999-11-01 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Compensation film and liquid crystal display device containing the same |
| GB2315073B (en) * | 1996-07-04 | 2000-04-19 | Patent Gmbh Merck | Linear UV polariser |
| GB2315760B (en) * | 1996-07-25 | 2001-01-10 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Thermochromic polymerizable mesogenic composition |
| US6099758A (en) * | 1997-09-17 | 2000-08-08 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Broadband reflective polarizer |
| DE19841343A1 (de) * | 1997-09-17 | 1999-03-18 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Polymerfilm |
| TW394852B (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 2000-06-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Reflective film |
-
1997
- 1997-02-21 AU AU17938/97A patent/AU1793897A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-02-21 EP EP97903353A patent/EP0888565B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-21 DE DE69739229T patent/DE69739229D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-21 WO PCT/EP1997/000844 patent/WO1997035219A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-02-21 JP JP53307197A patent/JP4271729B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-21 KR KR10-1998-0707374A patent/KR100422497B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-21 US US09/117,710 patent/US6217955B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-26 TW TW086103976A patent/TW455727B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-10-26 US US09/696,282 patent/US6669865B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2008
- 2008-08-13 JP JP2008208734A patent/JP5112987B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2011
- 2011-11-02 JP JP2011241649A patent/JP2012103693A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69739229D1 (de) | 2009-03-12 |
| JP5112987B2 (ja) | 2013-01-09 |
| JP2012103693A (ja) | 2012-05-31 |
| JP4271729B2 (ja) | 2009-06-03 |
| KR20000064660A (ko) | 2000-11-06 |
| EP0888565B1 (en) | 2009-01-21 |
| US6217955B1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
| WO1997035219A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
| TW455727B (en) | 2001-09-21 |
| JP2000507362A (ja) | 2000-06-13 |
| US6669865B1 (en) | 2003-12-30 |
| AU1793897A (en) | 1997-10-10 |
| JP2009042764A (ja) | 2009-02-26 |
| EP0888565A1 (en) | 1999-01-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PA0105 | International application |
Patent event date: 19980918 Patent event code: PA01051R01D Comment text: International Patent Application |
|
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