JPH08505291A - 排除カテーテル位置決めシステム - Google Patents

排除カテーテル位置決めシステム

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JPH08505291A
JPH08505291A JP6502443A JP50244394A JPH08505291A JP H08505291 A JPH08505291 A JP H08505291A JP 6502443 A JP6502443 A JP 6502443A JP 50244394 A JP50244394 A JP 50244394A JP H08505291 A JPH08505291 A JP H08505291A
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シー. ナーデラ,ポール
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Abstract

(57)【要約】 複数電極型心臓カテーテル(10)が差分信号発生のため感知回路(31、32、40)に接続された一対の電極(13)を具備する。感知出力は鋭く画然されそして自已正規化性である。カテーテルの排除チップ電極(12)が一つのペアのうちの一電極であり、そして差分信号はチップが周囲組織と接触するとき非ゼロとなる。差分信号形状は電極接触の程度並びに局部感知型組織インピーダンス変化量に関する情報を提供する。信号は心臓の排除カテーテル(10)のためのトリガ可能信号として使用されそして高周波電力の印加レベルが指示された電極接触の程度および組織インピーダンス値に基づいて制御可能である。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 排除カテーテル位置決めシステム 本発明は電極保持型カテーテルに関するものであり、詳述すると、患者の心臓 領域内にその電極を位置決めするために血管に沿って挿入されるタイプのカテー テルに関するものである。電極は心臓の電気信号感知、診断試験または同様物の ための電気的な刺激の印加または組織排除(ablation)信号などの処置信号の印 加のために使用可能である。カテーテルは、光、熱エネルギーまたは化学薬剤の 印加のための内腔および伝達系、または組織抽出、組織の像形成または周囲流体 からなる被検物取出しのための抽出系などの他の構造物を含んでもよい。 かかる電極保持型カテーテルを患者の身体内の所望される場所に位置決めする ために、一つまたはそれ以上のカテーテル挿入段階および放射線視覚化段階が、 カテーテルをその概略的な標的領域へ導く過程で通常必要とされる。カテーテル が適所に位置付けられたとき、カテーテルが正確に位置決めされそして適宜配向 されその企図される機能を実行するのを保証するために外科医による別途の制御 および相互作用が通常必要とされる。 たとえば、カテーテルが高周波(RF)の組織排除または凝固処置カテーテル であるとき、パワー電極が、開始した不整脈などの心臓病変のような治療される べき特 定の組織領域と接触するよう移動されるのを保証するために種々の予備的な電気 測定またはマップ動作を遂行することが必要とされ得る。 本出願人に知られている従来技術の中で、かかるタイプの一つの心臓カテーテ ルが特別目的のマップ動作カテーテルとして構成されそしてカテーテルの相対位 置がこれから決定されるところの異なる組織場所での特性組織インピーダンス応 答の発生のため複数電極型の構造を利用している。詳述すると、米国特許第4、91 1、174号は、電極が血液/組織界面を越えて進行したときを検出するためにイン ピーダンスが連続した複数電極ペアにより測定される電極構造体を教示する。検 出されたインピーダンスの突然の位相変移が界面によって位置付けられた電極に て指示される。上述の特許装置は、患者の心室の寸法を測定する、もっと正確に いえば、複数のリング状面電極を有するカテーテルを、電極の相対位置が知られ そしてこれから心室の体積が導き出されるところのインピーダンス分布をマップ することが可能となるような方法で心室内に位置決めするという非常に特殊な目 的のために企図されているように見える。 カテーテルインピーダンス測定の他の形式が知られており、電気外科処置中、 高周波凝固電極のパワー供給レベルを設定または制御するという目的のために局 部的なまたは全体的な身体インピーダンス路の測定を通常含む。出願人の知る範 囲ではかかる装置はカテーテルの位置 決めへの応用を持たない。 それゆえ、カテーテルの電極で検出される電気信号の使用によってカテーテル を位置決めしまたはこれを配向するためのより正確な方法を開発することが望ま しいものとなっている。 発明の要約 本発明の目的は心臓の排除カテーテルのための位置決めシステムを提供するこ とである。 本発明の他の目的は組織のマップおよび排除に有用なカテーテルシステムを提 供することである。 本発明の他の目的は心臓組織の電気的な働きを監視するための改善されたシス テムを提供することである。 これらおよびその他の所望される目的は、複数の電極ペアを有する複数電極型 カテーテルを提供し、少なくとも一つの電極ペアを刺激し領域的な組織変化に応 答する感知信号を提供し、そして2つまたはそれ以上の感知信号を組み合わせる ことにより本発明により達成される。組み合わされた感知信号は、組合せ信号の 大きさが、二つの電極組が異なる組織タイプの領域内またはその近傍に居留する とき以外は零であるよう、数個の電極組から形成される差分信号であることが好 ましい。回路接続は電極がすべて類似の組織環境にあるとき消失するようなもの である。このように複数の電極組から差分信号を形成することにより、本発明は 、有意なインピーダンス測定を得るのに以前必要であった閾値処理、標準化また は 正規化処理または平均化処理およびその他の複雑な信号処理操作を除去する。さ らに、調査のためカテーテル電極のうちの特定のものの選択によりカテーテルの 正確な配向または位置が決定される。 好ましい実施例において、カテーテルは、排除エネルギーを組織場所に適用す るためにチップ電極を有する心臓排除カテーテルである。組織のインピーダンス が、チップおよび下流側電極間にプローブ信号を印加し、チップの下方に配置さ れた2つ以上の中間リング電極を通ずる戻り電流を測定し、そして感知された戻 り電流を組み合わせ、差分信号を画定することにより測定される。各電極が血液 中にある限り、各電極ペアの電極間インピーダンス路特性は類似するので、電極 の幾何学的形態を修正するためゲイン係数と差分的に組み合わされた後、それら は零信号を生ずる。こうして、電極は外部塩セルにおける較正なしに自已零点規 制型である。ところが、カテーテルが血管内に居留しそしてチップ電極が組織と 接触するとき差分信号は鋭く立ち上る。これに類似して、もし近傍の電極が管壁 と接触すれば同様に識別できる信号が生ずるが逆極性である。差分出力信号はこ うして、カテーテルが電気外科処置パワーを印加するための有効位置をとったと いう信頼できる指示を提供する。 図面の簡単な説明 本発明は添付図面とともに以下の例示の実施例の説明を参照することにより理 解されよう。ここに、 第1図は本発明の実施のための複数電極型カテーテルの斜視図である。 第2図および第3図は本発明の実施のためのカテーテル信号結合配列を図示す る。 第2A図は電極信号サンプリング回路の詳細を図示する。 第4図は代表的なカテーテル信号軌跡を図示する。 第5図はカテーテル信号処理要素を図示する。 発明の詳細な説明 複数電極型マップおよび排除カテーテル10が第1図に図示されており、カテ ーテルの先端に装着された球形チップ電極12およびその面に沿って装着された 複数の軸線方向に離間されたリング状電極13a、13b…を有する細長い絶縁 本体8により特徴付けられる。各リング電極は他のリング電極と等しい露呈され た面積Arと寸法を有し、そしてそれらは本体8に沿って等しく離間されている ことが好ましい。割り線またはバイポーラ電極などの他の形式をとることも可能 であるチップ電極12はいくぶん広い面積Atを有する。カテーテル10は、導 管に沿ってカテーテルを操作および挿入するために使用される可撓性であるが軸 線方向に非圧縮性のチューブ20の端部に装着されるとともに、複数の電極信号 リード30が種々の電極からカテーテル本体8およびチューブ20を通じて本体 外部に配置された制御回路へ延在している。リード30は各電極が制御回路へ個 別に接続 されるのを許容しまたはそれらはチップ電極信号の伝達を感知するために接続さ れ得る。 たとえば、チップ電極12が組織排除の実行のため調節可能に制御される比較 的強力な高周波パワー源へ接続されてもよいしまたは組織インピーダンス測定値 の決定のためモニタ信号を提供するより低いレベルで動作せられる。リング電極 13a、13b…が筋肉放電電位を感知しそして心臓病変または不整脈発生節の 場所をマップするために感知および信号処理回路へ接続される。 従来のマッピングプロトコルにおいて、カテーテルは心臓内の導管に沿って緩 慢に進められ、そしてチップ電極で放射されるパルス信号により刺激される局所 不整脈が複数リング電極のそれぞれで検出される信号の分析により検出されそし てマップされる。不整脈開始の原因である組織場所がマップされると、カテーテ ルは順次配置し直され、チップを不整脈場所と接触状態に置きかつ効果的な組織 凝固パワーの高周波信号をこれに印加することにより不整脈場所を凝固する。 最初不健康な組織を識別し順次これを凝固するこの態様において複数電極型マ ッピングプローブを使用することにおいて、チップ電極12が、標的組織場所と 接触するかまたは少なくともこれと非常に接近することが必要である。有効高周 波パワー供給領域は処置電極のすぐ近くの面から離れるにしたがって急速に降下 するからである。たとえチップ12を数ミリメートル組織場所から遠 くへ移動しても、印加エネルギーを無効果レベルへ低減するかまたは隣接組織の 排除ではなく血液凝固を導管内で招く。 本発明によれば、プローブの相対位置は、カテーテルに沿って配列された一対 の外側電極間にたとえば連続波の低パワー交流信号などの試験信号を印加するこ とによりそして各外側電極を内側電極とを組み合わせ、電極間の組織についての インピーダンス感知信号特性を形成することにより周囲組織に関して決定される 。「外側」という用語は一組の電極のうち一方の端の軸線方向に位置する電極を 意味する。かくして、チップ電極と、連続する第1、第2および第3のリング電 極とを図示する第2図において、チップ電極および第3のリング電極が電極組の 外側電極でありそして交流パルス信号がこれら2つの外側電極間に印加され、中 間電極のすべてにわたる組織を通じて延びるインピーダンス鎖またはブリッジを 設定する。こうして、組織はインピーダンス分割ブリッジとして振舞い、任意の 中間電極ペア間で局部的なインピーダンスが感知されるのを許容する。 第2図に図示されているように、信号増幅器31、32がそれぞれ一つの電極 ペアに接続され、電極ペアの2つの電極間に位置する組織のインピーダンスの関 数を電極面積に掛け合せた積に実質的に比例する信号を形成する。標準化ないし 正規化ゲイン9が、一つの増幅器、好ましくは増幅器32に印加され、より大き な(チップ) 電極の寄与をスケール係数によって修正する。このゲインは、所与の一般的なプ ローブ寸法および形状について、電極12の相対面積および間隔にのみ依存する 定数であり、たとえば、電極がサンプルの塩溶液に浸漬されるとき容易に設定し 得る。ゲイン係数は増幅器出力を正規化し、両方の電極ペアが同様の組織、たと えば血液、内に浸漬されるとき、それぞれの増幅器の出力が等しくなる。両方の 増幅器31、32の出力が最後のまたは第2段増幅器40への入力として印加さ れる。増幅器40は、その入力端子に現れる信号電位差に比例する出力信号を発 生し、増幅器31、32の出力が異なる、すなわち異なる組織のタイプが2つの 異なる電極ペア近傍に位置付けられ、明白に異なるインピーダンス路の組を発生 するときだけ正味(net)の出力を有する。 第2A図に図示されるごとく、装置は、異なるインピーダンス感知回路をカテ ーテル電極13i、13kからなる異なるペアに選択的に接続するために、ユー ザによる手動選択または図示のごとく状態選択器43によるプログラム制御の下 で動作する多重化スイッチ42a、42bを別途具備する。多重化スイッチ42 a、42bの状態を適当な表示装置に結合することにより、システムは、第1図 および第2図の感知電極構成について上述したごとく単に最前線のペアではなく 複数の感知電極ペアのうちの任意のペアが張る領域内で生ずる、たとえば組織イ ンピーダンス変化の検出を指示する。 スイッチング部42a、42bが、一つまたはそれ以上の電極によって互いに 離間される複数の電極ペア間の感知信号を選択することにより、または一方のペ アの電極が他方のペアの電極から一つまたはそれ以上の中間リング電極13によ り離間されている場合の2つの電極ペアからの信号を選択することによりインピ ーダンス検出回路の空間的な分解能を変化するよう制御されてもよい。 代替構成(図示せず)がスイッチング部42a、42bを不要にしそして増幅 器の各隣接ペアが第2段増幅器に固定装着されるその出力を持った状態で隣接電 極の各ペアをそれ自身の増幅器へ直接的に接続する。この実施例において、出力 スイッチング部42cが、第1段増幅器の入力間での電極切替えにではなく第1 段または第2段増幅器の出力をサンプルするのに使用され得る。この代替構成は 、遠く離間されたリング電極間を延びるインピーダンス路を監視する融通性に欠 けるけれども、組織変化の正確な領域を迅速に識別可能である。 第3図は本発明の実施のための代替回路を図示する。プローブ10が、チップ 電極および3つのリング電極のみが図示された状態で模式的に図示されている。 リング電極は、たとえば、第1、第2および第3リングとし得、または第1、第 3および第4またはカテーテルに沿って順番に離間された任意の3つのリングと し得る。これらは、説明の便宜のためカテーテル軸線に沿ってのそれ らの出現の順序を指示するためにA、B、CおよびDと簡単にラベル付けされる 。高周波発生器52が外側電極間のプローブに結合される変成器であり約2ボル トの実効値のレベルで生物学的に安全なプローブ信号を適用する。この実施例に おいて、第1の電極ペアA、Bが電流変成器巻線S1に接続されそして第2の電 極ペアC、Dが反対向きの別個の巻線S2に接続されている。共通の一次巻線ま たは第3図でPにより示された直列接続された巻線ペアが変成器コアCを通じて 電極感知巻線S1およびS2へ磁気的に結合され、巻線Pが、2つの電極ペアによ り感知される電気信号の差分の実質的に位相遅れ型の倍数である信号を形成する 。すべての隣接リング電極13i、13i+lについて感知巻線Siはすべて類似す るが、チップ電極に装着された感知巻線Stは、巻線Siの巻き数に対する巻線St の巻き数の比が、変則的に離間されたチップ電極がそれと組み合わされるとこ ろのリング電極からのその間隔およびその幾何学的形態を反映した距離係数をそ れぞれの電極ペアの有効面積に掛け合せたものに反比例するよう巻回される。巻 き数比は、コイルSt、Siにおける一方向および反対方向インピーダンス信号を 足し合わせたものが、両方の電極ペアが完全に血液中に浸漬されるとき公称ゼロ であるよう選択される。 図示されるごとく、変成器巻線Pは、巻線P間で検出される信号の振幅をたと えば積分し得そして積分値が電 極の組織接触を指示する所定の閾値を越えたときトリガ可能信号を発生し得る弁 別/制御回路Tに接続される。代替例として、回路Tが、カテーテルの相対位置 またはカテーテルを包囲するかまたはこれと接触する組織のタイプを決定するた めの基礎として供することが可能な正規化された一方向性インピーダンス値を発 生し得る。第2A図の回路はこのタイプの変成器結合回路にも使用可能である。 この場合、多重化スイッチング部が、カテーテル電極ペアをある構成にて変成器 感知コイルに選択的に接続し、複数の異なる電極が一つの結合変成器の単一の巻 線ペアに選択的に接続されるようにすることが好ましい。 第4図は、サンプルされた電極のすべてが均質媒体内に配置されるとき、電極 A、B間(図の軌跡A)および電極C、D間(図の軌跡B)で検出される信号の 標準的な信号軌跡を図示する。軌跡Cは、チップ電極Aの異なる面積および間隔 を修正する一定のスケール係数により正規化された軌跡Aの信号を図示しそして 軌跡Dはたとえば第3図の変成器の巻線P間または第2図の出力段増幅器40に 現れる組み合わされた信号を図示する。 第4図の軌跡EないしHが、カテーテル本体が血液中にあるがチップ電極12 (第1図)が管壁または心臓の筋肉組織近傍またはこれと接触状態に導かれてい るような位置へカテーテルが移動されたときの軌跡A〜Dのそれと対応する信号 を図示する。図示のごとく、異質な組 織とのチップ接触の際に、組合せ出力信号(軌跡DまたはH)は零でなくなりそ して見分けられるピークを発現する。このピークは電極12と周囲の組織構造体 との接近の程度またはこれらの間の接触面積に依存して多少良好に画定される。 非ゼロ型差分感知ピークは図示のごとく正値信号である必要はなく負のくぼみ 部(dip)を包含してもよいしあるいは局部的に変化する組織構造の結果として 生ずる位相反転または同様物により生ずるその他の形状または極性を有してもよ い。なお、感知信号は組織インピーダンス関数を完全に表わす必要はなく、それ からインピーダンスが誘導できるところの感知信号であることが理解されよう。 たとえば、インピーダンスそれ自体がたとえば組織タイプまたはその凝固の程度 など周囲組織の実質的な物理的性質の決定のために監視されるとき、電極ペアの 瞬時電圧および電流がサンプルされ、処理されそして信号発生器50(第2図) により印加された高周波プローブ信号と比較され、実際のインピーダンス関数を 提供する。ところで一般に、本発明の利益はたとえばプローブのチップによる組 織接触が起こったことの確認だけが所望されるときに、ラインF〜Hの良好に画 然された差分信号振幅を単に検出することで実現される。 第5図は、心臓領域内に排除カテーテルを制御可能に位置決めするためのカテ ーテル位置決めシステム100の動作のための模式ブロック図である。第5図に 図示さ れるごとく、信号調整回路135へ接続される第2A図のスイッチング部42a 、42bに匹敵するスイッチング部130を経てプロセッサ120がカテーテル 10の感知および処置電極12、13iと相互接続されている。プロセッサ12 0がスイッチング部を制御し、信号調整回路への接続のため、3つまたはそれ以 上の電極から選択される離間された電極、好ましくは上述のごとき2つのペア、 を選択するためにスイッチング部を制御し、順次、信号調整回路135の出力を 受信および評価し、所定の選択された電極での組織インピーダンス変化の存在ま たは局部組織インピーダンス値を検出する。信号調整回路135が上述のごとく そして図面に模式的に示される差分増幅器の構成を包含し得る。代替例として、 回路135が電極間信号をろ波しそして増幅するためのみの回路要素を包含して もよい。この場合、回路135の出力はディジタル化され得そしてマイクロプロ セッサは出力信号をディジタル的に組み合わせ、差分インピーダンス関数を得る 。 上述の変更において、代替実施例が差分信号増幅器の配列に固定接続されたそ の電極を具備してもよい。先の実施例において、信号調整増幅器の出力は、プロ セッサ120の制御の下にそしてユニット130と類似であるが、信号調整器1 35とプロセッサ120との間に配置されたn:4スイッチング部を通じて切替 可能にサンプルされる。 いずれの場合でも、プロセッサ120が被検出電極信号と複数電極のうちの所定 のものとを、好ましくはそれらを順序付けられたシーケンスで調査することによ り相関付け、そして検出された組織特性を表示するためにディスプレイ装置14 0を駆動しそして同期付ける。ディスプレイ装置140は、たとえば、カテーテ ルのグラフィック表示物の上に装着された複数の離散的なLEDまたはLED帯 表示などの変化可能な指標物とともにプローブを表示する。LEDはプロセッサ により賦活され処理された情報を表示する。詳述すると、ディスプレイ装置14 0は、そこで差分インピーダンス変化が検出されたところのプローブに沿ったそ の場所を、その場所のLEDを発光させることにより表示してもよいし、あるい は対応する電極場所で特別な色の光を発光させることによりいずれの電極が組織 と接触状態であるかを表示してもよい。それは、心臓に挿入されたプローブの相 対部分を表示するなどといった情報を表示することも可能である。これは、プロ ーブ本体の長手軸線方向に延びた領域の心臓弁通過または閉鎖された組織構造体 内の居留を指示する一つまたはそれ以上の被検出インピーダンスまたは信号状態 に対応するプローブ表示像のその部分に沿ってのLED指標物の選択的な発光に より行われ得る。 プロセッサ120は、検出された差分電極信号に対応するプローブ配置を決定 および表示するための一つまたはそれ以上の論理的なプログラムの実行に加えて 、心臓 に関する排除または電気外科制御システムの一部であることが好ましい。この場 合、プロセッサは、プローブチップに印加されるパワーレベル制御のためある信 号をライン142に沿ってシステムの高周波パワー制御部45へ提供する。たと えば、複雑でない組織への損傷を招くことなくチップ電極で局部的に組織を破壊 するため感知された全体的な身体組織インピーダンスに基づき十分なパワーレベ ルを印加するためのプログラム制御装置などいくつかの形式の凝固または排除パ ワー制御装置が知られている。本発明の凝固制御の態様によれば、差分インピー ダンス信号振幅からマイクロプロセッサ120により誘導されるチップ電極接触 面積に別途基づく局所化されたパワーレベルの調整のためプロセッサは電極配置 を検出し信号をパワー制御部45に提供する。たとえば、チップが、鋭く画然さ れた形状を有するが依然として比較的高いインピーダンス値を有する被検出電荷 曲線により指示されるごとく部分的な接触のみ行っているとき、排除パワーは従 来の選択レベルから、接触部位に印加される排除エネルギー量を限定するより低 いレベルへ低減され得る。かくして、管璧組織への完全な電極接触の仮定に基づ いてパワーが供給されたならば生ずるであろう血流中への凝固の拡がりを許容す るのではなく、実際に電極に接触している組織のより小領域にだけ作用するため により小さいエネルギーパルスが印加される。 知られている心臓マップまたは排除システムおよびプ ローブに本発明の差分信号感知電極およびシステムを使用する場合の他の変更お よび修正が当業者に可能であり、かかる変更および修正は、特許の付与を求めて いる以下の請求の範囲に記載の本願発明の精神および技術思想内に包摂されるべ きものである。
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 庁内整理番号 FI A61B 5/0478 5/0492

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1.患者の導管に沿って挿入される複数電極型カテーテル組立体の相対的配置 を検出するためのシステムにおいて、 局部的組織インピーダンス路測定に対応する各電極組の感知出力を発生するた め、前記複数電極型カテーテルに沿って配置される2つの電極組間における伝搬 のため感知信号を印加するための信号印加手段と、 2つの電極組のそれぞれの感知出力を差分信号へと組み合わせるための手段と を具備するシステム。 2.前記組合せ手段が電極の幾何学的形態に基づいて感知出力値を標準化し零 信号を通常発生する請求項1のシステム。 3.前記組合せ手段が、前記第1および第2の電極組からの伝搬信号を増幅す るための第1および第2の増幅器を具備し、前記増幅器のうち少なくとも一つは 、第1および第2の電極組が血液中に浸漬されているとき等しい振幅の出力を発 生するよう選択されたゲインを有する請求項1のシステム。 4.前記増幅器が前記電極組のうちの一つのものの一つの電極の有効導電面積 に反比例するゲインを有する請求項3のシステム。 5.前記組合せ手段が、各電極組のために瞬時的な電流出力を発生するための 電流感知要素および異なる電極組の瞬時的な電流出力を機能的に組み合わせるた めの手段を含む請求項1のシステム。 6.前記機能的組合せ手段が複数巻線型変成器を含む請求項5のシステム。 7.カテーテル組立体の異なる電極を組合せ手段に選択的に相互接続するため のスイッチング手段を別途具備する請求項1のシステム。 8.前記カテーテルの複数電極が異なる感知回路に接続されそしてカテーテル に沿った異なる領域に関連付けられる組織特性を決定するため、異なる感知回路 の出力を選択的にサンプルするためのスイッチング手段を別途具備する請求項1 のシステム。 9.カテーテル表示物を表示するための表示手段およびカテーテルの電極が組 織に接触をしたことを表示手段に指示させるため差分信号に応答する制御手段を 別途具備する請求項1のシステム。 10.カテーテルは排除電極を有する心臓の排除カテーテルでありそして表示は 排除電極が周囲組織と接触したときを指示する請求項9のシステム。 11.周囲組織との電極接触の程度を指示するための手段を別途具備する請求項 10のシステム。 12.差分信号に応じてカテーテルに印加される電気外科処置パワーのレベルを 制御するための手段を別途具備 する請求項1のシステム。 13.信号源と、 複数電極型カテーテルの外側電極を含む電極組間に前記信号源を接続するため の手段と、 前記複数電極型カテーテルの複数の電極からの信号を組み合わせることにより 差分信号を形成するための手段にして、当該複数の電極が少なくとも一つの内側 電極を含む前記差分信号形成手段と、 差分信号を評価しカテーテル位置を決定するための手段とから構成されるカテ ーテル位置決めシステム。
JP6502443A 1992-06-30 1993-06-16 排除カテーテル位置決めシステム Pending JPH08505291A (ja)

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US07/906,529 US5341807A (en) 1992-06-30 1992-06-30 Ablation catheter positioning system
US07/906,529 1992-06-30
PCT/US1993/005782 WO1994000050A1 (en) 1992-06-30 1993-06-16 Ablation catheter positioning system

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