JPH07501764A - 高い屈折率のヒドロゲル及びその使用 - Google Patents
高い屈折率のヒドロゲル及びその使用Info
- Publication number
- JPH07501764A JPH07501764A JP6509201A JP50920194A JPH07501764A JP H07501764 A JPH07501764 A JP H07501764A JP 6509201 A JP6509201 A JP 6509201A JP 50920194 A JP50920194 A JP 50920194A JP H07501764 A JPH07501764 A JP H07501764A
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- polymer
- hydrogel
- lens
- vinylpyridine
- refractive index
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
- A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/52—Hydrogels or hydrocolloids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
- B29D11/02—Artificial eyes from organic plastic material
- B29D11/023—Implants for natural eyes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
- G02B1/041—Lenses
- G02B1/043—Contact lenses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
- A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
- A61F2002/1681—Intraocular lenses having supporting structure for lens, e.g. haptics
- A61F2002/16905—Having means on lens to reduce overall dimension of lens for insertion into small incision
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2210/00—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2210/0014—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof using shape memory or superelastic materials, e.g. nitinol
- A61F2210/0019—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof using shape memory or superelastic materials, e.g. nitinol operated at only one temperature whilst inside or touching the human body, e.g. constrained in a non-operative shape during surgery, another temperature only occurring before the operation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2210/00—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2210/0061—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof swellable
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/16—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of eye parts, e.g. intraocular lens, cornea
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (42)
- 1.3−ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリミジン、ビニル ピラジン、及び2−メチル−5−ビニルピラジンより成る群から選択される1以 上のモノマーから製造される架橋されたポリマーを含んで成るヒドロゲル。
- 2.ジエチレングリコールジアクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジアクリ レート、及び1,4−ジアクリロイルピペラジンより成る群から選択される1以 上のモノマーが架橋剤として採用される、請求項1記載のヒドロゲル。
- 3.N−ビニルイミダゾールを含んで成るモノマ−並びに3−ビニルビリジン、 4−ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリミジン、ビニルピラジン、及び2−メチル −5−ビニルピラジンより成る群から選択される少なくとも1つのコモノマーの 混合物から製造される架橋されたポリマーを含んで成るヒドロゲル。
- 4.N−ビニルイミダゾール、4−ビニルピリミジン、及びビニルピリジンを含 んで成るモノマーの混合物から製造される架橋されたポリマーを含んで成るヒド ロゲル。
- 5.N−ビニルピロリドンを含んで成るモノマー並びに3−ビニルピリジン、4 −ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリミジン、ビニルピラジン、及び2−メチル− 5−ビニルピラジンより成る群から選択される少なくとも1つのコモノマーの混 合物から製造される架橋されたポリマーを含んで成るヒドロゲル。
- 6.N−ビニルビロリドン、4−ビニルピリミジン、及びビニルピリジンを含ん で成るモノマーの混合物から製造される架橋されたポリマーを含んで成るヒドロ ゲル。
- 7.N−ビニルピロリドン及び4−ビニルピリミジンを含んで成るモノマーの混 合物から製造される架橋されたポリマーを含んで成るヒドロゲル。
- 8.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲 の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項1記載のヒドロゲル。
- 9.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲 の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項2記載のヒドロゲル。
- 10.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範 囲の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項3記載のヒドロゲル。
- 11.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範 囲の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項4記載のヒドロゲル。
- 12.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範 囲の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項5記載のヒドロゲル。
- 13.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範 囲の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項6記載のヒドロゲル。
- 14.前記架橋されたポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範 囲の屈折率nD20を有する、請求項7記載のヒドロゲル。
- 15.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項8記載のヒドロゲル。
- 16.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項9記載のヒドロゲル。
- 17.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項10記載のヒドロゲル。
- 18.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項11記載のヒドロゲル。
- 19.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衝水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項12記載のヒドロゲル。
- 20.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項13記載のヒドロゲル。
- 21.前記架橋されたポリマーが水和された平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有す る、請求項14記載のヒドロゲル。
- 22.小切開挿入のための減じられた大きさを有する膨張性ヒドロゲル眼内レン ズの製造方法であって、次の: 脱水された寸法を有する脱水されたヒドロゲル眼内レンズを提供する工程、ただ し前記脱水されたヒドロゲル眼内レンズが3−ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリ ジン、4−ビニルピリミジン、ビニルピラジン、及び2−メチル−5−ビニルピ ラジンより成る群から選択される1以上のモノマーから製造される架橋されたポ リマーから成り、かつ弾性変形温度を有する;少なくとも前記弾性変形温度と同 じ高さの温度において前記脱水されたヒドロゲル眼内レンズを変形して、前記脱 水され変形されたレンズを4mmの外科切開を通じて移動するのに十分に前記脱 水された寸法が減じられた状態に変形された形態を提供する工程;及び 前記変形され脱水された眼内レンズを前記弾性変形温度より十分に下の温度に冷 却させて、前記変形され脱水された眼内レンズをその変形された形態に凝固させ る工程 を含んで成る前記の方法。
- 23.ジエチレングリコールジアクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジアク リレート、及び1,4−ジアクリロイルピペラジンより成る群から選択される1 以上のモノマーが架橋剤として採用される、請求項22記載の方法。
- 24.前記ポリマーが、N−ビニルイミダゾールを含んで成るモノマー並びに3 −ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリミジン、ビニルピラジ ン、及び2−メチル−5−ビニルピラジンより成る群から選択される少なくとも 1つのコモノマーの混合物から製造される、請求項22記載の方法。
- 25.前記ポリマーが、N−ビニルイミダゾール、4−ビニルピリミジン、及び ビニルピリジンを含んで成るモノマーの混合物から製造される、請求項22記載 の方法。
- 26.前記ポリマーが、N−ビニルピロリドンを含んで成るモノマー並びに3− ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリジン、4−ビニルピリミジン、ビニルピラジン 、及び2−メチル−5−ビニルピラジンより成る群から選択される少なくとも1 つのコモノマーの混合物から製造される、請求項22記載の方法。
- 27.前記ポリマーが、N−ビニルピロリドン、4−ビニルピリミジン、及びビ ニルピリジンを含んで成るモノマーの混合物から製造される、請求項22記載の 方法。
- 28.前記ポリマーが、N−ビニルピロリドン及び4−ビニルピリミジンを含ん で成るモノマーの混合物から製造される、請求項22記載の方法。
- 29.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 nD20を有する、請求項22記載の方法。
- 30.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 nD20を有する、請求項23記載の方法。
- 31.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 nD20を有する、請求項24記載の方法。
- 32.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 nD20を有する、請求項25記載の方法。
- 33.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 nD20を有する、請求項26記載の方法。
- 34.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 nD20を有する、請求項27記載の方法。
- 35.前記ポリマーが乾燥状態において1.560〜1.594の範囲の屈折率 no20を有する、請求項28記載の方法。
- 36.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項29記載の 方法。
- 37.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項30記載の 方法。
- 38.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項31記載の 方法。
- 39.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項32記載の 方法。
- 40.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項33記載の 方法。
- 41.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項34記載の 方法。
- 42.前記ポリマーが平衡水含量約57%〜90%を有する、請求項35記載の 方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07951775 US5316704B1 (en) | 1992-09-28 | 1992-09-28 | Process for fabricating full sized expansible hydrogel intraocular lenses |
US951,775 | 1992-09-28 | ||
US096,932 | 1993-07-23 | ||
US08/096,932 US5480950A (en) | 1992-09-28 | 1993-07-23 | High refractive index hydrogels and uses thereof |
PCT/US1993/009121 WO1994007686A1 (en) | 1992-09-28 | 1993-09-24 | High refractive index hydrogels and uses thereof |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003104234A Division JP3980510B2 (ja) | 1992-09-28 | 2003-04-08 | 高い屈折率のヒドロゲル及びその使用 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH07501764A true JPH07501764A (ja) | 1995-02-23 |
JP3544975B2 JP3544975B2 (ja) | 2004-07-21 |
Family
ID=26792218
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP50920194A Expired - Lifetime JP3544975B2 (ja) | 1992-09-28 | 1993-09-24 | 高い屈折率のヒドロゲル及びその使用 |
JP2003104234A Expired - Fee Related JP3980510B2 (ja) | 1992-09-28 | 2003-04-08 | 高い屈折率のヒドロゲル及びその使用 |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003104234A Expired - Fee Related JP3980510B2 (ja) | 1992-09-28 | 2003-04-08 | 高い屈折率のヒドロゲル及びその使用 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5480950A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0621824A4 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP3544975B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU669224B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2124326A1 (ja) |
FI (1) | FI942483A (ja) |
NO (1) | NO941975L (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1994007686A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
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WO2008053810A1 (fr) * | 2006-10-30 | 2008-05-08 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Gel sensible au ph, procédé de fabrication dudit gel, et soupape sensible au ph |
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US5717049A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 1998-02-10 | Pharmacia Iovision, Inc. | High refractive index hydrogels prepared from polymers and copolymers of N-benzyl-N-methylacrylamide |
US5733334A (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 1998-03-31 | Microoptix | Method and apparatus for adjusting corneal curvature |
US5876439A (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 1999-03-02 | Micooptix, Llc | Method and appartus for adjusting corneal curvature using a fluid-filled corneal ring |
US5855604A (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 1999-01-05 | Microoptix, Llc | Method and apparatus for adjusting corneal curvature using a solid filled corneal ring |
US6228114B1 (en) | 1997-04-01 | 2001-05-08 | Joseph Y. Lee | Adjustable corneal ring |
US6231583B1 (en) | 1997-07-09 | 2001-05-15 | Joseph Y. Lee | Corneal circular channel dissecting device |
US20010018612A1 (en) * | 1997-08-07 | 2001-08-30 | Carson Daniel R. | Intracorneal lens |
US6206919B1 (en) | 1998-01-14 | 2001-03-27 | Joseph Y. Lee | Method and apparatus to correct refractive errors using adjustable corneal arcuate segments |
US6267784B1 (en) | 1998-05-01 | 2001-07-31 | Benz Research And Development Corporation | Intraocular lens and haptics made of a copolymer |
US6096799A (en) | 1998-05-07 | 2000-08-01 | Benz Research & Development Corporation | Contact lens of high water content and high water balance |
US6329485B1 (en) | 1998-12-11 | 2001-12-11 | Bausch & Lomb Incorporated | High refractive index hydrogel compositions for ophthalmic implants |
US6281319B1 (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2001-08-28 | Surgidev Corporation | Water plasticized high refractive index polymer for ophthalmic applications |
US8247511B2 (en) * | 1999-04-12 | 2012-08-21 | Advanced Vision Science, Inc. | Water plasticized high refractive index polymer for ophthalmic applications |
AUPQ197799A0 (en) * | 1999-08-02 | 1999-08-26 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Hydrophilic biomedical compositions |
US6846875B2 (en) | 2000-04-10 | 2005-01-25 | Pharmacia Groningen Bv | Hydrogels and methods for their production |
AUPQ765200A0 (en) * | 2000-05-19 | 2000-06-15 | Oversby Pty Ltd | Intraocular lens implants |
AU2001258050B2 (en) * | 2000-05-19 | 2005-05-26 | Graham David Barrett | Intraocular lens implants |
US6686431B2 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2004-02-03 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Optical coating having low refractive index |
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- 1993-07-23 US US08/096,932 patent/US5480950A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-09-24 CA CA002124326A patent/CA2124326A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-09-24 EP EP93922387A patent/EP0621824A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-09-24 AU AU51400/93A patent/AU669224B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-09-24 WO PCT/US1993/009121 patent/WO1994007686A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-09-24 JP JP50920194A patent/JP3544975B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-05-27 FI FI942483A patent/FI942483A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-05-27 NO NO941975A patent/NO941975L/no unknown
-
2003
- 2003-04-08 JP JP2003104234A patent/JP3980510B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2008053810A1 (fr) * | 2006-10-30 | 2008-05-08 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Gel sensible au ph, procédé de fabrication dudit gel, et soupape sensible au ph |
Also Published As
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FI942483A (fi) | 1994-06-06 |
NO941975D0 (no) | 1994-05-27 |
JP3544975B2 (ja) | 2004-07-21 |
AU5140093A (en) | 1994-04-26 |
US5480950A (en) | 1996-01-02 |
EP0621824A4 (en) | 1995-03-22 |
JP3980510B2 (ja) | 2007-09-26 |
FI942483A0 (fi) | 1994-05-27 |
EP0621824A1 (en) | 1994-11-02 |
JP2003290335A (ja) | 2003-10-14 |
CA2124326A1 (en) | 1994-04-14 |
AU669224B2 (en) | 1996-05-30 |
NO941975L (no) | 1994-07-25 |
WO1994007686A1 (en) | 1994-04-14 |
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