JPS6245520A - 薬剤投与デバイス - Google Patents

薬剤投与デバイス

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Publication number
JPS6245520A
JPS6245520A JP61191568A JP19156886A JPS6245520A JP S6245520 A JPS6245520 A JP S6245520A JP 61191568 A JP61191568 A JP 61191568A JP 19156886 A JP19156886 A JP 19156886A JP S6245520 A JPS6245520 A JP S6245520A
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Prior art keywords
environment
beneficial agent
dispensing system
drug
dispensing
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JPH0832622B2 (ja
Inventor
ジェームス・ビー・エッケンホフ
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Alza Corp
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Alza Corp
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0002Galenical forms characterised by the drug release technique; Application systems commanded by energy
    • A61K9/0004Osmotic delivery systems; Sustained release driven by osmosis, thermal energy or gas
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M31/00Devices for introducing or retaining media, e.g. remedies, in cavities of the body
    • A61M31/002Devices for releasing a drug at a continuous and controlled rate for a prolonged period of time

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (発明の利用分野) 本発明は、薬剤を即時に薬剤受容体環境に供給する手段
を包含する薬剤分与システムに関する。
この薬剤分与システムは、有用薬剤を予かしめ定められ
たプログラムに従って放出するシステムであり、有用薬
剤の有効量が直ちに放出され、そのあと長期にわたり該
薬剤の有効量を連続放出する。
この分与システムは、選択された受容体域に薬剤を即時
かつ連続的に放出する分与装置の形態で製造される。
(従来の技術) 薬剤を調節された速度で長期にわたシ正確に投与する分
与装置形態で製造される薬剤分与システムは、Tbee
uweeおよびHiguchi の米国特許第3.84
5,770号および同第3.916,899号ならびに
Eckenhoffの米国特許第4.350.271号
で分与技術分野に知られている。これらの特許に開示さ
れた分与装置は、薬剤配合物含有内室を取り囲む半透過
性の壁を有し、薬剤配合物は(1)浸透活性な溶質また
は(2)浸透活性な膨潤性ポリマーの影響下に装置から
分与される。これらの分与装置は、溶解性に乏しいもの
から非常に可溶性なものにいたる薬剤を水性の生物流体
に放出するのに非常に効果的である。
前記の分与装置は、分与技術分野において顕著かつ開拓
的進歩を示すものであり、無数の薬剤を各種使用環境に
分与するのに有用である。
(発明が解決しようとする問題点) ところで、薬剤放出の機構および装置の有用性を高める
ことにより、これらの分与装置が更て改善可能なること
も見出された。すなわち、初期に生体有効薬剤を放出す
ると共に、引続き実質上一定量の薬剤を一定時間にわた
り調節された速度で放出し、それにより、分与装置から
薬剤を放出するためにこれまで頻々必要とされた薬剤放
出開始までの時間を実質上無くし、薬剤受容体への薬剤
の即時供給を可能とする分与システムを提供できること
が予期されずに知見されたのである。本発明に上り可能
となったこの分与システムは、初期に独得の薬剤放出を
したあと、長期にわたり調節された連続的な放出を行な
い、それにより予かしめ選択され内蔵された薬剤提供最
適プログラムに従って機能するのである。
従って、前記の提示に照し、本発明の直接の目的は、初
期に有効量の薬剤を放出し、引続き長期間にわたり連続
放出する分与システムを提供することにある。
本発明の別の目的は、即時放出用の薬剤を含有する第一
手段と連続放出用の薬剤を含有する第二手段からなり、
それにより使用環境における作動に際し、即時的かつ連
続的に薬剤を放出する分与システムを提供することにあ
る。
本発明の更に別なる目的は、第二薬剤供給手段の外部に
位置する薬剤供給用第一担体手段を有し、その第一担体
手段が一度に即時放出する薬剤を含有し、それにより第
二手段に係る放出開始捷での時間を実質的に無くすよう
な分与システムを提供することにある。
本発明の更に別なる目的は、即時放出用の薬剤配合物を
収納する最外部材を有し、それにより薬剤配合物にその
有用効果を発揮させる、分与装置形態で製造される分与
システムを提供することにあるO 本発明の更に別なる目的は、初期に薬剤パルスを放出す
るための外被を有し、それが引続き一定時間にわたり調
節速度で薬剤を連続放出する分与装置と協同作用する、
動物への薬剤配合物の投与に適した分与装置を提供する
ことにある。
本発明の更に別なる目的は、先行技術の分与装置が薬剤
受容体に薬剤を供給しなかった開始時期に、薬剤を即時
供給し得る分与装置を提供可能とすることにより先行技
術を改善することにある。
本発明の更に別なる目的は、製造が容易で安価に使用で
き、且つまた薬剤を即時供給したあと一定時間にわたり
薬剤を一定速度で供給する分与装置を提供することによ
り、薬剤分与装置を改善することにある。
本発明のその他の目的、特徴および利点は、以下の図面
を用いた詳細な説明および特許請求の範囲から、当業者
には更に明らかとなるであろう。
図面には尺度を付していないが、本発明の各種実施態様
を示すものであって以下の通りである。
第1図は、2部分からなる分与システム、すなわちはめ
込みキャップ部分によりはめ込み式に蓋された部分を有
する浸透式分与装置の図である。
第2図は、はめ込みキャップ内に即時放出用の薬剤が存
在するはめ込み式にキャップで蓋された部分と一定時間
にわたり連続放出する薬剤を含有する浸透弐装置を示す
第1図の切開図である。
第3図は、即時放出薬剤を供給するための第一手段を有
し、該第一手段が第二手段上にびつだりと合うよう彦一
体物として製造されたものであり、第二手段が、第一手
段の薬剤放出後に薬剤を放出するための浸透式装置を有
する分与システムの図である。
第4図は、即時放出薬剤を供給する手段が、第3図の浸
透式装置の後端部を取囲み封入するような第3図分与シ
ステムの図である。
第5図は、第3図分与システムの切開図であって、即時
放出薬剤供給手段が、即時放出のあと一定時間にわたり
薬剤を連続放出する放出装置と構造的に調和がとれたも
のであることを示している。
第6図は、分力装置をはめ込むためおよび即時使用薬剤
を貯蔵するためのスナップ止めオーバーキャップを有す
る第3図分与システムの別実施態様の図である。
第7図は、(1)uめ込みキャップ部にてはめ込み式に
胴体部を閉した2部分からなるカプセルと、それが定め
る内部空間に含捷れる(2)遊離薬剤および薬剤分与装
置を組み合せて有する分力システムの図である。
第8図は、第7図の分与システムの切開図であって、2
部分から形成されるカプセルと、即時放出用の遊離薬剤
ならびに引続く長期放出に供する分与装置内の薬剤を示
している。
図面および明細書において、類似部分には同じ番号を付
した。これまでの説明および図面の説明にでてきた用語
ならびにそれらの実施態様については、以下の開示で更
て詳細に説明する。
さて、図面につき詳細に説明するが、これらの図面は本
発明が提供する分与システムの例示であって、本発明を
限定すると解されてはならない。
分与システムの一例は第1図の数字10で示されるもの
である。第1図の分与システム10は、分与装置11と
キャップ部材1202部分からなる。キャップ部材12
は、分与装置11の一部に滑りこみ、取りはずせる形で
それには捷り込み且つそれを被うように製られている。
第2図は、分与システム10を構成する構造部材を説明
するため、分与装@11とキャップ12を有する図1の
分与システム10を切り開いた図である。
図2では、分与装置11は浸透式分与装置であり、内室
14を取り巻く壁13と浸透性通路15を有する。
壁12は、全面的もしくは少くともその一部が、外部流
体の通過に対し透過性であり、内室14内に存在する薬
剤配合物16に対しては実質上不透過性であるような非
毒性重合体組成物で形成されている。
913を形成する重合体組成物は不活性であり、その物
理的・化学的状態を維持して浸透式分与装置11の分与
寿命を延長させる。壁13を形成するための代表的材料
には、浸透膜および逆浸透膜と12で知られる半透過性
重合体がある。これらの重合体材料にはセルロースエス
テル、セルロースエーテル、セルロースエステル−エー
テル、セルロースアシレート、セルロースジアジレート
およびセルローストリアシレートが含まれる。
装置10の内室14は有用薬剤配合物16を含有する。
薬剤配合物16は、一実施態様では、外部流体に可溶で
あり、かつ、半透過性壁13を横切って外部流体に対し
浸透圧勾配を示す適切な薬剤16を含有することができ
、あるいは外部流体における薬剤16の溶解度に限界が
ある際の別の実施態様では、外部流体に可溶かつ壁13
を横切って外部流体に対し浸透圧勾配を示す浸透剤と混
合することができる。
キャップ部材12は、有用薬剤配合物19を含有するた
めの内部空間を取巻き、それを定める壁17を有する。
薬剤配合物19は、使用環境への即時放出に供せられる
。壁17は、−好適実施態様では、親水性であって、水
性液まだは生体流体中で加水分解乃至溶解する非毒性の
壁形成材料で形成される。
壁17のこの性質は、その元の状態を失なわせ、キャン
プ部材17から薬剤配合物19を直ちに使用環境に放出
させる。壁17を形成するための代表的材料にはゼラチ
ンがあり、更に詳しくは15乃至30ミリポイズの粘度
および150グラム寸でのブルーム強度(blooms
trength )を有するゼラチン、160乃至25
0のブルーム値を有するゼラチン、30.000 乃至
300,000なる範囲の分子量を有するペクチン、プ
ロラミンとして入手できるゼイン(zein)およびそ
の頌似物が含まれる。
作動時には、分与システム10ば、使用環境での順次作
動により有用薬剤を即時かつそのあと連続的に放出する
。すなわち、キャップ部材12ば、使用環境の流体の存
在下で溶解し、薬剤配合物19を即時に使用環境に放出
する。この第一作動は分力装置11の全体を使用環境に
露出させる。それに付随して分与装置11は、壁13の
透過率と壁13を横切る浸透圧勾配で定められる速度で
、浸透平衡に向う流体を半透過性壁13を仔て内室14
に吸収する。
吸収された流体は、活性薬剤16を含有する溶液あるい
は活性薬剤を懸濁状態で含有する浸透剤の溶液を連続的
に形成し、この溶液または懸濁体はいずれの場合も、分
与装置11の作動により通路15を経て水力学的に分与
される。分与システム10は、キャップ部材12と分与
装置11の協同作用により、薬剤配合物を使用環境に即
時供給すると共に、そのあと一定時間にわたり連続的に
供給する。
第3図および第4図は、共に本発明が提供する別の分与
システム10を示すものである。第3図および第4図の
分与システム10は、温血動物とくに反すう動物への有
用薬剤の投与に適した形状ならびに寸法の長い円筒状の
分与システム10に関する。
第3図の分与システム10は、胴体部21、前端部22
、後端部23およびキャップ部材24で取巻かれ、それ
で採掘される前端部22°部分を有する分与装@20を
包含する。第4図は、胴体部21.前端部22、後端部
2゛3および後部キャップ16で取り巻かれた後端部分
を有する分与装置20を示すものである。第3図および
第4図の分与装置20には共に、分与装置20の外部を
分与装置20の内部に連結する、通路27が付与されて
いる。
第5図は、第3図の分与システム10の切開図である。
分与システム10は、分与装置20とキャップ24から
なる。分与装置20ば29で切り開かれており、キャッ
プ24は31で切り開かれている。分与装置20は胴体
部21、前端部22、後端部23および通路27からな
る。分与装置20ば、内室30を取巻き、それを定める
壁28を更に有する。壁28は、この好適実施態様では
、外部流体の通過に対し実質上透過性であり、内室30
内に存在する有用薬剤その他の成分の通過に対しては実
質上非透過性の半透過性壁形成組成物で形成されている
。内室30は多数の線で示される熱応答性感熱性組成物
33を更に含有し、この熱応答性感熱性組成物は点で示
される有用薬剤32を含有する。内室30は更に膨脹性
、駆動手段3・1を含有し、これは熱応答性組成物33
と接触した層状配列物である。熱応答性組成物と膨脹性
部材は、共に内室30の内部形状に対応する形状を有す
る。
内室30は、感熱性組成物33と接融する高密部材35
すなわち高密度化材をも含有し、図示の実施態様では膨
脹部材3・1から離れた位11にある。通路36は分与
装置20かも有用薬剤配合物32を放出するため、高密
部材35を通して伸長している。
膨脹性組成物34はヒドロゲル組成物から製造される。
ヒドロゲルは非架橋型あるいは必要に応じて架橋された
ものでもよく、流体を吸収して拡大状態て膨潤乃至膨脹
する能力を有する。ヒドロダルは重合体組成物であり、
膨潤乃至膨脹して2乃至50倍の体積増加を示す。本発
明の目的に有用なヒドロゲルには、ポリ(メタクリル酸
ヒトゝロキシアルキル)、ポリ(酸化エチレン)、寒天
およびその類似物が包含される。熱応答性組成物33は
、この好適実施態様では、室温の21℃およびその数度
の範囲内の温度で固体様性質を示し、咄乳動物体温の3
7℃およびその数度の範囲内の温度、通常35乃至42
℃で熱を吸収して融解する能力を示す感熱性の疎水性寸
たは親水性材料で形成される。熱応答性組成物は熱に応
答して分与可能な状態になり、その中に分散された薬剤
組成物33の担体として機能する。代表的な熱応答性組
成物はカカオ脂、水素化植物油、飽和植物脂肪酸のトリ
グリセリドおよびその類似物である。高密部材35は、
反すう動物の第−胃網状袋に分与装置20を保持するだ
め分与装置20内に使用さね、る。一般に高密部材35
は約1乃至8の密度を有し、鉄、酸化鉄で被覆された鉄
小球、ステンレス鋼およびその類似物で形成される。
分与装置20の前端部22上に位置するキャップ24は
、薬剤受入れ空間38を取り巻いてそれを形成する壁3
7を有する。空間38は、キャップ24の内表面と分与
装置加の外表面で形成される。空間38は有用薬剤配合
物39を含有する。有用薬剤配合物39は、分与システ
ム10が使用動物に入った際に、即時放出用に供せられ
る。即時放出のだめキャップ内に収納される有用薬剤お
よび調節連続放出のために分与装置内に収納される有用
薬剤には、医薬品、栄養剤、ビタミン類、食品補足剤、
抗腸内寄生虫薬、抗寄生体薬、抗伝染病薬およびその類
似物が包含される。有用薬剤の代表例には、イベルメク
チン(ivermectin )、フェン(ンダゾール
(fen−bendazole ) 、ピランチル(p
irantex )およびその類似物が含まれる。即時
放出に供される有用薬剤の量は約7509乃至5Iであ
り、調節連続放出に供される有用薬剤の量は約250 
m9乃至25yあるいはそれ以上である。
第5図の分与ンステム10は、動物内での作動時に、熱
力学作用と動力学的作用が一体となった組合せ作用によ
り有用薬剤を使用流体環境に放出する。すなわち、分与
システム10が胃腸管に入った作動時に、キャップ24
は溶解し、動物が急速使用するための有用薬剤配合物3
9を直ちに供給する。
キャンプ24が溶解して配合物39を放出すると同時て
、分与装置20は有用薬剤配合物32を連続投与できる
状態になる。この作動時に、感熱性組成物33は動物と
くにその第−胃の温度に応答してエネルギーを吸収・融
解し、通路36および27を経て第−胃に放出するため
の流動性または半ペースト状の放出可能な組成物を形成
する。組成物33が熱エネルギーを吸収・融解するてつ
れて、外部流体が外部半透過性壁28全通して、浸透平
衡に向う状態にある膨脹性親水性層状部材34に吸収さ
れ、連続的にヒドロゲル層34を膨脹させる。層34は
、−好適実施態様においては、感熱性組成物33と膨脹
性層34が定める界面40でもとの一部まの非混和性境
界を維持しながら膨脹する。層34の膨脹および膨潤は
層34の容積を増大させ、同時に層34は有用薬剤組成
物33に向って膨脹し、通路を経て有用薬剤を分与装置
20の外部へと追いたてる。分与装置20が作動すると
、通常1日乃至6ケ月の長期間にわたり調節された速度
で有用薬剤の供給が可能となる。
すなわち、分与システム10は組合せ作動により、有用
薬剤を即時かつ連続的に使用環境に供給する。
第6図は、本発明が提供する別の分与システム10を示
すものである。分与システム10は、キャップ42で覆
れた分与装置41を有する。分与装置41は、第3図乃
至第5図に示しだ分与装置に類似したものである。第6
図では、分与装置41の一部はキャップ42で四重れ、
光で位置ぎめしてレーザーで穿孔された通路43を有す
る。キャップ42は即時供給薬剤44を取り囲んでいる
。分与装置41は、その胴体部周囲の切れ込みである雌
型のスナップ嵌合量は部材45も有する。このスナップ
嵌合切れ込みは任意の幾何学的形で取り巻くことができ
る。図示実施態様のスナップ嵌合45は円形の切れ込み
である。キャップ42は切れ込みまたは表面くぼみであ
る雄型スナップ嵌合部材46であり、キャップ42の周
囲に伸長している。スナップ嵌合45および46は、分
与装#41上にキャップ42を配置させるだめ、および
分与装置からキャップ42を取り外すための対応嵌合形
状を有する。
第7図は、本発明が提供する別の実施態様を示すもので
ある。第7図は、胴体50aおよびそれとはめ込み式に
接合されるぴったり合ったキャップ50bからなる内腔
51を定める2部分から形成され、分与装置52を含有
する外側カプセル50を有する分与システム10を示す
。必要に応じ、カプセル50は、分与装置含有空間を取
り巻く壁の一体カプセルとすることもできる。第8図は
、第7図の分与システム10の切開図である。第8図で
は、分与システム10は、カプセルキャップ50a、カ
プセルキャップ50b、有用薬剤配合物53を含有する
内部空間5]、、および内部の分与装置52を有する。
分与装置52は、半透過性壁54、内室55、有用薬剤
56、膨脹性部材57および予かじめ定められた通路5
8を有する。分与システム10は、前の分与システムで
説明した有用薬剤を放出する。
本発明の新規な分与システムは、使用環境に有用薬剤配
合物を即時供給すると共に、そのあと連続的に供給する
。好適実施態様につき本発明の詳細な説明・指摘してき
たが、本発明の精神から逸脱することなく、図示ならび
に説明してきた分与システムに対し各種の変更、付加お
よび省略が可能なことは、当業者の理解するところであ
ろう。
【図面の簡単な説明】
第1図は2部分からなる分与システムの図である。 第2図は第1図の切開図である。 第3図は薬剤を即時放出する第一手段と長期に放出する
第二手段からなる分与システムの図である。 第4図は、薬剤の121時放出手段が、第3図の後端部
を取囲み封入する第3図の分与システムの図である。 第5図は、第3図の分与システムの切開図である。 第6図は、スナップ止めオーバーキャップを有する別の
実施態様の図である。 第7図は、遊離薬剤と薬剤分を装置をカプセル内に含む
分与システムの図である。 第8図は、第7図の分与システムの切開図である。 (外5名) リ し− ムー

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1、(a)(1)使用環境内でその物理的および化学的
    状態を維持し、使用環境に存在する流体の通過に対し透
    過性なる重合体組成物を少くとも部分的に含有する壁、 (2)前記の壁が取り巻いて定める内室、 (3)前記の内室内の有用薬剤、および (4)長期にわたり有用薬剤を第一手段から使用環境に
    連続的に放出するための壁内の手段を有する有用薬剤を
    使用環境に連続的に放出する第二手段、ならびに (b)(1)使用環境に有用薬剤配合物を即時に供給す
    るため元の物理的および化学的状態を失なう壁、 (2)前記の壁が第一手段の一部分を取り巻き形成する
    、第一手段と第二手段の間の内腔、および (3)第二手段により使用環境に即時放出される、前記
    内腔内の有用薬剤配合物を有する、使用環境に有用薬剤
    を即時供給させる第一手段からなる有用薬剤を使用環境
    に放出するための分与システム。 2、内室内の有用薬剤配合物が、外部流体に対し、半透
    過性壁を横切る浸透圧勾配を示し、壁を通して流体を吸
    収し、かつ、有用薬剤を使用環境に放出する手段を通し
    て浸透的に放出される特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の有
    用薬剤を使用環境に放出するための分与システム。 3、壁を通して内室に摂取された流体を吸収して膨脹し
    、有用薬剤配合物を通路を通して使用環境に移動させる
    膨脹性部材を内室が含有する特許請求の範囲第1項に記
    載の、有用薬剤を使用環境に放出するための分与システ
    ム。 4、有用薬剤配合物が、室温では固体であつて、使用環
    境温度では通路を通して分与可能となる熱応答性担体を
    含有する特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の、有用薬剤を使
    用環境に放出するための分与システム。 5、内室が、分与システムを使用環境に保持するために
    1を超える比重の高密部材を含有する特許請求の範囲第
    1項に記載の、有用薬剤配合物を使用環境に放出するた
    めの分与システム。 6、第二手段の壁が、第一手段を取り巻いてそれを囲ん
    でいる特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の、有用薬剤配合物
    を使用環境に放出するための分与システム。
JP61191568A 1985-08-16 1986-08-15 薬剤投与デバイス Expired - Lifetime JPH0832622B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US766454 1985-08-16
US06/766,454 US4643731A (en) 1985-08-16 1985-08-16 Means for providing instant agent from agent dispensing system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS6245520A true JPS6245520A (ja) 1987-02-27
JPH0832622B2 JPH0832622B2 (ja) 1996-03-29

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JP (1) JPH0832622B2 (ja)
AU (1) AU588902B2 (ja)
BE (1) BE905282A (ja)
BR (1) BR8603913A (ja)
CA (1) CA1265404A (ja)
DE (1) DE3627618A1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2001080A6 (ja)
FR (1) FR2586187B1 (ja)
GB (1) GB2179251B (ja)
IT (2) IT1195824B (ja)
NL (1) NL8602022A (ja)
NZ (1) NZ216865A (ja)
ZA (1) ZA866130B (ja)

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BR8603913A (pt) 1987-11-17
NZ216865A (en) 1989-07-27
ES2001080A6 (es) 1988-04-16
NL8602022A (nl) 1987-03-16
BE905282A (fr) 1986-12-01
AU6113686A (en) 1987-02-19
IT1195824B (it) 1988-10-27
JPH0832622B2 (ja) 1996-03-29
GB2179251A (en) 1987-03-04
FR2586187A1 (fr) 1987-02-20
GB2179251B (en) 1989-08-02
DE3627618A1 (de) 1987-02-26
CA1265404A (en) 1990-02-06
GB8618023D0 (en) 1986-08-28
IT8667659A0 (it) 1986-08-13
IT8653757V0 (it) 1986-08-13
FR2586187B1 (fr) 1990-08-10
US4643731A (en) 1987-02-17
ZA866130B (en) 1987-03-25
AU588902B2 (en) 1989-09-28

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