JPH0360457B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

B. Field of Industrial Application This invention relates to a method for cultivating pine loom using cow dung sawdust. B. Conventional technology Artificial cultivation of pine trees has been practiced for a long time (around the 17th century in France), and at that time, melons fertilized with manure and harvested were watered on the bed and the fruiting bodies produced were collected. Was. In Japan, cultivation of pine trees using horse manure has been carried out, but as it has become difficult to obtain horse manure, cultivation methods using synthetic compost have become mainstream. For example, recently, a method of cultivating pine loom using compost made by adding chemical fertilizer to bagasse and fermenting it (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 129347/1983), and a method of cultivating pine loom using compost made by adding chemical fertilizer to wood materials and fermenting it have been introduced. method (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 53-81353),
Methods using pure synthetic compost (Japanese Patent Publication No. 55-20647) and methods using rice husks (Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-16763) have been proposed; A method of using compost as the main raw material has been proposed (Japanese Patent Publication No. 16339/1983), but no suitable solution has yet been provided regarding the method of utilizing cow dung sawdust generated in cow sheds. Nowadays, sawdust is used as bedding in cattle sheds, and beef cattle farmers are generating large amounts of cow dung sawdust mixed with cow dung, making it difficult to dispose of it. However, unlike horse manure, etc., the particles of cow dung are fine and dense, as shown in the table below.

【table】

[Table] This causes the following problems. (1) As fine particles of 0.1 mm or less account for 50% of the total, air permeability deteriorates and aerobic fermentation is inhibited. (2) Harmful substances such as phenolic compounds and essential oils contained in sawdust cause problems in the reproduction of pine room mycelium. (3) Even after rumination, persistent organic matter that is difficult to digest remains in the body, causing contamination of the compost. For these reasons, there are no examples of full-scale pine room cultivation using cow dung sawdust. C. Purpose of the Invention This invention solves the problems faced by beef cattle farmers by cultivating pine mushrooms using cow dung sawdust, which is currently difficult to dispose of, and returning the remaining compost to the soil. The aim is to promote agriculture in the area. D. Structure of the Invention This invention collects a mixture of sawdust and cow dung that is used as bedding for cow sheds, that is, cow dung sawdust that is generated and discarded in cow sheds, and mixes it with rice straw cut to an appropriate size. Mix an appropriate amount (50 to 75% by weight) of the above ingredients, add a small amount of chemical fertilizer, and ferment under natural conditions for 2 to 3 weeks with appropriate turning and watering (primary fermentation) to reach a moisture content of approximately Create about 65% compost, fill the bed with this compost to an even thickness on the mycelia, sterilize the inside of the fungus house at a bed temperature of 58 to 60℃ for over 3 hours, and ferment the compost after fermentation (secondary fermentation). After that, it is cooled to below 27°C, inoculated with seed fungi, and grown for about 2 weeks while maintaining the temperature of the fungus bed at 20-24°C, to infuse mycelium throughout the compost. After sufficient propagation, the fungus bed was covered with about 3 to 4 cm of sterilized soil, and the fungus bed was grown at a temperature of 24°C for about 2 weeks, and then cooled to 15°C to form fruiting bodies. While keeping the temperature at 15-18℃, humidity, ventilation, water supply, and hygiene are appropriately controlled. After about 6 weeks, the grown pine room is harvested. After repeating this harvest several times (5-6 times), the temperature is 70℃ or higher. After steam sterilization or formalin disinfection, the waste is returned to the soil and disposed of as waste. The cow dung sawdust collected from the cowshed has already been in the cow shed for several months, and these cow dung sawdust, raw cow dung, and rice straw have the composition shown in the table below.

[Table] In addition, the carbon, nitrogen, and carbon percentages of sawdust materials used as bedding for cattle sheds are as follows.

[Table] The carbon content of the above-mentioned sawdust ranges from hundreds to thousands of carbon atoms.On the other hand, cow dung is 80% water, has a high viscosity, and has extremely poor breathability. They are having the cows adjust the water content in the cowshed. It is thought that the above-mentioned sawdust undergoes changes while being stored in a cowshed, resulting in an increase in soluble extractables and easily decomposable organic matter that promotes fermentation. Next, a procedure for cultivating a pine tree room using cow dung sawdust according to the present invention will be explained. Outline of pine room cultivation First stage (1) Compost creation (primary fermentation) Mix rice straw, organic materials and other additives,
Perform sedimentary fermentation to prepare a substrate (compost) that will serve as a nutritional source for the pine room. (2) Making a fungal bed Fill the bed with 330 to 350 kg of compost per 3.3 ^m2 to an even thickness. (3) Post-fermentation (secondary fermentation) Heat sterilization in the bacteria house at a temperature of 58 to 60℃ for more than 3 hours and mature the compost (about 1 week). Second stage (4) Inoculum inoculation After the secondary fermentation is completed, the fungal bed is cooled to below 27°C, and then the inoculum is inoculated. (5) Mycelium cultivation Control the growth for about two weeks while keeping the temperature of the fungal bed at 20 to 24°C to allow sufficient mycelium to propagate throughout the compost. (6) Covering with soil Cover the fungal bed with approximately 3 to 4 cm of sterilized soil. 3rd stage (7) Fruiting body formation After growing at a fungus bed temperature of 24℃ for about 2 weeks, grow at 15℃
Cool to form fruiting bodies. (8) Harvest management: Control temperature, humidity, ventilation, water supply, hygiene,
Obtain 50 kg of good quality fruiting bodies per 3.3 m ² in 6 weeks. (9) Waste bed treatment Dispose of the bed after steam sterilization or formalin disinfection at 70°C or above. Waste beds are useful as organic fertilizer for crops. The first stage described above is decomposition and synthesis by the activities of thermophilic microorganisms. The second stage is the period of growth of pine room mycelium. The third stage is the period that induces a shift from micro life history to macro life history. The flowchart of the pine room cultivation described above is as shown in FIG. 1, and the temperature control throughout the process is shown in FIG. Compost creation In order to commercialize the pine room industry,
It is necessary to secure a large amount of high-quality compost at all times. To this end, the main raw material, rice straw, must be available at low cost in large quantities, and the auxiliary additives must also be inexpensive, easy to handle, and have excellent storage stability. Compost is a nutritional component of the pine room, supports the mycelium era, provides a living environment, and also serves as protection from the outside world. The compost of this invention contains the following components. Nitrogen: Pine room has a specific protein requirement, and the added nitrogen becomes the cells of thermophilic microorganisms during fermentation, and their products serve as a suitable nitrogen source for pine room. Carbon: Energy source is cellulose from rice straw,
Hemicellulose lignin is broken down by enzymes secreted by pine room hyphae and converted into simple sugars and organic acids, which are absorbed. Inorganic substances: Ca, P, K, and other necessary trace components are present in sufficient quantities in rice straw, cow dung, and added fertilizer. Vitamins: growth-promoting factors synthesized by thermophilic microorganisms during deposition. Raw materials for compost In principle, various vegetable wastes can be used as the main raw materials for compost. This is because these contain a sufficient amount of carbon compounds. In addition to rice straw, the main raw materials that can be used include wheat culm, corn, millet, and millet cobs, as well as hay, coconut, and pineapple waste. As nitrogen sources, in addition to inorganic fertilizers, rice bran, soybean meal, malt, cottonseed meal, chicken manure, etc. can be used as additives. These organic materials are effective because they replenish nitrogen and carbon at the same time, preventing disruption of the component balance during deposition. Suitable straws include rice, barley, barley, and wheat, but they must be cut into pieces of about 20 cm before piling. Purpose of deposition The main purpose of deposition is to eliminate the nutrients already present in the raw material and replace them with nutrients suitable for the pine room. (1) The carbohydrates in rice straw are decomposed to a limited extent by the action of natural microorganisms, making them easier to use as a nutrient source for the pine mushroom fungus. (2) The high heat generated by the action of thermophilic microorganisms kills harmful bacteria and pests. (3) Easily degradable organic substances (carbohydrates, pectin) contained in rice straw and added organic matter are removed, and at the same time, bacterial protein and high nitrogen lignin humus complex, which are effective only for pine room fungi, are synthesized and accumulated. (4) Prepare compost that has homogeneous physicochemical properties, contains moisture, air, and nutrients evenly, and has a sufficient bed volume per unit area. Characteristics of primary fermentation (1) Rice straw cut into approximately 20cm pieces and additives are mixed and piled up while being sprinkled with water. It is best to do this on a concrete roof. The progression of an exothermic reaction under natural conditions due to chemical or microbiological activity, the size of the deposit being
Around 1.7m x width 1.7m is good. (2) The fermentation period varies depending on the outside temperature, but it takes 2 to 3
It takes about a week, and several cuts are made during this period. The purpose of cutting is to supply oxygen, mix and homogenize additives, disintegrate and soften the rice straw, and equalize water content. As shown in Figure 3, the cross section of the pile during compost creation consists of the outermost layer (A), the active layer of actinomycetes (B), the optimal fermentation layer (C), and the anaerobic layer (D). Primary fermentation is high-temperature self-fermentation, but the temperature varies depending on the location of deposition. Outermost layer (A) and anaerobic layer (D)
The outer layer is cold, has good ventilation, and is close to the outside temperature, retaining many microorganisms.When the fermentation process is carried out, this layer is transplanted to the entire surface and fermentation becomes active again, so it is called the inoculation layer. The anaerobic layer (D) becomes acidic due to the action of lactic acid bacteria, and the synthesized protein nitrogen is decomposed again, resulting in compost that is completely invulnerable to pine rooms, with a temperature below 40°C. Immediately after deposition, the temperature is low, but it gradually rises, and as the temperature rises, the microorganisms are replaced repeatedly, and this process continues until around 65℃. Above this temperature, all microorganisms are unable to exist for long periods of time. If the conditions are right, the temperature of the deposition can reach around 80 degrees Celsius, but this is thought to be due to the oxidation of organic matter progressing through a chemical reaction. Pine fruit bodies are more than 90% water, so they should be managed so that the pile contains the correct amount of moisture; too much will result in a lack of oxygen, resulting in anaerobic compost; too little will dry out the pile, resulting in aerobic compost. The survival of microorganisms becomes impossible due to the loss of heat, and neither can produce suitable compost. Microorganisms in the primary fermentation sediment At the beginning of the primary fermentation, several dozen types of microorganisms are detected, but mesophilic microorganisms disappear as the fermentation progresses, and only a small number of thermophilic microorganisms are detected in the sediment. Changes in Rice Straw Components Cellulose and hemicellulose in rice straw are decomposed by the above microorganisms during deposition. Since the carbon rate of microorganisms is generally around 5 to 6,
The amount of carbon in bacterial cells is 5 to 6 times that of nitrogen. Rice straw has a carbon content of about 60, which is more than 10 times higher than the carbon content of bacterial cells. Microorganisms oxidize carbon in rice straw and organic matter as an energy source during sedimentation, so as organic matter approaches the carbon content of the microorganisms themselves, composting progresses, and compost with a carbon content of 16 to 17 is placed in the pine room. is optimal. Cellulose is the main component of rice straw cell membranes and is the largest in amount. Hemicellulose is normally tightly bound to lignin, and when that bond is released, it is degraded. Lignin is contained in lignified plant bodies, gives strength to cell walls, and acts as an adhesive that firmly binds cells together. It exhibits strong resistance to chemical action and microbial attack and is extremely difficult to degrade. However, pine room mycelia contain phenoloxy dase, which has the ability to degrade lignin materials. When the temperature increases due to aerobic fermentation, the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose is accelerated,
The complex combinations of lignin bonds are released, resulting in liberated modified lignin. The microorganisms that proliferate during this decomposition process die during renewal, and the microbial protein and denatured lignin combine again to form a humic substance called lignoprotein. The dark-colored, amorphous organic matter that has been decomposed and denatured includes microbial cells, fungi, and spores, and is composed of 40% carbohydrates, 12% protein, and 4% phenolic substances, and is an important nutritional source for the pine room. be. The reality of piling rice straw should be strong. Straw that gets wet or loses its strength during storage cannot be used. It is best to humidify and cut it several days before deposition. Although it is difficult to absorb moisture at first, it is preferable that water oozes between the fingers when shaken by hand. It is better to start with a lack of water than the desired amount. Water is produced when organic matter is broken down through fermentation. The surface of new straw is waxy and shiny, and it softens when exposed to ammonia and heat. Experimentally, loading was carried out inside a wooden frame of appropriate length, 40 cm high and 1.7 m wide.
First, step on straw to a thickness of 30 cm inside the frame. Water evenly while adding nitrogen on top. The moisture content should be around 65%, then raise this frame a little higher and step in the straw. Repeat this process until it is piled up to a height of about 180cm. When turning during stacking, loosen the lumps of material with a hawk, replace the top and bottom of the stack, and the inside and outside to supply air, mix the dry and wet parts, and when there is insufficient moisture, Appropriate watering and finally vertical sides and a flat top will allow for normal air flow through the pile. Even if you walk on the pile, you will only leave footprints and will not feel depressed. When the piles reach high temperatures and lack moisture, they become whitish due to actinomycetes, which becomes a guideline for watering when cutting back. Characteristics of primary fermented compost It is blackish brown in color and the surface of the straw is slightly wet. The straw is long and there is some resistance, but it can be torn off. The clump of straw you hold is elastic and expands when you open your hand. The appropriate moisture content is around 68-70%, and if you squeeze it tightly, water will ooze between your fingers. The smell of ammonia remains, and the pH is around 8.2.
It's sticky and makes your hands wet and dirty. White actinomycete spots can be seen on the dry parts of the compost. The amount of nitrogen is 1.8-2.0% and NH3 is 0.4%. To determine the moisture content of compost, measure it by squeezing it in your hands. The approximate guideline is (1) When water oozes and flows from between the fingers.
…more than 75%. (2) If water oozes and drips from between your fingers
...72-75%. (3) Wetting the palm: 65-72%. (4) Palms do not get wet…60% or less. Water should not flow out when you hold the compost in your hands. In general, it is better to be understocked than overstocked. Adjustment is possible by secondary fermentation. E. Effects of the Invention According to this invention, pine room is cultivated using cow dung sawdust, which is currently difficult to dispose of, and the remaining compost is returned to the soil. It is useful for agricultural promotion.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a process explanatory diagram of the pine room cultivation method according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a graph showing an example of temperature control in each process, and FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the compost piled up state.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1 Mix 50 to 75% by weight of rice straw cut into approximately 20 cm pieces with cow dung sawdust, add some chemical fertilizer to this, and ferment it under natural conditions to produce compost with a moisture content of approximately 65%. After that, as usual, it is packed in the bed, sterilized, secondary fermentation, cooled, inoculated,
Cow dung sawdust characterized by mycelial propagation, soil covering, ventilation and watering, fruiting body formation, and harvesting, followed by steam sterilization or formalin sterilization at 70°C or higher, followed by return to soil and waste bed treatment. How to grow pine loom using.